English Tenses

Present Simple and Present Continuous

Present Simple Tense
Form

Positive statement: I play, He plays

Negative statement: I do not play (I don't play), He does not play (He doesn't play)
Question form: Do you play? Does he play?
Negative question: Do you not play? (Don't you play?) Does he not play? (Doesn't he play?)
The passive voice: The game is played. The letters are written. (See more at Active and passive
voice.)

Spelling

We only use -s ending (plays) in the third person singular.

We add -es to the verbs that end in ss, sh, ch, x and o: misses, finishes, watches, mixes, goes.
If the verb ends in a consonant and -y, we change -y into -i and use the -es ending: carry - carries, try -
tries.
But: play - plays, because this verb ends with a vowel and -y.
The auxiliary verb do is not used to make questions and negative statements with modal verbs and the
verb to be.

Are you a student? Is he in London? I am not at home. He is not happy. Can you sing? Must I come? I
cannot swim. He mustn't stay.

If the wh- pronoun introducing the question (who, which) is the subject of the question, we do not use
the auxiliary verb do. Compare the following sentences.

Who knows you? (who is the subject)

Which cars belong to you? (which cars is the subject)
But: Who do you know? (who is the object)

The negative question normally expresses a surprise.

Doesn't he work?

Use

1. We use the present simple tense for activities that happen again and again (everyday, sometimes,
ever, never).

I sometimes go to school by bike. You don't speak Greek. Do they get up early?
He often travels. She doesn't work. Does she ever help you?

2. We use it for facts that are always true.

Our planet moves round the sun.

Lions eat meat.

3. With a future time expression (tomorrow, next week) the present simple is used for planned future
actions (timetables).

The train leaves at 8.15.

They return tonight.
Present Continuous Tense
Form

Positive statement: I am playing, You are playing, He is playing

Negative statement: I am not playing (I'm not playing), You are not playing (You aren't playing), He is
not playing (He isn't playing)
Question: Are you playing? Is he playing?
Negative question: Are you not playing? (Aren't you playing?) Is he not playing? (Isn't he playing?)

The present continuous tense is formed with the verb to be and the present participle (-ing ending).
The negative question normally expresses a surprise: Isn't he working?

Use

The present continuous tense is used:

1. If we want to say that something is happening at the time of speaking. We often use it with time ex-
pressions such as now or at the moment.
I am doing housework at the moment.
You aren't listening to me now!
Look at him! What is he doing?

2. For temporary activities that are true now, but maybe not happening at the time of speaking. Time
expressions such as today, this week or these days are typical of this use.
I am in London. I am learning English here.
She can't go out today. She is preparing for an exam.
You can't meet him this week. He is working in Bath.

3. For planned future arrangements. The time of the action must be given in the sentence (soon, to-
morrow, on Monday, next week), otherwise it is not clear that we talk about future.
I am coming soon.
We are leaving on Monday.
She is starting next week.

4. With always to express the idea that something happens too often and it annoys the speaker.
I am always forgetting my keys.
He is always smoking in the living room!

We do not normally use in the continuous the following groups of verbs (so called state verbs):

1. Of senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste. On the other hand, look, watch or listen are action verbs
and can be used in the continuous:
I can hear you. - I am listening to you.
Can you see the bird? - Are you looking at the bird?

2. Of liking and disliking: like, love, hate, fear, detest, want, wish...
I like animals.
I hate snakes.

3. Of mental states: agree, believe, forget, know, remember, suppose, think...

I agree with you.
I suppose you are right.

4. Of permanent states: be, have, belong, contain, owe, own, possess...

This pen belongs to me.
I have a new pet.
5. Of appearance: seem, appear, look, sound...
It seems that it will rain.
Your new haircut looks really good.

If some of these verbs are used in the present continuous, they have a different meaning. In such a
case they become action verbs.
I think he is my best friend. (mental state) - I'm thinking of giving him a present. (mental activitiy)
He has a new bathroom. (possess) - He is having a bath. (take a bath)
I see what you mean. (know) - I am seeing a doctor. I am ill. (visit)
The flower smells beautiful. (scent) - The dog is smelling the sausage. (sniff)
This wine tastes sour. (It has a sour taste.) - She is tasting the soup if it is warm enough.
Past Simple and Continuous
Past Simple Tense

Form - Regular Verbs

Positive statement: I watched, He watched

Negative statement: I did not watch (I didn't watch), He did not watch (He didn't watch)
Question: Did you watch?
Neg. question: Did you not watch? (Didn't you watch?)
It is formed by -ed ending. It is the same for all persons, singular and plural.

Spelling

We add -d (not -ed) to the verbs that end with -e: like - liked
If the verb ends with a consonant and -y, we change -y into -i: carry - carried, try - tried.
But: play - played, because this verb ends with a vowel and -y.
If the verb has only one syllable and ends with a vowel and a consonant, we double the consonant to
keep the same pronunciation: stop - stopped. The same rule applies to the verbs that end with -l:
travel - travelled.

Form - Irregular Verbs

All the irregular verbs have different forms: go - went, buy - bought, cut - cut etc.
The question and negative are made in the same way: I went - Did you go? No, I did not go.

Notes

We do not use the auxiliary verb did with the verb to be and modal verbs.
Were you a student? Was he in London? I was not at home. He was not happy.
Could you sing? Could he come? I could not swim. He could not stay.
The auxiliary verb did is not used in questions beginning with wh- pronouns (who, which) in case that
the pronoun is the subject of the question.
Who met you? (who is the subject)
Which train arrived on time? (which train is the subject)
But: Who did you meet? Which train did you miss? (who and which train are the objects)
The negative question normally shows a surprise.
Didn't you know it?

Use

1. We use the past simple for activities or situations that were completed in the past at a definite time.

a) The time can be given in the sentence:

I came home at 6 o'clock.
When he was a child, he didn't live in a house.

b) The time is asked about:

When did they get married?

c) The time is not given in the sentence, but it is clear from a context that the action or situation
finished in the past.
He is 20 years old. He was born in Canada.
I've been to Iceland. (present perfect) - Did you enjoy it? (past simple)

2. We use it for repeated actions in the past.

We walked to school every day. - And did you ever go by bus?

3. It is used in stories to describe events that follow each other.

Charles entered the hall and looked around. He took off his coat and put it on a chair. He was at home.

Past Continuous Tense

Form

Positive statement: I was watching, You were watching

Negative statement: I was not watching (I wasn't watching), You were not watching (You weren't
watching)
Question: Were you watching? Was he watching?
Neg. question: Were you not watching? (Weren't you watching?) Was he not watching? (Wasn't he
watching?)
The past continuous tense is formed with the past tense of the verb to be and the present participle
(-ing form).

Use

We use the continuous tense for actions or situations in the past that were not completed.
From 10 to 12 I was washing my car. I was in the garage.
(I did not finish my work. It was in progress. I started before 10 and finished after 12.)
The sun was setting. The beach was changing its colours.
(The sun was still in the sky when I was watching it.)

Compare this sentence with the past simple, which is used for completed activities:
From 10 to 12 I washed my car.
(I finished my work. I started at 10 and finished at 12.)
Finally, the sun set. It was dark and we did not see the beach anymore.
(The sun completely disappeared.)

We use it for continuous, uninterrupted activities. If the action is interrupted (something is done in
more intervals or we did more things one after another), we must use the past simple.
Tom was watching TV on Sunday.
Tom watched TV in the morning and in the evening.
Yesterday I was working in the garden.
Yesterday I worked in the garden and on my house.

The past continuous tense is typically used:

1. Combined with the past simple tense to describe the idea that the action in the past continuous
started before the action in the past simple and continued after it.
When she saw me, I was looking at the trees.
(These two activities happened at the same time. I was looking at the trees for some time and she saw
me in the middle of it.)
Compare with the past simple:
When she saw me, I looked at the trees.
(These two activities happened one after another. First she saw me and then I looked at the trees.)
2. With a point in time to express an action that started before that time and continued after it.
At 8 o'clock Jane was having a bath.
(At 8 o'clock she was in the middle of the activity. She did not finish it.)
Compare with the simple tense:
At 8 o'clock Jane had a bath.
(She started the activity at 8 o'clock and finished it.)

3. To describe a situation, while the past simple is used to tell a story.

The sun was shining. Jack and Jill were lying on the beach. Jack was reading a book and Jill was
sleeping. All of a sudden, Jack raised his head. Jill woke up. Something happened.

4. For incomplete activities in contrast with the past simple, which is used for completed activities.
I was reading a book yesterday. And today I am going to continue.
I read the book yesterday. I can lend it to you now.

5. The past continuous can be used instead of the simple to show a more casual action:
I was talking to my neighbour yesterday. We had a nice chat.
(I did not do it on purpose. We just met in the street.)
I talked to my neighbour yesterday. And he promised to help me.
(I did it on purpose. I needed to ask him for help.)
English Tenses
Future Simple and Future Continuous
tense
Future Simple - 'will'
Form

Positive statement: I will learn (I'll learn), He will learn (He'll learn)
Negative statement: I will not learn (I won't learn), He will not learn (He won't learn)
Question: Will you learn?
Neg. question: Will you not learn? (Won't you learn?)
We can also use shall in the first person singular and plural (I, we). But this form is quite formal in
modern English and is not very common.
I shall do it for you.
We shall come soon.

Use

1. Will is used as a modal auxiliary verb to show a general intention.

He will change his job.
We'll travel abroad. (short form of will)
I will not need it.
They won't change the telephone number. (short form of will not)
Will you take the exam?

2. Will is used for predictions or opinions.

It will snow in winter.
The horse will not win.
We can use following verbs or adverbs to express that we assume something, but we are not sure:
think, be sure, hope, believe, suppose, perhaps, possibly, probably, surely.
They'll probably study art.
I don't think she'll accept it.

3. Will is used to express a decision or offer made at the moment of speaking.

Can I walk you home? - No, thank you. I'll take a taxi.
Please, tell Peter about it. - O.K. I'll call him.

But:
I am going to call Peter. Do you want me to say hello to him?
(Going to expresses our decision made before the moment of
speaking.)

Future Continuous
Form
Positive statement: I will be sitting (I'll be sitting)
Negative statement: I will not be sitting (I won't be sitting)
Question: Will you be sitting?
Neg. question: Will you not be sitting? (Won't you be sitting?)
Use

1. This tense is used for an action that will be in progress at a point of time in the future. It will start
before that point of time and will continue after it. The point in time can be given by a time expression
or by another action in the future simple (will). This usage is very similar to the past continuous in this
aspect.
At 8 o'clock I will be travelling to Dorset.
This time tomorrow we'll be lying on the beach.
(In these two sentences the point of time that we refer to is given by a time expression.)
The shop will be closed. Will you be working?
I'll be sleeping when you come back.
(In these two sentences the point of time that we refer to is given by another activity.)

2. The future continuous describes the idea that something will happen in the normal course of events.
It refers to a routine activity, not an intention, decision or plan.
I'll be writing to you again. (I always write to you, so I'll do it again, as usual.)
They'll be leaving on Friday. You can join them. (They normally leave on Fridays.)
Everybody will be working on a computer sooner or later. (If nothing special happens.)

Future Continuous vs Present Continuous

We are going to the cinema next weekend.

(The present tense means that we have already arranged it. We know the time and place and probably
have the tickets.)
We'll be going to the cinema next weekend.
(The future continuous only tells us how we will spend the weekend. But we have not arranged
anything and, probably, we do not even know which film we want to see.)
I am seeing Susan tomorrow.
(I have some reason. Susan and I have arranged the time and place.)
I'll be seeing Susan tomorrow.
(Susan is my classmate and because I will go to school tomorrow, I will see her as usual.)

Future Simple vs Continuous

Bill won't play football tomorrow.

(The fact is that Bill cannot play or does not want to play for some reason.)
Bill won't be playing football tomorrow.
(Bill will not play, because it will be Friday and he never plays on Fridays.)
I'll call Mimi tonight. I'll ask her.
(I will do it because I need to talk to her.)
I'll be calling Mimi tonight. I can ask her.
(I call her every night, that is why I will call her tonight too.)
In these examples the future simple shows intentions, while in the continuous there is no intention, it
expresses routine actions.

Notes

In some cases we can use several forms for future events. But every form will have a slightly different
meaning.
I'll be meeting Jim next week.
(I meet Jim every week and it will be the same next week.)
I'll meet Jim next week.
(I intend to meet Jim next week or I suppose that I will meet him.)
I'm going to meet Jim next week.
(I decided to meet Jim some time ago and now I am expressing my intention.)
I'm meeting Jim next week.
(We have arranged the time and place because we have some reason to meet.)
It will rain, I'm afraid.
(I assume it will rain, it is my opinion. But who knows!)
It's going to rain.
(I am sure it will rain because I can see the dark clouds in the sky. My opinion is based on clear
evidence.)

The present tense (I am meeting) is more definite than be going to (I am going to meet) and will is
the least definite (I will meet).
 Table of Tenses
Present Simple Present Continuous
1. Habitual (repeated) actions: 1. Actions happening at the moment of speaking:
I play golf every week. I am playing golf now.

2. Permanent truths: 2. Temporary activities happening about this time:

Lions live in Africa. We are staying at the hotel this week.

3. Planned future actions (in timetables): 3. Definite arrangements in the near future:
The bus departs at 10. He is leaving for Paris tonight.

Past Simple Past Continuous

1. Habitual (repeated) actions in the past: 1. Actions that started before a point of time in the past
We worked in Leeds last year. and continued after it:
We were working at 6 o'clock.

2. Actions completed in the past at a definite time: 2. Actions that started before another (shorter) action in
I had a shower in the morning. the past and continued after it:
I was having a shower when the phone rang.

3. Actions that follow one after the other: 3. Descriptions of past situations:
Bill came home. He took off his coat and sat down. Bill was smiling. He was thinking about his puppy.

Future Simple Future Continuous

1. General intentions: 1. Actions happening at a point of time in the future:
I will move to Britain sooner or later. I will be driving to work at 6 o'clock.

2. Predictions or opinions of the speaker: 2. Actions that will happen in the normal course of
I hope he will do it for you. events (routine activities):
Everyone will be using smartphones in future.

3. Decisions made at the moment of speaking:

The bag is too heavy. I will help you.

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous

1. Actions that started in the past and still continue: 1. Actions that began in the past, continue up to now
We have lived here since last year. and will probably continue in the future:
It has been raining for two days.

2. Past experience with a present result: 2. Actions that began in the past, continued up to now
I have already seen the film. and have only just finished:
I'm tired because I have been working so hard.

3. Past actions with a present result:

He has bought a house.

Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous

1. Actions completed before another action: 1. Actions that began before a point of time in the past
When I met Mary, she had already moved to Madrid. and were still continuing at that time:
At 9 o'clock I had been waiting for two hours.

2. Actions completed before a point of time: 2. Actions that began before a point of time, continued
In 2015 I had won the race three times. up to that time or stopped just before it:
Josh sat down. He had been cutting grass all day.

Future Perfect Simple Future Perfect Continuous

1. Actions that will be completed at a certain time in the 1. Actions that will continue until a point of time and will
future: continue after it:
When I return home, I will have been away for a year. In June we will have been travelling for five months.

2. Actions that will be completed before a certain time in 2. Actions that will continue until a point of time and will
the future: finish at that time:
She will have written her book by the end of this year. I will leave my office at 6 o'clock. By then I will have
been working on my computer all day.
 Verb Tenses & Verb Forms

Test 1 Present tenses, going to, future simple

Exercise 1: How often ....................................................... ?
She helps me twice a week.
Use the present simple or continuous tenses
and future forms to complete this text. ......................................................................... ?
No, no. Marion won't study at university.
I ..................... (not do) housework on Sundays

normally. But tomorrow I ................................. Exercise 3: 4 points

(tidy) my room, because my boyfriend Jim Match these sentences.

Example:
...................... (come). The bus .........................
1. He's getting married a. sooner or later.
(arrive) at 10. I think Jim ...................... (come)
2. He'll get married b. on Saturday.
on time as usual, because he .................... (like)
1 b, 2 a
to be punctual. I ...................................... (look)
1. It snows here. a. This is a cold
forward to him. We .................... (have) a date
place.
2. It is snowing here. b. Look at that.
every Sunday and I ..................... (always look)
_________
forward to him. Tomorrow we ..........................
1. I'm writing a story. a. I'm not a novelist.
(have) a special date. We ........................... (go)
2. I write short stories. b. I'm going to finish
it soon.
to see his parents. We ........................... (have)
_________
a good time, I hope.
1. This bag is a Are you going
so heavy! to take it?
Exercise 2: 14 points 2. The final exam is b Will you take it,
on Monday. please?
Make questions to match the answers.
_________
What time ....................................................... ?
The meeting starts at 8.30 tonight. 1. My laptop doesn't a What are you
work! going to do?
......................................................................... ? 2. I can see you! b What will you do?
No, I don't watch TV every day.
_________
What ............................................ after school?
I don't know what I'll do.

........................................................................ ?
Yes, she is going to try it.

When .............................................................. ?
He is leaving next month.
 Mixed English Tenses

Test 2: Past tenses, present perfect, past perfect

Exercise 1: ................................................... the dishes yet?
Choose the correct tenses. a) Has he washed b) Has he been washing
c) Did he wash
............................................. Frank in Toronto?
a) Did you meet b) Have you met c) Were They .......................... a hotel in York, but then
you meeting
they ............................................................... it.
He had a break after he ..................................... a) have bought - sold b) bought - have sold
for two hours. c) bought - sold
a) was walking b) had been walking c) has
walked She couldn't play yesterday because she ...........

I ......................................... her for a long time. ................................... her ankle the day before.
a) know b) have known c) have been knowing a) have sprained b) sprained c) had sprained

We ............................ the windows and the car I can't find Todd. Where is he? - He .................
on Saturday morning.
a) were cleaning b) cleaned c) have been ..................................................... in the garage.
cleaning a) 's been working b) worked c) was working

I ............................ in York for a week in 1998. She .................................. books on the shelves
a) worked b) have been working c) have all day. That's why she is so exhausted.
worked a) was putting b) has put c) has been putting

I ......................... you in your office with a girl! The sun ........................ and we ........................
on the white sand.
Really? We ...................................................... . a) shone - were lying b) was shining - were
a) saw - 've just talked b) 've seen - just talked lying c) shined - lay
c) saw - were just talking
You ............................. at last! Where ..............
How many cupboards .............................. since
yesterday? ...................................................... so long?
a) did they move b) have they moved c) have a) arrived - have you been b) have arrived
they been moving - have you been c) arrived - were you
As he ................... a bike, a dog ................ him. I was so relaxed because I .................................
a) was riding - bit b) rode - bit c) was riding anything all day.
- has bitten a) have not been doing b) didn't do c) had not
been doing
When the dog ................ him, he ......................
his bike. What's your teaching experience? .....................
a) was biting - fell off b) bit - was falling off
c) bit - fell off .................................................... anyone?
a) Have you ever taught b) Did you ever teach
I didn't notice that you .................................... . c) Have you ever been teaching
a) had come b) came c) have been coming
She's hurt her arm. - When ........................... it?
I can't stand it anymore. I .................................. a) has she hurt b) has she hurted c) did she
the furniture since breakfast. hurt
a) am polishing b) have been polishing
c) have polished
 Mixed English Tenses

Where is Mum? - She ....................................... I couldn't help you. I ..................................your

the shopping all the morning. problems. (not understand)
a) has done b) has been doing c) was doing
Does he know about it? ............. you ................
At 9.30 I ....................... a documentary on TV. him yet? (tell)
Bill admitted that he ..........................................
It ........................................................... at 9.20.
the catalogue to the agency. (not send)
a) was watching - had started b) watched - has
As soon as I ................................. the message,
started c) watched - started
I ..................................... my house. (get, leave)
Exercise 2: While Maggie ............................ a new jumper,
Use past tenses, present perfect or past perfect
tenses to complete these sentences. Jill and I ........................................ . (knit, read)

We ............................... in Bristol from January Here he is! He ............................. for me all the
to March. (stay)
time, he ..................... for Ann! (not look, wait)
Where is my wine? Someone ............................
my wine! (drink) ...................... you in your room at 5.30? - Yes,

When you .......................... , ...................... you I think I ........................ my suitcase. (be, pack)

............................................. fast? (crash, drive) Nice to meet you! I ............................... you for

I'm sorry. Dad isn't here. He ............................. 10 years. What ............... you ...........................
our neighbour's flat since the morning. all this time? (not see, do)
(decorate)
He ............................... , but he'll be back home
What a nice coat! Where .......... you ............ it?
(buy) today. The doctors ................................. to cure
him. (die, manage)
At 6 o'clock he ......................................... there
for three hours! (sit) After we ........................................ to the top of
I want to learn French. But I ............................. the hill we had a great view of the bay. (climb)
yet. (not start)
The pigeon finally delivered the news after it
We didn't want to spend our holiday in Strobl
..................................... for the whole day. (fly)
because .............. already ................. there. (be)

What ................ you ....................................... ?

You are so dirty! (do)

Oh, no! I .................................... my way. What

shall I do? (lose)

Jim ............................... the dishes after dinner.

The kitchen sink is full of plates. (not wash)

She ....................................... three clients since

the morning. (contact)
 Mixed English Tenses

Test 3: The future continuous, future perfect tenses

Exercise 1 They started to build this motorway two years

ago. (building)
Use the words in brackets and write the
sentences in the future continuous or future By the end of this year they ..............................
perfect simple and continuous tenses. Keep
similar meaning. .......................... this motorway for three years.
Example:
I have a lot of texts to translate for tomorrow.
I'll be on the 10.25 train to London. (travel)
(be)
At 10.25 I'll be travelling to London.
I .......................................................................
The tickets will be available on Tuesday. a lot of texts today.
(printed)
By the year 2020 there will be no water in this
The tickets .........................................................
lake. (disappeared)
by Tuesday.
By the year 2020 all the water ..........................
I must replace the lock after lunch. (repairing)
................................................... from this lake.
I .........................................................................
the lock after lunch.
This is my fifth day in bed. (lying)
Bruce is not willing to give us a hand on
Tonight I ............................................................
Saturday morning. (help)
in my bed for five days.
Bruce .................................................................
Exercise 2 9 points
us on Saturday morning.
Read the first sentence and find a sentence
There's a film on our programme tonight. (be)
with similar meaning in part A or B.
We ...................................................................
1. In a couple of hours there will be no goods
a film tonight. on the shelves.
I like this pen. Will you need it today? (using) A. In a couple of hours all goods on the
shelves will be disappearing.
I like this pen. ................................................. ? B. In a couple of hours all goods on the shelves
will have disappeared.
In ten years' time most teenagers will have
their own cars. (driving) 2. This is my second year at university.
In ten years' time more and more teenagers A. This year I'll have been studying at
university for two years.
............................................................................ B. This year I'll be studying at
their own cars. university for two years.

We will have a new motorway this year. (built) 3. Please, don't call me while I'm driving to
work in the morning.
They .................................................................. A. I'll have been driving to work at seven, so
a new motorway by the end of this year. don't call me.
B. I'll be driving to work at seven, so don't call
me.
 Mixed English Tenses

4. Five years from now, companies will have

most customers on the Internet.
A. In five years' time, most people in the world
will be shopping on the Internet.
B. In five years' time, most people in the world
will have shopped on the Internet.

5. We started our journey two weeks ago and

we'll reach our destination in a week.
A. We will have travelled for two weeks now.
B. We will have been travelling for two weeks
now.

6. He is going to finish his work at the end of

November.
A. He'll be finishing his work at the end of
November.
B. He'll have been finishing his work at the
end of November.

7. We'll have the new laptop on Saturday.

A. We'll have been buying the new laptop
on Saturday.
B. We'll have bought the new laptop by the end
of this week.

8. One week from today we will be in Paris.

A. This time next week we'll be visiting Paris.
B. This time next week we'll have visited
Paris.

9. In the year 2100 people will be computer

literate for more than a hundred years.
A. In the year 2 100 people will be using
computers for more than a century.
B. In the year 2 100 people will have been
using computers for more than a century.
 English Tenses & Verb Form

Test 4: Tenses in time clauses, verb forms in conditional sentences

Exercise 1: I enjoyed it. I stayed till the end.

If ........................................................................
Use the following time expressions and words
in brackets to complete the sentences. ............................................................................
after till as soon as before I agreed. It was a good offer.
when whenever I ............................................................. in case
What time is she going to leave? - Why do you ............................................................................
want to know ................ she ........................... ? He isn't from here. He will get lost.
(leave) If ........................................................................
Will you do it before or .............................. you I didn't like the film. I didn't watch it.

............................................. this work? (finish) If ........................................................................

............................................................................
I want to get up early tomorrow - .....................
He is not a good actor. He will not get the part.
the sun ............................ . (rise) If ........................................................................

Can I call you from time to time? - Of course.

Exercise 3:
Feel free to contact me ............................... you Make similar conditional sentences.
Example:
...................... it. (need) It will not snow. We will not go skiing.
If it does not snow we will not go skiing.
You should water the garden ............................
She won't come. You must tell her.
it ....................... dark. (get) She ......................... unless ................................
Give him a present. He'll be surprised.
I have to wait ..................... the boat .................
(land). If ........................................................................
Take it. You won't regret it.

Exercise 2: If ........................................................................
It will rain. I'll take my umbrella.
Use conditional sentences to respond to the
In case ...............................................................
following situations.
We will miss the plane. We must set off early.
Example:
I can't speak Spanish. I won't get the job. We will miss the plane if .................................
If I could speak Spanish I would get the job.
You crashed. You drove too fast.
He didn't have money. He didn't buy the house. You wouldn't .....................................................
If ........................................................................ provided you .....................................................
............................................................................ He didn't take an aspirin. He had a headache.
I don't know her number. I can't call her. He wouldn't .......................................................
Provided ............................................................ in case he ...........................................................
............................................................................
English Tenses

Present Perfect Tense

There are two present perfect tenses in the English language.

Present Perfect Simple

Form
Positive statement: I have cooked, I have written, He has cooked, He has written (I've cooked,
He's cooked)
Negative statement: I have not worked (I haven't worked), He has not worked (He hasn't worked)
Question: Have you worked?
Negative question: Have you not worked? (Haven't you worked?)

Use
The present perfect combines the past and present.

1. We use the present perfect simple for actions or states that started in the past and still continue.
We have lived here since 2001.
She has known me for more than two years.
I haven't seen her since Christmas.
How long have they been here?

It is often used with expressions indicating that the activity began in the past and comes up to now,
such as: for 10 years, since 1995, all week, all the time, always, lately, recently...
We have always worked in York. (We still work in York.)
It has been quite cold lately. (It is still cold.)

If the activity started in the past and ended in the past we cannot use the present perfect.
I have smoked for 5 years. (present perfect - I still smoke.)
I smoked for 5 years. (past simple - I smoked from 2000 to 2005, then I stopped.)

2. We use it to describe an experience that happened in the past (the time is not given), but the effects
are important now.
She has been to London. (And so she knows London.)
Compare:
I have already been to Greece. (experience - And I want to go somewhere else now.)
I have been in Greece for two weeks. (state - I am stlill in Greece.)

When we use this tense to express some experience, we can use following adverbs - ever, never,
already, often, occasionally, yet, before...
Have you ever tried it?
She has never read this book.
We haven't seen it yet.
Have you fallen off a bike yet?
I haven't met her before.

3. The present perfect simple is used for past activities that have a present result.
The bus hasn't arrived. (It did not arrived on time and we are still waiting now.)
I have bought a new house. (I did it last month and it means that now I have a new address.)
For such activities we often use these adverbs - yet, already, just.
They haven't finished their homework yet. (They can't go out now.)
Has she signed it yet? (Can I take the document?)
I've already sent the letter. (There is no need to go to the post-office.)
We have just heard the news. (We know about it.)

Present Perfect vs Past Simple

With the present perfect we do not specify when the action happened. If we give the time or it is clear
from the context that we mention a certain time in the past, we must use the past simple.
Have you had breakfast? But: Did you have breakfast at the hotel?
I've read your letter. But: I read your letter last night.
They have told me. But: They told me when we met.
Have you had the operation? But: When did you have the operation?
In the present perfect we express that something happened in the past which is important now. The
time is not relevant.
In the past tense the time of the action is relevant.

Present Perfect vs Present Simple

The present perfect is used for actions that began in the past and continue at present. It expresses how
long the action has been.
The present simple is used for actions that are repeated at present. It expresses how often the action
happens.
She has worked here for a long time. But: She works here every day.
How long have you worked here? But: How often do you work here?

Present Perfect Continuous

Form
Positive statement: I have been cooking, He has been cooking
Negative statement: I have not been cooking (I haven't been cooking), He has not been cooking
Question: Have you been cooking?
Negative question: Have you not been cooking? (Haven't you been cooking?)

Use
1. We use the present perfect continuous for events that began in the past, are continuing now and will
probably continue in the future.
I have been playing tennis since I was 6 years old.
She has been working here for 15 years.

2. We use it for actions that began in the past and have only just finished.
I've been skiing all day. I'm so tired.
Hello! We've been waiting for you since 5 o'clock.

Present Perfect Simple vs Present Perfect Continuous

1. In some situations we can use both tenses and there is practically no difference in meaning.
The continuous is more usual in the English language.
It has rained for a long time.
It has been raining for a long time.
Verbs which can be used in this way include - learn, live, sleep, rain, sit, work, wait , stay...

2. Sometimes the simple form can describe a permanent state, while the continuous form a temporary
activity.
I have lived here for ten years. It is my permanent address.
I have been living here for ten years. And now I am going to move.
Some verbs cannot express this difference, because they are not normally used in the continuous
tenses.
(Verbs of senses - feel, hear, see; verbs expressing emotions - like, love, admire, wish; verbs of mental
state - know, remember, mean, recognize; verbs of possession - belong, own, owe; auxiliaries - can,
must and be, have in some cases; others - appear, concern, seem, sound...). They must be used in the
simple form.
We have always had a dog.
I've known him since 1997.
3. Verbs that express a single action (find, start, stop, lose, break...) are not used in the continuous
form.
They've started the fight.
I've lost my purse.
4. There is a difference between a single action in the present perfect simple and continuous.
I have painted the hall. (I have completed my work.)
I have been painting the hall. (That is how I have spent the day, but it does not mean that I have
finished my job.)

5. A single action in the present perfect continuous comes up to the time of speaking. But it is different
with the simple tense.
She's been cooking dinner. (She is still in the kitchen. She has just finished or she will continue
cooking.)
She has cooked dinner. (We do not know when. Yesterday or very recently? The result is important.)

6. We can only use the present perfect continuous for uninterrupted actions.
I've been visiting New York for a couple of years.
She has been writing letters since she got up.
In these sentences we describe one uninterrupted incomplete activity.

If the action is repeated or interrupted (we describe a number of completed individual actions), we
must use the simple form. (see also the past tense rules).
I have visited New York three times.
She has written four letters since she got up.
English Tenses

Past Perfect Tense

There are two past perfect tenses in the English language.

Past Perfect Simple

Form
It is formed with the auxiliary verb "had" + past participle (-ed ending for regular verbs, e.g. worked,
travelled, tried, different forms for irregular verbs, e.g. written, made, sung): I had done, I had not
done (I hadn't done), Had I done? Had I not done? (Hadn't I done?)

Use
1. We use the past perfect to make it clear that an action was completed before another action in the
past.
The door bell rang at last. I had been in the room since breakfast.
(The bell rang at noon. I came in the morning - before that.)
When I arrived there Sarah had already left.
(I arrived after lunch. Sara went before lunch.)
I was so hungry! I had not eaten anything since the morning.
(It was late at night.)

2. It is used to refer to an activity that was completed before a point of time in the past.
In 2005 I had lived in the same place for ten years.
Had you ever travelled by plane before your holiday in Spain?

Past Perfect vs Present Perfect Simple

1. The past perfect is often used with expressions indicating that the activity took some time, such as:
for 10 years, since 1995, all week, all the time, always, ...
When the plane landed Tim had travelled all day.
My parents moved away from Leeds. They had lived there since they got married.
In 2005 Derek started to work in Berlin. He had always planned it.

These expressions are also used with the present perfect. The difference is, however, that the present
perfect refers to events that started in the past and still continue, the past perfect expresses events that
began before a point of time (or another action) in the past and continued to that point of time in the
past.
I have been in Paris for a week. (the present perfect - I came a week ago and I am still in Paris.)
When I met Annie I had been in Paris for a week. (the past perfect - I came to Paris a week before I
met Annie and I am not there anymore.)

2. If we use the past perfect simple it does not always mean that an activity continued up to a point of
time in the past. The event can end a long time before the point of time in the past that we refer to.
In 2001 Angie worked in Glasgow. In 1980's she had worked in Wales.
(Angie left her job in Wales in 1989. In 2001 she worked in Glasgow. But we do not know what she
did in the meantime.)
Past Perfect vs Past Simple
1. The past simple is used for actions that happened some time ago. The past perfect is used for actions
that happened before a point of time in the past.
Jim returned at 4 o'clock. He had called Jane on the way back home and now she appeared at the door.
In this story the sentences are in a reversed order, because in reality, first Jim called Jane and then he
returned. If we want to keep this sentence order, we must use the past perfect to make it clear that Jim
called Jane first.
2. If the sentence order is the same as the order of the events, we can use the past tense.
Jim called Jane on the way back home. He returned at 4 o'clock and now she appeared at the door.
This difference is important. In some situations these two tenses have a completely different meaning.
I arrived at the garage. They told me to pay in cash. But I only had my credit card. I couldn't pay.
I arrived at the garage. They had told me to pay in cash. I paid and left immediately.
In the first case I did not know that I had to pay in cash. They told me after my arrival.
In the second case I was informed before my arrival and had no problems.

Past Perfect in Time Clauses

In time clauses after when we can use either the past tense or the past perfect tense.
We use the past tense if we want to express that the first action led to the second and that the second
followed the first very closely.
When the film ended he switched off the television.
The past perfect is used when we want to make it clear that the first action was completed before the
second started and that there is no relation between them.
When she had washed the dishes she had a cup of tea.
But:
When she washed the dishes she put the plates in the cupboard.
If we use after in a time clause the past perfect is much more usual.
After Zidane had scored the goal the fans went wild.
We use the past perfect similarly with: as soon as, until, before, by the time.
He got up as soon as he had heard the alarm clock.
We did not stop until we had reached the coast.
Maria had finished her meal by the time I arrived.
Before she cut her hair she had consulted it.

Past Perfect Continuous

Form
It is formed with the auxiliaries had been + present participle (-ing ending, e.g. working, trying, wri-
ting, singing): I had been doing, I had not been doing, Had I been doing? Had I not been doing?

Use
The past perfect continuous is used for activities that began before a point of time in the past and were
still continuing at that point of time.
Last summer Josh had been renovating his house for two years.
(He started three years ago and last summer he was still renovating his house.)
Past Perfect Continuous vs Present Perfect Continuous

The past perfect and present perfect continuous are basically very similar. The difference is, however,
that in the past perfect we refer to the point of time in the past, while in the present perfect we refer to
the present times.
I have been practicing since the morning. (present perfect - I am still practicing.)
At 11 o'clock I had been practicing for two hours. (past perfect - I began at 9 o'clock and at 11 o'clock I
was still practicing.)

Past Perfect Simple vs Continuous

For an action that can continue for a long time we can use both the simple and continuous forms
(work, run, study, travel, sleep ...). There is practically no difference in meaning, but the continuous
form is more usual in English.
Stephen was pretty tired. He had worked all day.
Stephen was pretty tired. He had been working all day.
In other cases these two forms have a completely different meaning.
Before midnight Paul had translated the article. (He finished his work.)
Before midnight Paul had been translating the article. (He did not finish it. He was still translating at
that moment.)
If we refer to a number of individual actions or actions that were repeated, we must use the past per-fect
simple.
Before the lesson ended they had written three tests. (three individual completed activities)
But:
It was exhausting. They had been writing tests since the lessons started. (one uninterrupted incomplete
activity)
English Tenses

Future Perfect Tense

Future Perfect Simple

Form

Positive statement: I will have painted, I will have written, He will have painted, He will have written
(I'll have painted, He'll have painted)
Negative statement: I will not have painted (I won't have painted), He will not have painted (He won't
have painted)
Question: Will you have painted?
Neg. question: Will you not have painted? (Won't you have painted?)

Use

We use the future perfect simple for events that will be completed before or at a certain time. It is of-
ten used with a time expression beginning with by: by then, by that time, by midnight, by the end of
the year.
The time can also be given by other time expressions (on Sunday, before 31 June) or other activities
expressed in different future tenses.
I will have sent the project by Friday.
On 11 August this year we will have been married for five years.
When the mountaineers get back to the base, they'll have been in the snowstorm for two days.
We'll have reached the top before noon.
How long will she have worked here by the end of this year?
In all these examples, at a given time the future perfect actions will be in the past.

Future Perfect Continuous

Form

Positive statement: I will have been meeting (I'll have been meeting)
Negative statement: I will not have been meeting (I won't have been meeting)
Question: Will you have been meeting?
Neg. question: Will you not have been meeting? (Won't you have been meeting?)

Use

We use the future perfect continuous tense for activities that will continue until a point of time in the
future and will not be completed. Like the simple tense it is normally used with by or other time ex-
pressions and future actions.
I'll go home on 20 June. By then I'll have been staying at this hotel for a fortnight.
At six o'clock we'll have been waiting here for three hours.
When you arrive, we'll have been sitting in the classroom all day.
Future Perfect Simple vs Continuous

It is used for incomplete, uninterrupted activities. If we refer to a number of individual actions or acti-
ons that were repeated, we must use the future perfect simple.
When I am sixty, I'll have been building houses for thirty years. (one incomplete activity)
When I am sixty, I'll have built more than fifty houses. (fifty individual actions)
By 5 o'clock I'll have been washing this car for an hour and a half. (one uninterrupted activity)
By 5 o'clock I'll have washed this car and replaced the tires. (two completed activities that will be
done one after another)