Augustan age:

 King Augustus was an ancient Greek king and the prominent

writers of that time were “Horace, virgil, dante”.
 Alaxander pope was imitating Horace.
 Alaxander pope wrote an epistle to king Augustus, and he referred
Augustus to king of that time king George ii of great Britain.
 Pope compared his age poetry with ancient Augustus age.
 In pope’s age poetry became more mannered politically and
satirically as compared to the age of julice ceaser.
 Alaxnader pope age is known as Neo Classical. Neo means new
revival of classical ideas. All writer follow classical idea it started
from Dryden in 17th century.
 The augustan age downfall starts with the death of pope and swift.
 Voltaur and Oliver Goldsmith were the successor of pope and swift
and they believed 1720 to 1730 as Augustus age.
 This age is known with various names.
 In this age there was a development of novel and satire.
 This age is also known as age of transition means transfer of drama
to novel.
 In this age trade came on its peak there it is called age of
mercilism.
 The main characteristics of time were classical ideals,
satire, skepticism (shak karna).
 Prominent writers were Alaxander pope Jonathan Swift.

i)Neo classicism ii) Age of reason and enlightment iii)

age of good sense iv) age of scandal v) age of
empiricism vi) age of poe etc.
  1) Neo Classical. Neo means new revival of classical
 2) Age of reason and enlightment: printing press became very
cheap through which the news paper and the awareness of
parliament was given to common people. All type of literature was
spread in all directions. in agustan age people became more
educated the pervious ages education was not confined only to
upper class because of printing press. Age of reason people used
there sense and logic after education and started thinking and
reasoning there for it is called age of enlightment.
 3)Age of good sense : after education people used there senses and
thinked very well about every thing like government society
religion etc.
 4) Age of scandle: there was a lot of crimes in that age (social
crimes) and reason behind it was population, restoration(350000),
Charles II(600000), Augustan (950000) in rural areas. After that
the enclosure act came and colonies were made and farming in
rural areas were destroyed and people faced poverty, there for they
went London to get jobs but they were given low wages. After that
the crimes arose, and there was a fear of property, rape, starvation.
We can also find these thing in augustan literature. The people of
that time mostly the women were addicted by Gin( it is a type
of vine) there for it is called age of scandle b/c author of
that times were dealt with vices of that time.
 5) age of Empiricism: Means experiments literary
experiments in that time a lot of literary experiments were
done.
 House of Tudor
 The list of Monarchy of augustus age
  Henry vii (1485-1509),(welsh)
 Henry viii (1509-47)
 Edward vi(1547-1553)
 Queen Marry (1553-1558),(bloody marry)
 Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) “virgin”
 Ja
 House of Staurt
m
es I (james vi becames james I)
 Charles I (1649 beheaded)
 Charles II (1660 to)
 James II
 William of orange III (nephew of charlesII)
 Queen Marry II (siblings)

House of hanover There was a grand daughter of a jmes I
whose son is George I

Queen Ann (1701)(virgin)

 George I (Spoke only Germen)

 George II (spoke little English more french).
 There was a minister named as sir Robert wall pole who
supported George I but after he was claimed with courpption
and never become minister again.

Augustan age was produced in Queen Ann, George I , George II

in first half of 18th century.
The biblington Maculay would say about queen Ann : when in
good humor she was meekly stupid and when in bad humour she
was sulky stupid.
 In queen Ann’ region british saw two war and she was
defeated from jhon churchil and his wife sara churchil was
her best friend.
 Queen Ann was brought by the parliament.
 On political view there were two parties whigs and torries.
Whigs were the supporters of parliament and democracy,
british parliament supported Protestantism b/c they
favoured democracy.
 Supporters of james II are known as torries and they said
james II’s sons should come and be the king and they
fought two wars but couldn’t succeed 1) jmaes frances
edward staurt
2) Charles Edward staurt.
 Authors of that time criticized one an other work
because they use to write to inform audience e.g
Richardson’s Pamela and fielding’s shamela.
Amatory fiction:

 Amatory means physical love. It was originated in Great Britain in 17th century
(1660-1730).
 The women were more writers and mostly women read it.
 Amatory fiction paved the way for romance, and it was before the novel.
 The subject of this was Love, Sex and emotion, romance.
 There are three major prominent writers Eliza Haywood, Aphra Bhen, Delariver
Manely.
 There writing style was Lust and baytrel.
 Aphra Bhen’s the history of Nun, Eliza Haywood’s love in excess is perfect
example of amatory fiction.
 In mid of 17th century it became less popular.
 Man considered it as a trashy work up to the 20th century. When feminism got
rise then these works got importance in 19th and 20th century.
 Amatory fiction was written in short stories.
  Narrowly defined, amatory fiction is a formulaic genre which typically portrays
an innocent, trusting woman who is mislead by a selfish, lustful man .

Cavalier poets

caviliar poets = royalist poets but don’t belong to the royal family.

It is a 17th century literary movement.

Caviliar meaning refers to arrogant, dismissive, carefree.

Caviliar poets followed to ben Johnson and known as son of ben after ben Johnson
because of clarity of expression ,control of emotion, sophistication of tone.

The theme of there poetry was love, beauty and war.

The difference between caviliar and Spenserian poetry is that spenserian poetry is
descriptive and caviliar poetry is lyrical and it can be also sung.
 The difference between metaphysical poets and caviliar poets is that metaphysical poets
wrote with spiritual , scientific and moral codes but caviliar poets concentrate on
moment metaphysical poets wrote in figurative and lofty language high subject and
noble diction while cavalier poets were simple and they wrote short and refined words.

For cavalier poets enjoying life is more important then moral codes.

Caviliar soldiers : supporters of king Charles I

 Jocobean: James I
 Caroline: Charles I
 Restoration: james II
Charles I ignored parliament for 11 years it is known as tyranny period.
In 1634 on coastal areas imposed taxes illegally but jhon hampden (puritan)
refused to pay tax. some people who were afraid of king condemn john Hamden.
Cavalier poetry is opposite to puritan poetry.
Religious situation became critical civil war started.
Features:
1:wrote short lyrical poems but not like sonnets.
2:they did not write for publicity.
3:used direct language that expressed highly.
4:they avoided the subject of secular theme.
5:they avoided discovering the depth of soul.
6:main theme concerned with pleasure.
7:poetry focused on cultural life.
8; tone of cavalier poetry is light.

Cavalier poets;
Robert herrick
Richard lovlace
Thomas carew
John suckling.

Gothic novel

 Late 18th century movement.

 Such kind of art that prefer the fear , horror and romantic element such as
nature, individuality and very high emotion. It also includes super natural
element.
 The term goethic novel refer fear horror and romance.
  Gothic novel terrifies the reader in a pleasurable way.
 The first gothic novel was castle of oranto (by Horace Walpole in 1764 ).
 Characterstic of gothic novel:
 Death and decay.
 Haunted castles and homes.
 Family curses.
 Madeness
 Powerful love and romance.
 Ghosts and vsmpires.
 Suspense and curiosity.
 Gothic novel was famous till 19th century.
 Castle of oranto refer to a barberious (very shoking, extremely cruel) middle age
mystery plays.
 They are popular because they convey deeper meaning like frankenstien it allow
allow people to explore a new world of imagination through imagination.
 Gothic novel show hidden desire and curiosity.
 There is twist of two opposite things horror and romance
 Some famous gothic authors and novels:
 Horace Walpole (castle of oranto)
 Methew Gregory lewis (the monk a romance in 1796)
 Marry shelly (Frankenstein in 1818)
 Emily bronte (wuthering heights in 1847)
 Oscar wilde (the picture of dorin gray in 1890)
 Clara reeve (old English baron in 1778)
 Ann redcliph (the mysteries of udolpho in 1794)
 William Thomas backford.

Transdental
movement

 Ralph waldo emerson found the club transdentalism.

 They were against the puritan orthodoxy(set of rules).
 Emerson’s church consist of one man that is he himself.
 They were against the organized religion, puritan said follow the bible
either you will go to hell.
 This term is related to romanticism at some extent in some way.
  The romanticism followed emotion and intuition and transdentalist were
the same they thought emotion and intuition are superior to logic and
reason.
 Characterstics:
 Emotion
 Intuition
 Individuality
 Spirituality
 Nature
 Personal freedom
 They vary from romanticism that religion should not be imposed on individual
every thing including man is reflection of god
 They thought that religion is a subjective thing.