Lesson 1: Introduction to Integrated Programming Technologies

Prerequisites to IPT

1. Database Programming
2. Programming Languages
3. Algorithm
4. Computer
5. Software Applications
6. Networking

What is Integrated?

- Integrated means two or more things combined in order to become more effective.

What is Programming?

- Programming means using code to make a computer perform desired actions.

Programmer

- A programmer is a person who gives/writes instructions to a computer.

Programming Language

- A programming language is a language that a computer understands.

What is Technology?

- The definition of technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes or
applications. Technology uses scientific principles and applies them to change the environment
in which humans live. Technology can also use scientific principles to advance industry or other
human constructions.

What is Integrated Programming Technology?

- Integrated programming technology deals with integration approaches and techniques that
connect different components of IT infrastructure: people, applications, platforms, and
databases to enable a secure, intra and inter-application collaboration.
Integrative Solutions

- Enable an organization to integrate business processes internally and externally with business
partners to create dynamic environments that support current and evolving business
requirements, thereby creating a global organization.

Integration

- Is the process of connecting multiple, independently developed applications using incompatible

technologies into a single organization-wide system with information flowing seamlessly among
the integrated systems or components.

Lesson 2: Computer Programming and Computer Languages

Computer Program

- A computer program is a sequence of instructions written using a Computer Programming

Language to perform a specified task by the computer.

The two important terms that we have used in the above definition are:

- Sequence of instructions
- Computer Programming Language

Computer program instructions are also called source codes, which can range from two lines to millions
of lines of instructions.

Computer Programming

- Computer Programming is the act of writing computer programs using a computer programming
language.

- Computer Programming means using code to make a computer perform desired actions.

Computer Programmer

- A computer Programmer is someone who can write computer programs or someone who can
do computer programming.
Low-level Language

- Also known as Machine language.

- Using 1 and 0 to create instructions.
- Low-Level language is the only language that can be understood by the computer.
- Binary Language is an example of a low-level language.
- Machine language is also known as Machine Code.
- Low-level language instructions are executed directly without any translation.
- Low-level language instructions require very less time for their execution.
- Low-level language instructions are machine-dependent, which means a program written for a
particular machine does not execute on another machine.

Middle-Level Language

- Assembly language is an example of Middle-level language.

- Using mnemonics to create instructions.
- Middle-level language is a computer language in which the instructions are created using
symbols such as letters, digits, and special characters.

High-Level Language

- Similar to human language.

- A high-level language is a computer language that can be understood by the users.
- Every high-level language has a set of predefined words known as Keywords and a set of rules
known as Syntax to create instructions.
- The high-level language is easier to understand for the users but the computer cannot
understand it.
- High-level language needs to be converted into low-level language to make it understandable by
the computer.
- We use a Compiler or interpreter to convert high-level language to low-level language.

Programming Language

- A programming language is a formal language that specifies a set of instructions that can be
used to produce various kinds of output.
- It’s a compiler-based language.
- Does not require a host.
- Takes longer to develop as more code needs to be written.
- Compilation is necessary.
Scripting Language

- A scripting or script language is a programming language that supports script.

- It’s an interpreter-based language.
- Requires a host.
- Take less time to code as it needs less coding.
- No need to compile the program.

Programming Language is not a Scripting Language, but Scripting Language is a Programming

Language.

Assembler

- Assembly language programs cannot be executed by the CPU. The CPU only understands
machine language, so a special program known as an assembler is used to translate an
assembly language program into a machine language program. The machine language program
that is created by the assembler can then be executed by the CPU.
- Assembler is a translator which takes assembly code as input and produces machine code as
output.
- Assembler is used to translate middle-level language into low-level language.

Compiler

- A compiler is a program that translates a high-level language program into a separate machine
language program. The machine language program can then be executed at any time it is
needed. Compiling and executing are two different processes.

Interpreter

- An interpreter is a program that both translates and executes the instructions in a high-
level language program. As the interpreter reads each individual instruction in the program,
it converts it to machine language instructions and then immediately executes them. This
process repeats for every instruction in the program. Because interpreters combine
translation and execution, they typically do not create separate machine language
programs.

When a CPU executes the instructions in a program, it is engaged in a process that is known as the
fetch-decode-execute cycle. This cycle, which consists of three steps, is repeated for each instruction in
the program.

1. Fetch
 - A program is a long sequence of machine language instructions. The first step of the cycle is
to fetch or read, the next instruction from memory into the CPU.

2. Decode
- A machine language instruction is a binary number that represents a command that tells the
CPU to perform an operation. In this step the CPU decodes the instruction that was just
fetched from memory, to determine which operation it should perform.

3. Execute
- The last step in the cycle is to execute, or perform, the operation.

Lesson 3: Programming Paradigms

Programming Paradigm

- Is all about the writing style and organizing the program code in a specific way.
- Is defined as a set of principles, ideas, design concepts, and norms that defines the manner
in which the program code is written and organized.

Programming Language

- Is essentially a problem-solving tool. For each problem, there can be many solutions.
Further, each solution can adopt a different approach in providing a solution to the problem.

Computer Programs

- Are written using different programming languages. Each programming language has a
unique programming style that implements a specific programming paradigm.
- Is essentially designed and developed to provide a solution to a specific problem.

Paradigm

- a model of something; a pattern of something

- a standard, perspective, or set of ideas
- a way of looking at something

Imperative Paradigm
 - is said to be command driven. The program code in imperative paradigm programming language
directs the program execution as a sequence of statements executed one by one.
- The imperative style program consists of a set of program statements. Each statement directs
the computer to perform a specific task.
- Each statement directs what is to be done and how it is to be done.

Structured Programming Paradigm

- Is derived from the imperative paradigm. This paradigm is an improved approach as compared
to the imperative paradigm. Structured programming is also alternately referred to as modular
programming.

Procedural Programming Paradigm

- The program based on a procedural paradigm consists of a set of procedures. The procedures
are also referred to as functions, methods, or subroutines.

Object Oriented Programming Paradigm

- Is a type of structured programming that views the program components as objects.

Declarative Paradigm

- Is a programming paradigm that is focused on the logic of the program and the end result.

Functional Programming Paradigm

- Comes under the declarative paradigm. It is also based on mathematical functions. The
functional programming attempts to solve the problem by composing mathematical functions as
program components.

Logic Programming Paradigm

- Is a declarative programming paradigm that is based on the logic and the control. The term logic
essentially means facts and rules. Whereas the control means an order of rules.

Database Query Language

- The database query language such SQL (Structured Query Language) is the most commonly used
example of model-based language.
- RDBMS- Relational Database Management System support the SQL for database programming.