!ST Topic Society and Culture Chapter
!ST Topic Society and Culture Chapter
!ST Topic Society and Culture Chapter
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What is Science?
A clarification of the meaning of science, and of social science in
particular, is fundamental to the understanding of sociology and anthropology.
Some lay persons have the impression that the scientist is a queer-looking,
unsociable genius, but this is very far from reality. They are not aware that the
scientist is dependent upon groups and has increasingly worked in teams with
other scientists. Scientists have tried to lessen or remove the difficulties of
communication that separate the varied scientific disciplines and to present
their findings in a manner that can be understood by the lay person.
1. Natural Sciences
✓ Study phenomena and processes as well as objects in nature
and provide systematic information of the non-human and
physical aspects of the natural world.
✓ Biology, physics, chemistry, zoology, geology, and astronomy
are some of the natural sciences.
2. Social Sciences
✓ Involved in the study of society, social relations, and human
behavior.
✓ The social scientist makes use of the methods and tools used by
the natural scientist in the study of social behavior and social
phenomena and their subjects are human beings who can and
do talk back.
✓ Hence, social scientists encounter problems such as the ethical
aspects in studying their subjects, something which is not
experienced by the natural scientist. There are ethical limits to
the kinds of experiments that they can perform, like those which
may inflict moral or physical harm on the subjects.
✓ The social sciences include economics, political science,
psychology, sociology, anthropology, and history.
1. Pure Science
✓ Concerned with the pursuit of knowledge and empirical truth and
the development of theory. Its goal is to discover truth.
✓ The pure scientist derives intellectual pleasure in advancing
knowledge.
✓ The pure social sciences are economics, political science,
anthropology, and sociology.
2. Applied Science
✓ Directed toward the use of scientific knowledge and theory for
the solution of practical problems.
✓ Social work, education, public administration, ethics, and
management may be classified as applied social sciences.
Theoretically, the pure and applied sciences are distinct from each other, but
actually they are interrelated.
University was also one of the first to include it in its curriculum. At its start,
sociology had a social philosophy perspective, which continued up to the
1950’s. in 1920 Serafin Macaraig, the first Filipino to obtain a Ph.D. in
sociology from the University of Wisconsin, introduced the social problem
orientation. Not until the 1950’s did the scientific perspective seep into
sociology with the establishment of educational exchange programs and local
scholarships and the holding of seminars and conferences on social science.
A number of Filipinos studied in the United States and England and imbibed
the theoretical and research orientations of the West, such as structural-
functionalism and symbolic-interactionism.
The training in anthropology was also boosted after World War II. The
number of Filipinos enjoying foreign scholarships or studying in the U. S.
continued to increase in the 1950’s training abroad was mostly in the
University of Chicago and Cornell University. The returning scholars in both
sociology and anthropology ushered into the Philippines the climate of
research in the social sciences. With the arrival of several Fulbright
professors, further interest in social research was started.
In 1952 the Philippine Sociological Society was organized, which
marked an important milestone in the development of Philippine sociology. It
established a journal, the Philippine Sociological Review, which has as
contributors, sociologists and anthropologists.
In 1960 the Research Foundation of Philippine Anthropology and
Archaeology was established giving greater impetus to research. In 1968 the
Philippine Social Science Council (PSSC) was formed to consolidate the
Philippine social science researches. It aimed to promote the quality and
relevance of social science studies, improve teaching skills, train social
science research, and encourage social science publications.
The 1960’s and 1970’s saw the emergence of empirical researches
undertaken in the University of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University,
and the University of San Carlos. The Institute of Philippine Culture at the
Ateneo, headed by Dr. Frank Lynch S.J., a social anthropologist, came out
with a number of publications in Philippine society and culture. The
Community Development Center created in 1957 supported the various social
science researches, both pure and applied. At this time, there was also an
advocacy for the indigenization of concepts and tools suited to local
conditions in order to wean social science research from Western pattern and
methodology. Gelia Castillo, a Filipino sociologist, advocated the integration of
the scattered empirical studies into the development problem areas which
policy-makers, researchers, teachers, and students can focus attention on.
The 1970’s brought in ideas of phenomenological sociology and Marxism in
Europe.
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Children and minors were employed in factories because they are not entitled to benefits that are given to those of regular
working age groups. When they are harmed while working, the company reserved no financial obligation up on them, while
preserving their income and increasing their financial gains.
3. Imperialism
✓ This factor also stimulated the
development of sociology. The
Europeans had been
successful in conquering
many parts of the world. Their
new colonial empires,
stretching from Asia through
the North America, exposed
them to radically different
cultures. Startled by these
contrasting ways of life, they began to ask why cultures differed.
Pioneers of Sociology
Survey
Focus-group Discussion
Face-to-face interview
How?
I. Symbolic Interactionism
We can trace the origins of Symbolic Interactionism to the moral
philosophers of the eighteenth century who noted that:
✓ People evaluate their own conduct by comparing themselves with
others (Strykers 1990).
✓ People use symbols to encapsulate their experiences (William James,
1842-1910; John Dewey, 1859-1952).
✓ Symbols lie at the basis of self-concept (Charles Horton Cooley, 1864-
1929; William I. Thomas, 1863-1947; George Herbert Mead, 1863-
1931).
2. Without symbols, we also could not coordinate our actions with others.
We would be unable to make plans for a future date, time, and place.
Unable to specify times, materials, sizes, or goals, we could not build
bridges and highways. Without symbols, there would be no books,
movies, or musical instruments. We would have no schools or
hospitals, no government, no religion.
Symbolic Interactionists point out that even the self is a symbol, for it
consists of the ideas that we have about who we are. And it is a changing
symbol, for as we interact with others, we constantly adjust our views of the
self based on how we interpret the reactions of others.
In short, Symbolic Interactionists analyze how our behaviors depend on
the ways we define ourselves and others. For example, if you think of
someone as an aunt or uncle, you behave in certain ways, but if you think of
that person as a boyfriend or girlfriend, you behave quite differently. It is as
though everyday life is a stage on which we perform; we switch roles to suit
SocSc 1: Society and Culture
19
Part 1 [HOW TO STUDY SOCIETY AND CULTURE?]
Girls first start to wear rings when they are around 5 years old. Over the
years, the coil is replaced by a longer one and more turns are added. The
weight of the brass pushes the collar bone down and compresses the rib
cage. The neck itself is not lengthened; the appearance of a stretched neck
is created by the deformation of the clavicle. Many ideas regarding why the
coils are worn have been suggested, often formed by
visiting anthropologists, who have hypothesized that the rings protected
women from becoming slaves by making them less attractive to other
tribes. It has also been theorised that the coils originate from the desire to
look more attractive by exaggerating sexual dimorphism, as women have
more slender necks than men. It has also been suggested that the coils give
the women resemblance to a dragon, an important figure in Kayan
folklore. The coils might be meant to protect from tiger bites, perhaps
literally, but probably symbolically.
Kayan women, when asked, acknowledge these ideas, and often say that
their purpose for wearing the rings is cultural identity (one associated with
beauty).
Surma of Southwest Ethiopia. The gradual expansion of small ear plugs and
lip plugs during childhood into large ear plates and lip plates during
adulthood is another form of body modification that is closely associated
with the beauty asthetic among the Surma. Scarred lip tissue is just part of
the expansion process (above), with lip plate designs showing the octagonal
alignment of resonant infrasound standing wave arcs. Some women have lip
plates inserted in both the upper and lower lips, which obviously require
temporary removal during eating and drinking.
2. The love symbol. Our symbol of love also helps to “overload” marriage.
Unrealistic expectations that “true love” will be a constant source of emotional
satisfaction set people up for crushed hopes, for when dissatisfactions enter
marriage, as they inevitably do, spouses tend to blame one another for what
they see as the other’s failure. Their engulfment in the symbol of love at the
time of marriage blinds them to the basic unreality of their expectations.
8. Changes in the law. The law, itself a powerful symbol, began to reflect
these changed ideas about divorce – and to encourage divorce. Where
previously divorce was granted only when the most rigorous criteria, such as
adultery, were met, legislators now made “incompatibility” legitimate grounds
for divorce. Eventually, states pioneered “no-fault” divorce, in which couples
could dissolve their marriage without accusations of wrongdoing. Some even
provide do-it-yourself divorce kits.
In sum
Symbolic Interactionists explain an increasing divorce rate in terms of
the changing symbols (meanings) associated with both marriage and divorce.
Changes in people’s ideas—about marriage, marital satisfaction, love, the
nature of changing and parenting, and the roles of husband and wife—have
put extreme pressures on today’s married couples. No single change is the
cause, but taken together, these changes provide a strong “push” toward
divorce.
Are these changes good or bad? Central to symbolic interactionism is
the position that to make a value judgment about change (or anything else)
requires a value framework from which to view the change. Symbolic
interactionism provides no such value framework. In short, symbolic
interactionists, like other sociologists, can analyze social change, but they
cannot pass judgment on that value.
health family
civil governme
society nt
mass
school
media
market church
3. Care of the Sick and Elderly. With new laws governing medical schools
and hospitals, institutionalized medicine grew more powerful, and care of the
sick gradually shifted from the family to outside medical specialists. As the
central government expanded and its agencies multiplied, care of the aged
changed from a family concern to a government obligation.
5. Sexual control of Members. Even the control of sexuality was not left
untouched by the vast social changes that swept the country. Traditionally,
only sexual relations within marriage were considered legitimate. Although
this sexual control was always more ideal than real, for even among the
Puritans matrimony never did enjoy a monopoly over sexual relations, it is
now considerably weaker than it is used to be. The “sexual revolution” of the
past few decades has opened many alternatives to marital sex.
6. Reproduction. On the surface, the only family function that seems to have
been left untouched is reproduction. Yet even this vital and seemingly
inviolable function has not gone unchallenged. A prime example is the greater
number of single women who are having children. Even schools and private
agencies have taken over some of the family’s control over reproduction. A
married woman, for example, can get an abortion without informing her
husband, and some high schools distribute condoms.
In sum
From the perspective of structural-functional analysis, then, the group
is a functional whole, with each part related to the whole. Whenever we
examine a smaller part, we need to look for its functions and dysfunctions to
see how it is related to the larger unit. This basic approach can be applied to
any social group, whether an entire society, a college, or even a group as
small as a family.
Another conflict sociologist by the name Ralf Dahrendorf sees conflict as:
✓ Inherent in all relations that involve authority. He points out that
authority or power that people consider legitimate, permeates every
layer of the society—whether a small group, a community, or the entire
society. People in positions of authority try to enforce conformity, which
in turn creates resentment and resistance.
✓ The result is a constant struggle throughout society to determine who
has authority over what.
Post-Modernism
✓ Designates a new condition which contemporary advanced
industrial societies alleged to have reached.
✓ This perspective argues that it offers related perspectives on the
shortcomings of positivism as well as new ways to theorize and
study contemporary societies.
only would discover social principles but also would apply then to social
reform, to making society a better place to live.
Comte had some ideas that today’s sociologists find humorous. For
example, as Comte saw matters, there were only six sciences—mathematics,
chemistry, biology, astronomy, and sociology—with sociology far superior
than others (Bogardus, 1992). To Comte, applying the scientific method to
social life meant practicing what we might call “armchair philosophy”—drawing
conclusions from informal observations of social life. He did not do what
today’s sociologists would call research, and his conclusions have been
abandoned.
Nevertheless, Comte’s insistence that we cannot be dogmatic about social
life, but that we must observe and classify human activities in order to uncover
society’s fundamental laws, is well taken. Because he developed this idea and
coined the term sociology, Comte often is credited being the founder of
sociology.
Consider a newborn baby. If we were to take the baby from its Filipino
parents and place it with a Yanomamo Indian ethnic group in the jungles of
South America, you know that when the child begins to speak, his or her
words will not be Filipino. You also know that the child will not think like a
Filipino. He or she will not grow up wanting credit cards, for example, or levis
jeans, a new car, and the latest video game. Equally, the child will
unquestioningly take his or her place in Yanomamo society—perhaps as a
food gatherer, a hunter, or a warrior—and he or she will not even know about
the world left behind at birth. And, whether male or female, the child will grow
up assuming that it is natural to want many children, not debating whether to
have one, two, or three children.
People around the globe take their particular world for granted.
Something inside us tells us that spaghetti is delicious, and levis jeans are
desirable. Yet something inside some of the Sinai Desert Arab ethnic groups
used to tell them that warm, fresh camel’s blood makes a fine drink and that
everyone should have a large family and wear flowing robes. And that
something certainly isn’t an instinct. As sociologist Peter Berger (1963)
phrased it, that “something” is “society within us.”
Although obvious, this point frequently eludes us. We often think and
talk about people’s behavior as though it were caused by their sex, their race,
and some other factor transmitted by their genes. The sociological
imagination helps us escape from this cramped personal view by exposing the
broader social context that underlies human behavior. It helps us see the links
between what people do and the social settings that shape their behavior. It is
seeing the “general from the particular” and seeing the “strange in the
familiar.”
How?
MANILA -- The House Committee on Justice approved on Monday a bill lowering the age of criminal liability from 15 to
nine years old, which amends Republic Act 9344 or the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006. The panel only took
about five minutes to approve the committee report containing the still unnumbered substitute bill after Capiz Rep.
Fredenil Castro motioned for its approval, following the opening remarks of panel chair Oriental Mindoro Rep. Salvador
“Doy” Leachon. Castro’s motion was immediately seconded despite objections from Gabriela Rep. Arlene Brosas and
Agusan del Norte Rep. Lawrence Fortun.
The committee report harmonized six bills lowering the of age criminal responsibility: House Bill Nos. 2, 505, 935,
1609, 2009 and 3973. In his opening remarks, Leachon said the bill was brought about by the alarming increase in the
number of criminal syndicates using minors to carry out criminal acts based on recent news reports. The lawmaker
noted that the original minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR) in the Revised Penal Code was nine years old.
This was only changed after almost 70 years in 2006 upon the effectivity of RA 9344, which increased the MACR to 15.
However, Leachon said ever since the law has been implemented, syndicates have been exploiting the provisions of RA
9344 by using minors in the commission of crimes. “It is high time to pass this bill in order to protect our children
from being used by ruthless and unscrupulous criminal syndicates to evade prosecution and punishment,” he said.
The chair of the House justice panel said the children who commit criminal acts would not be thrown in jail but in
reformative institutions like Bahay Pag-asa. “Let it be understood that with the present bill, we are not putting these
children in jail but in reformative institutions to correct their ways and bring them back to the community. They are
not branded as criminals but children in conflict with law,” he said. “Reformative institutions do not punish individuals
but instead, they were established to help the children to be integrated back to the community after they have
committed criminal acts,” Leachon said.
A Bahay Pag-asa shall be established in all provinces and highly urbanized city in the country. A child below nine years
old at the time of the commission of the offense shall be exempt from criminal liability. Likewise, a child nine years and
above but below 18 years old shall also be exempt from criminal liability and be subjected to an intervention program
unless the child has acted with discernment.
However, exemption from criminal liability does not include exemption from civil liability. No child below nine years old
shall be committed to a youth care facility or Bahay Pag-asa. Children nine to 15 years of age who commit serious
crimes like parricide, infanticide, murder, kidnapping, rape, destructive arson and offenses under the Comprehensive
Dangerous Act punishable by more than 12 years imprisonment, among others, shall be mandatorily placed in the
IJISC. Any person who uses or exploits a child in the commission of a crime shall be punished to a maximum of
reclusion perpetua.
Cont…
Parents of children who commit serious crimes or are repeat offenders shall undergo mandatory intervention
programs, including parenting seminars and counseling. The failure of such parents to undergo mandatory
intervention programs, unless prevented by a lawful cause, shall be a ground for imprisonment from 30 days to six
months. The parents shall be primarily liable for civil damages arising out of the actions of children in conflict with the
law. The court shall impose the penalty two degrees lower than that prescribed by the law for crimes committed by
children who are in conflict with the law. In cases where the law prescribes a fixed period of imprisonment, the period
shall be reduced by two-thirds. For crimes punishable by life imprisonment, the penalty to be imposed shall be
imprisonment of up to 12 years.
Two measures proposing to lower the age of criminal liability are still pending with the Senate justice committee.
Sotto is expecting its third reading approval by the last week of May or until the first week of June. The sine die
adjournment of the 17th Congress is on June 7. Sotto said "majority of the senators" have agreed to lower the age of
criminal responsibility but there might be a debate over the certain age. He, however, noted that nine years old would
be too young to be held criminally responsible. "Nine years old? Baka sumobra. Baka siguro, worst-comes-to
worst, baka pumayag ako sa 11 (Nine years old? That's too much. Probably, worst-comes-to worst, I might agree with
11," Sotto said. "But the important thing is that we all agree that it should be lowered and they have to be held
accountable, that is the most important thing," Sotto added.
Senator Richard Gordon, chair of the Senate justice panel, said he will "support the prioritization" of the measure.
Senate President Pro Tempore Ralph Recto, on the other hand, said the proposal to lower the minimum age of criminal
responsibility must be grounded on facts and supported by studies, not on "whims and unproven theories." "We need
to read the scholarship behind the proposed policy. In the absence of any, we may be legislating based on
superstition... Where is the science in pegging the age threshold at 9?" Recto said.
Sotto has filed Senate Bill No. 2026 seeking to lower the minimum age to "above 12 years old". Citing a study
conducted by the Child Rights International Network, Sotto pointed out that the average minimum age of criminal
responsibility in Asia and Africa is 11. In the United States and Europe, it is 13. Meanwhile, Philippine National Police
chief Director General Oscar Albayalde said he is supportive of the passage of the bill lowering the age of criminal
liability to nine years old. Albayalde said there have been several incidents that children and teenagers are being used
by adults as drug runners.
(With reports from Christopher Lloyd Caliwan/PNA)
How?
KUWENTO NI ROSARIO
Ang barrio Tanyong ay nasa tabi ng estero ng ilog Malabon. Ito ay may laking 5 ektarya kung saan may
nakatirang 1,850 pamilya o may 12,400 katao. Para marating ang mga bahay-bahay, ang mga tao ay
lumalakad sa mga tulay na hindi naman matitibay. Kaya maraming tao ang na-a-aksidente at maraming mga
bata ang nahuhulog sa marumi at napakaitim na tubig. Ang tubig sa ilalim ng bahay ay tapunan ng basura at
palikuran na rin.
Sa survey na isinagawa, 10% lamang ang may sariling palikuran at ang 90% ay gumagamit ng “balot
system” o diretso na sa istero. May 10% ang may sariling tubig at 90% ay umiigib sa poso. May dalawang
pampublikong poso at ang tubig ay binibili. Ang isang container na may lamang 5 galon ay may halagang
PhP15.00 – PhP30.00 depende sa layo ng bahay.
Ang mga nakatira rito ay walang titulo sa lupang tinitirikan. Ang upa sa kuwartong parang tirahan ng baboy
ay PhP500 – Php1,000 bawat buwan. Ang mabuti-buti naman ay Php1,500 – PhP2,000 bawat buwan. Dito sa
barrio Tanyong nakatira si Jaime, 24 taong gulang. Ang kanyang asawa ay si Lucy, 27 taong gulang. Ang mga
anak nila ay sina Jocelyn, 5 taon; Marites, 4 na taon; Antonio, 2 ½ taon; at si Rosario, 1 taon & 4 na buwan.
Isa si Jaime sa 70% na galling sa probinsiya at lumuwas patungong Maynila upang magkaroon ng mahusay-
husay na buhay. Ang pamilya niya ay galing sa Pangasinan. Ang kanyang ama ay isang maliit na magsasaka.
Ngunit ang kanilang ani ay hindi sapat sa kanilang pamilya kayat lumuwas silang patungong Maynila.
Ngayon, si Jaime ay isang laborer sa isang construction site sa Quezon City. Ang kita niya ay Php165.00
isang araw. Hindi ito sapat para sa kanilang pamilya. Tinitipid nila ang lahat ng gastos, ngunit baon sila palagi
sa utang. Kung namamalengke si Lucy, ang Php50.00 na ulam ay pinagkakasiya niya sa tatlong kainan. Kung
minsan ay hindi na siya nakakatikim ng ulam.
Minsan, nung buntis si Lucy kay Rosario at gustong-gusto niyang kumain ng masusustansiya at masasarap
na pagkain ay hindi niya ito magawa, mapakain lamang niya ang kanilang tatlong anak noong mga panahong
iyon. Nagtitiis na lamang siya at iniisip niyang Diyos na lamang ang bahala sa kanya. Sabi nga ng bishop sa
sermon … “pinagpapala ang mahihirap, dahil mapapasakanila ang kaharian ng Diyos!”.
Si Lucy ay tubong Bisaya at siya ay high school graduate, hindi tulad ni Jaime na hanggang Grade 3 lamang,.
Kulang ang mga pangangalaga niya sa kanyang mga anak. Noong sanggol pa ang mga ito, sinabihan siya ng
doctor na bawal sa kanya ang magpasuso dahil may sakit siya sa puso. Ang sabi sa kanya ay bumili na
lamang siya ng infant formula sa katabing botika na ang doctor mismo ang mag-me-may-ari. Subalit
malusog naman si Lucy. Dahil nga sa pinagbawalan siya ng doctor na magpasuso, ang apat niyang anak ay
lumaki sa condensada. Kaya lamang, ang pagtimpla niya ng condensada ay 1 guhit na gatas sa 7 guhit na
tubig. Kung may pera sila ay bumibili siya ng Bear Brand, ngunit hindi naman siya tinuruan kung papaano ang
wastong pagtitimpla ng gatas kayat para sa kanya ay sapat na ang magkulay puti ang tubig. Hindi niya
pinapakuluan ang mga tubig, tsupon & bote ng mga bata.
Ang mga tsupon & bote ay hinuhugasan niya ng basta na lamang ng tubig & sabon. Hindi rin siya tinuruan ng
wastong pagpapakain sa mga bata at may paniniwala siya na ang kalamansi ay masama para sa mga bata.
Kape at kanin ang pang-almusal ng mga bata.
Cont…
Dahil dito, ang lahat ng anak niya ay 2nd degree malnourished. Pare-pareho ang kanilang mga sakit – palagi
silang inuubo, nilalagnat at nagtatae. Ang kanilang tiyan ay malalaking parang tambol. May bulateng
lumalabas kapag sila ay dumudumi na pinaniniwalaan naman ni Lucy na normal lamang dahil sa pagkakaalam
na tumutulong ang mga bulate sa pagtunaw ng pagkain sa tiyan.
Wala ring bakuna sina Antonio & Rosario dahil natakot si Lucy noong nilalagnat ng bahagya sina Jocelyn &
Marites nung ang mga ito ay pinabakunahan niya. Kinagagalitan din diya ni Jaime kung lagnatin ang bata
pagkatapos ng bakuna. Isa pang dahilan ay ang walang katiyakang pagkakaroon ng libreng bakuna sa
kanilang barangay health center sanhi ng kakulangan sa bakuna & kakulangan ng midwife & health workers
sa center.
Ang pinakasakitin sa kanilang lahat ay ang bunsong si Rosario. Siya ang pinakapayat, maputla at palaging
nagtatae. Isang araw, si Rosario ay nagkasakit ng tigdas. Dinala siya ni Lucy sa pinakamalapit na health
center na siya rin namang kanilang barangay health center. Libre ang konsulta subalit walang naibibigay na
libreng gamot ang barangay.health center. Ang sabi ng nurse ay ubos na raw ang budget para sa taong iyon
para sa mga gamot sa center. Hindi rin daw na-approve ng Sangguniang Bayan ang request ng Municipal
Health Officer na dagdag na budget para sa mga gamot sa taong ito. Dahil daw ito sa naghihinala ang mga
konsehal ng bayan na mapupunta lamang sa Mayor & Municipal Health Officer ang idadagdag na pondo.
Binili na lamang ni Lucy ang tatlong gamot na inireseta para kay Rosario – Loviscol syrup (para sa ubo) /
60ml PhP109.00, Ercefuryl suspension (para sa pagtatae) 220mg per 5ml / 60ml Php243.00 & Ceporex
(isang antibiotic) 250mg per 5ml / 30ml PhP150.00. Sinabihan siyang yung mga mismong brands na
inireseta ang dapat bibilhin dahil ito ang para sa karamdaman mismo ni Rosario. Nang maubos na ang tig-
isang bote ng tatlong gamot ay hindi na sila makabili dahil wala na silang pera. Hindi tuluyang gumaling si
Rosario. Patuloy ang pagtatae niya hanggang sa matuyuan.
Dinala muli ni Lucy si Rosario sa health center subalit ipinalipat na sila sa pribadong ospital ng hindi
malinaw kay Lucy kung bakit hindi puwedeng sa barangay health center tingnan si Rosario. Humingi ang
ospital ng deposito na PhP1,200.00. Mabuti na lang at naka-utang sila ng PhP 1,500 sa kanilang Barangay
Captain na nagpapa-“5 - 6”. Dahil maputlang-maputla si Rosario ay isang yunit ng dugo ang kinailangang
isalin sa kanya. Si Jaime ang kinunan ng isang yunit ng dugo para rito.
Sa pagtigil nila ng isang gabi sa ospital, ang kanilang gastos ay umabot sa PhP4,150 at ipinasya nilang ilabas
na lang si Rosario kahit ayaw nilang ilabas ito ng hindi pa magaling dahil parang patak ng metro ng taxi ang
gastos nila sa ospital. Lahat ay sinisingil sa kanila – bulak, alcohol, gasa, tape at iba pa. Pagkatapos ng
kataku-takot na pakiusapan ay pinayagan din ang pasyente na lumabas. Pinapirma sila na silang mag-anak
ay nagpipilit lumabas ng ospital kahit labag sa utos ng doctor. Pinayuhan silang bumalik na lamang kung may
pera na o kaya ay sa government ospital pumunta.
Pagkaraan ng isang linggong patuloy na pagtatae & lagnat, si Rosario ay nanghina, natuyuan at tuluyan ng
namatay.
SHORT QUIZ. Encircle the letter of your answer to the following items.
A. Drugs
B. Their culture
C. Their genetic make up
D. The researcher
7. Which of the theories is more likely to look at the social world on a micro
level?
A. Structural-functionalism
B. Conflict theory
C. Positivism
D. Symbolic-interactionism
Nos. 10-15 Short answer. Write your answer inside the box provided below.
Describe a situation in which a choice you made was influenced by social
pressures.
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Universalism
✓ All people are fully and equally human whether they belong to
indigenous groups such as the Aetas, Mangyans or Subanons or are
modernized such as those in Metro Manila.
Integration
✓ Anthropologists view the
various aspects of life, like
kinship, family, economy, arts,
politics, as interwoven to form a
social whole. It looks at all
societies as an integrated part
of a large world system. It views
societies within the context of
the larger world or global
perspective so that the
influence of global markets on
small island societies as well as
the strategic concerns of
foreign powers, is also studied.
Adaptation
✓ Anthropology studies how
humans are affected by the
environment and what
adjustments they make. It holds
that humans and their
environment are interrelated,
and that the product of
adaptation may be a behavior,
social system, and physical
structure.
Holism
✓ This means getting the whole picture of a phenomenon and application
of knowledge from different fields to understand human behavior.
Anthropology use the holistic
approach in studying people’s
way of life, covering many
aspects of social life including
history of the area, physical
environment, organization of
family life, language, settlement
patterns, political, economic,
and religious organizations,
both present and past, in all
levels of complexity.
Subfields of Anthropology
2. Socio-cultural Anthropology
✓ This area focuses on the origin and history of human societies and
their culture. The evolution and development of culture per se and of
different societies and culture are explored.
✓ Uses two techniques such as ethnography (provides a particular
account of a particular society, community, or culture based on field
work) and ethnology (examines, interprets, analyzes, and compares
the results of ethnography—the data gathered in different societies).
3. Archaeology
✓ Socio-cultural anthropology and archaeology are both concerned with
culture and the history of societies, but while the former dwells directly
with existing societies, the latter is concerned with extinct societies.
Archaeology reconstructs the cultural events of the past since the
development of culture through the material remains left by people. It
involves the study of ancient people and past phases of present-day
civilization.
4. Linguistics
✓ This is the study of human language, its complex system of symbols,
and its development.
5. Applied Anthropology
✓ This is focused on the application of ideas and information gathered for
the solution of specific problems to achieve particular ends. The ideas
gathered are used for policy recommendations, development planning,
and advocacy.
Pioneers of Anthropology
Perspectives in Anthropology
Cultural Relativism
✓ Everyone sees other cultures through the lens of their own.
✓ Cultural relativism was a response to cultural evolutionism (the theory
that all cultures evolved from “savage” to “barbarian,” to “civilized,”)
which assumed an ethnocentric view that nineteenth-century European
culture was superior to all others.
Functional Theory
✓ In Anthropology, functional theory is the idea that every belief, action,
or relationship in a culture functions to meet the needs of individuals.
✓ This theory stresses the importance of interdependence among all
things within a social system to ensure its long-term survival. Meeting
the needs of individuals makes the culture as a whole successful.
Cultural Materialism
✓ Cultural materialism was
pioneered by Arvin Harris in
1960s.
✓ Influenced by economists such
as Karl Marx and Thomas
Malthus, the theory states that
materials or conditions within
the environment (for example,
climate, food supply,
geography) influence how a
culture develops, creating the
ideas and ideology of a culture.
Feminist Anthropology
✓ By the 1970s, feminist anthropologists were re-examining anthropology
to ensure that female voices were heard and included in research.
✓ They also compared cultures to see how many were dominated by
men, how many were dominated by women, and how many were
egalitarian.
Postmodernism
✓ It is the belief that it is impossible to have any “true” knowledge about
the world.
✓ Postmodernism rejects the idea of objective truth. What we “know”
about the world is our own construction, created by society.
✓ Postmodernists try to deconstruct, or break down, what a society
believes to be true.
SHORT QUIZ. Encircle the letter of your answer to the following items.
2. This theme in Anthropology looks at all people as fully and equally human.
A. Universalism
B. Integration
C. Adaptation
D. Holism
3. The belief that all cultures are exotic has been the fundamental principle of
universalism.
A. Partly true
B. Partly false
C. True
D. False
7. Anthropology view the various aspects of life like kinship, family, economy,
arts, and politics as interwoven to form a social whole. What theme is being
illustrated?
A. Universalism
B. Integration
C. Adaptation
D. Holism
8. All cultures are unique and must be considered as they are. This is the
contention of which Anthropological perspective?
A. Postmodernism
B. Cultural relativism
C. Feminism
D. Cultural materialism
10. This theory states that materials or conditions within the environment (for
example, climate, food supply, geography) influence how a culture develops,
creating the ideas and ideology of a culture.
A. Postmodernism
B. Cultural relativism
C. Feminism
D. Cultural materialism
Nos.11-15. View the video from Ted Talks entitled “Morality without Religion”
by Frans de Waal (Kindly look up to this link for a copy of the video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=le-74R9C6Bc or get a copy of the video from your
subject teacher). Based on the video, identify five (5) similarities between
humans and primates in terms of moral behavior. Write your answers on the
space provided below.