Cbmec1 M2 Mon1

CBMEC 1
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
MODULE 2
(Monday)
Production system
Production system is any of the methods used in industry to create goods and
services from various resources.
When viewed as a process, a production system may be further characterized

by:
o Flows (channels of movement) in the process: both the physical flow of
materials, work in the intermediate stages of manufacture (work in
process)
o Finished goods
o Flow of information and the inevitable paperwork that carry and
accompany the physical flow.
Limiting factors
o Physical flows are subject to the constraints of the capacity of the

production system, which also limits the system’s ability to meet output
expectations.
 Capacity of the information-handling channel of the production
system may also be an important measure of a system’s output.
 The management of information flows, or the planning and control
of the system to achieve acceptable outputs, is an important task of
the production manager.
o Quality must also be seen as a limiting factor.

 The quality of a product, measured against some objective
standard, includes:
 Appearance
 Performance characteristics
 Durability
 Serviceability
 Timeliness of delivery
Neha Tikko, Neha (Editor). Production and Operations Management. Excel Books Private Limited.
https://ebooks.lpude.in/Management/Bba/Term_4/Dmgt206_Production_And_Operations_Manageme
nt.Pdf
 Cost
 Appropriateness of documentation and supporting materials
Types of production systems
Batch system
o General-purpose equipment and methods are used to produce small

quantities of output (goods or services) with specifications that vary greatly
from one batch to the next.
o A given quantity of a product is moved as a batch through one or more

steps, and the total volume emerges simultaneously at the end of the
production cycle.
 Examples include systems for producing specialized machine tools
or heavy-duty construction equipment, specialty chemicals, and
processed food products, or, in the service sector, the system for
processing claims in a large insurance company.
o Batch production systems are often referred to as job shops.
Continuous system
o Items to be processed flow through a series of steps, or operations, that

are common to most other products being processed.
 Since large volumes of throughput are expected, specially designed
equipment and methods are often used so that lower production
costs can be achieved.
o Frequently the tasks handled by workers are divided into relatively small
segments that can be quickly mastered and efficiently performed.
 Examples include systems for assembling automobile engines and
automobiles themselves, as well as other consumer products such
as televisions, washing machines, and personal computers.
o Continuous production systems are often referred to as assembly systems

or assembly line systems and, as noted below, are common in mass
production operations.
nt.Pdf
Project system
o “One-shot” system
 For a single, one-of-a-kind product, for example, a building, a ship,
or the prototype of a product such as an airplane or a large
computer, resources are brought together only once.
 Because of the singular nature of project systems, special methods
of management have been developed to contain the costs of
production within reasonable levels.
Important considerations
 Industrial engineers, production managers, and other specialists must choose
and design the technology to be used.
o Their decisions must include the choice of equipment and tooling, the
layout of plant space and facilities, the selection of workers and work
procedures, and many other aspects of process design.
o These choices must be handled carefully; mistakes at this early stage can
result in a business losing its competitiveness or the ability to sustain a
profitable position in the market.
 Next, given a choice of technology, the capacity of the system must be

determined.
o The capacity of the system is designed to be a function of the amount of
available capital, the demand forecast for the output of the facility, and
many other minor factors.
o Again, these decisions must be made wisely.
o Establishing too much capacity, too soon, can burden a company with
excess costs and inefficient operations.
o Too little capacity can make it difficult and expensive to increase output
later if the market develops rapidly; this can place a company at a
significant cost disadvantage if other competitors, with larger facilities,
produce a product at a lower cost or with more consistent quality.
 Given a basic commitment to capacity, decisions must be made on the

adaptability of the production volume to meet the inevitable changes in market
demand that the firm will experience.
o Capacity in most production systems is adjusted by hiring or firing
workers, by scheduling overtime or cutting back on work hours, by adding
or shutting down machines or whole departments or areas of the facility,
or by changing the rate of production within reasonable limits.
nt.Pdf
o The effectiveness of any one of these adjustment mechanisms depends
largely on the technological constraints of the process itself, the
economics of the industry, and the nature of the competition. In some
industries, adjustment of capacity is a very difficult task.
o Assembly lines with specialized equipment, for example, are most efficient
when run at one speed and cannot be slowed down or run intermittently
without severe economic losses.
o In such cases, careful attention to the fundamental design of the
production system is a critical factor in the overall success of the business.
nt.Pdf

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CBMEC 1

When viewed as a process, a production system may be further characterized

o Physical flows are subject to the constraints of the capacity of the

o Quality must also be seen as a limiting factor.

o General-purpose equipment and methods are used to produce small

o A given quantity of a product is moved as a batch through one or more

o Batch production systems are often referred to as job shops.

o Items to be processed flow through a series of steps, or operations, that

o Continuous production systems are often referred to as assembly systems

 Next, given a choice of technology, the capacity of the system must be

 Given a basic commitment to capacity, decisions must be made on the

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