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    CANCER Notes

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    Monique Abigail Carballo
    Cancer can spread through the lymphatic system, bloodstream, or by forming new blood vessels through angiogenesis. Diagnostic procedures to detect cancer include mammography, Pap smears, MRI, CT scans, PET scans, biopsies, bone scans, and endoscopies. Cancer staging is done using the TNM system which evaluates the size of the tumor (T), affected lymph nodes (N), and presence of metastasis (M). Cellular abnormalities that can develop into cancer include hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, and anaplasia. Cancer is caused by mutations in cells that can result from viruses, bacteria, physical or chemical agents, genetic factors, diet, hormones, and other

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    CANCER Notes

    Uploaded by

    Monique Abigail Carballo
    8 views3 pages
    Cancer can spread through the lymphatic system, bloodstream, or by forming new blood vessels through angiogenesis. Diagnostic procedures to detect cancer include mammography, Pap smears, MRI, CT scans, PET scans, biopsies, bone scans, and endoscopies. Cancer staging is done using the TNM system which evaluates the size of the tumor (T), affected lymph nodes (N), and presence of metastasis (M). Cellular abnormalities that can develop into cancer include hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, and anaplasia. Cancer is caused by mutations in cells that can result from viruses, bacteria, physical or chemical agents, genetic factors, diet, hormones, and other

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    CANCER notes

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    Cancer can spread through the lymphatic system, bloodstream, or by forming new blood vessels through angiogenesis. Diagnostic procedures to detect cancer include mammography, Pap smears, MRI, CT scans, PET scans, biopsies, bone scans, and endoscopies. Cancer staging is done using the TNM system which evaluates the size of the tumor (T), affected lymph nodes (N), and presence of metastasis (M). Cellular abnormalities that can develop into cancer include hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, and anaplasia. Cancer is caused by mutations in cells that can result from viruses, bacteria, physical or chemical agents, genetic factors, diet, hormones, and other

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    8 views3 pages

    CANCER Notes

    Uploaded by

    Monique Abigail Carballo
    Cancer can spread through the lymphatic system, bloodstream, or by forming new blood vessels through angiogenesis. Diagnostic procedures to detect cancer include mammography, Pap smears, MRI, CT scans, PET scans, biopsies, bone scans, and endoscopies. Cancer staging is done using the TNM system which evaluates the size of the tumor (T), affected lymph nodes (N), and presence of metastasis (M). Cellular abnormalities that can develop into cancer include hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, and anaplasia. Cancer is caused by mutations in cells that can result from viruses, bacteria, physical or chemical agents, genetic factors, diet, hormones, and other

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    of 3

    CANCER SPREAD ▪ ask for presence of metal

    Lymphatic – spread from lymph needs; accessories


    common type of spread ▪ ask if they have metal
    Hematogenous – spread through bloodstream implants
    Angiogenesis - make their own blood vessels as • if they have CT scan
    their resource ▪ ask for Claustrophobia
    Tumor removal – removes cells around it 4. Computed Tomography (CT scan)
    to prevent its spread o x-ray to scan layers of tissue (dye
    * Cancer cells are resource hungry. injection) in cross-sectional view
    o ask for allergies
    TYPES OF CANCER
    o ask for pregnancy
    5. PET scan
    o distinguish between benign and
    malignant; red = biological act.
    6. Biopsy
    o sample tissue extraction; secure the
    sample
    7. Bone Scan > bone cancer
    8. Endoscopy
    o direct visualization of cavity and
    passageway
    o given anesthesia and sedated,
    NPO to prevent aspiration
    9. Tumor Markers
    ROLES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM IN o prostate specific antigen (PSA)
    CANCER
    1. Defense against uncontrollably dividing cells
    2. T-lymphocytes initiate cell-mediated
    immunity and destroy malignant cells.
    3. A person is likely to be pre-disposed to
    develop cancer when immunocompromised.

    DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE
    1. Mammography
    o x-ray of breast to detect early signs
    2. Papanicolaou (PAP) Smear
    o collect cells from cervix to detect
    cervical cancer TUMOR STAGING
    o avoid sex for the past 7 days ❖ T – tumor
    before procedure ❖ N – node (affected lymph mode)
    3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MIR) ❖ M – metastasis > spreading to other
    o create sectioned images of body parts of the body
    features
    o magnetic field
    TYPES OF CELLULAR ABNORMALITIES
    1. Hyperplasia
    o increase in the number of cells of a
    tissue
    o Barrett’s Esophagus
    ▪ simple columnar cells in
    stomach
    ▪ Stratified squamous
    (Esophagus)
    stratified squamous

    simple columnar
    damaged
    - precancerous
    by acid
    lesion
    The higher the grade, diff. differentiation
    * Cyst are not cancerous = accumulation of * Because acid reflux
    fluid damages cells of
    esophagus, it converts
    to simple columnar

    Look first on where cell comes from (some in stomach) to


    withstand acid.
    ❖ Totipotent - only the zygote; can
    differentiate into a whole individual * Any change in normal cells is pre-cancerous
    ❖ Pluripotent stem cells - grows into
    Blastocyst Pluripotent * Hypertrophy – increase in size of cell
    o pluripotent cells can differentiate * Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
    while cancer cannot o hypertrophy of prostate; not increase in
    ❖ Cancer - If there is any disruption within cell component
    the cells o Endometrial Hyperplasia – increase in
    Cells are organized endometrial cell
    ❖ junction that regulates cell division
    if there is 2. Metaplasia
    ❖ basement membrane any
    o conversion of one type of mature
    disruption,
    it can be cell into another type of cell
    precursor 3. Dysplasia (same pero iba iba size)
    to cancer o bizarre cell growth resulting in cells
    that differ I size, shape or
    arrangement from other cells of the
    CELL CYCLE same type of tissue.
    1. G1 Phase – growth of cell (size) 4. Anaplasia (malignant cells don’t look normal)
    2. Synthesis Phase – increase number of o cells that lack normal cellular
    genetic materials inside the nuclei characteristics and differ in shape
    3. G2 Phase – growth of the cell and organization with respect to
    4. Mitosis – cell division their cells of origin.
    5. Neoplasia
    * There are drugs that targets each cell cycle o uncontrolled cell growth that
    phases follows no physiologic demand.
    ETIOLOGY OF CANCER
    o destruction of cellular integrity
    o modification/ destroy of genetic code

    1. Virus and Bacteria


    o injects viral RNA to normal cell
    i. alters future cells
    ii. HPV – cervical cancer
    iii. Hepatitis B – Hepatocellular
    cancer and Liver cancer
    o bacteria destroy cellular integrity
    i. H. pylori inflammatory (HPV)
    Cancer – uncontrollably dividing cells with no 2. Physical A.
    differentiation o cellular integrity; ionizing radiation:
    - immortal; divides as long as they have DNA
    energy source o trauma; repeated traumatic injury
    3. Chemical Agents
    CELL MUTATION o cellular integrity destruction
    1. Base Substitution o [charred part] carcinogens,
    o one base is substituted with alcohol, tobacco
    another base 4. Genetic
    o hereditary; family history
    5. Dietary
    o obesity; predisposition to cancer;
    Increase in BMI = high possibility of
    cancer
    usually happens with bases 6. Hormonal Agents
    that have corresponding o diff. of cells – anaplasmosis –
    base cancer

    2. Deletion
    o results when one or more base * Abnormal cell;
    pairs are last from the DNA not cancer unless
    it is INVASIVE

    3. Insertion
    o results when additional base parts
    destruction in
    are added to DNA
    cellular integrity
    * When this happens, it results to
    problem in the daughter cells

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