Russian Federation 1993 (Rev. 2014) Constitution - Constitute

Russian Federation 1993 (rev.
2014)
SUBSEQUENTLY AMENDED 
Motives for writing  P REAM BL E

constitution
Show more We, the multinational people of the Russian Federation,
united by a common fate on our land,
establishing human rights and freedoms, civil peace and

accord,
preserving the historically established State unity,
proceeding from universally acknowledged principles of

equality and self-determination of peoples,
revering the memory of ancestors who have passed on to

us their love for the Fatherland and faith in good and
justice,
reviving the sovereign statehood of Russia and asserting

the firmness of its democratic basis,
CON ST I T U T I ON S DATA EN LO G
COU N T R I ES STOR I ES
striving AtoR ensure
IN the well-being and prosperity of Russia,
TOP I C S ES 
proceeding from the responsibility for our Fatherland
before present and future generations,
recognizing ourselves to be a part of the world community,

:
do hereby adopt THE CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN
FEDERATION.
 SECT I ON ON E
 CHAPTER 1. THE BASIS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL

SYSTEM
 Article 1
1. The Russian Federation - Russia is a democratic

federative law-governed state with a republican form of
government.
2. The names Russian Federation and Russia are

equivalent.
Type of government
envisioned  Article 2
Man, his rights and freedoms shall be the supreme value.


The recognition, observance and protection of human and
civil rights and freedoms shall be an obligation of the State.
 Article 3
1. The bearer of sovereignty and the sole source of power

in the Russian Federation shall be its multinational people.
2. The people shall exercise its power directly, as well as

through State government bodies and local self-
government bodies.
3. The supreme direct expression of the power of the

people shall be referendum and free elections.
4. Nobody may usurp power in the Russian Federation. The

seizure of power or usurpation of State authority shall be
prosecuted under federal law.
:
prosecuted under federal law.
 Article 4
Referenda 1. The sovereignty of the Russian Federation shall extend

to the entirety of its territory.
2. The Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal

laws shall have supremacy on the entire territory of the
Russian Federation.
3. The Russian Federation shall ensure the integrity and

inviolability of its territory.
 Article 5
1. The Russian Federation shall consist of republics, krays,

oblasts, cities of federal significance, an autonomous oblast
and autonomous okrugs, which shall have equal rights as
constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
2. A republic (state) shall have its own constitution and

legislation. A kray, oblast, city of federal significance,
autonomous oblast and autonomous okrug shall have its
own charter and legislation.
3. The federal structure of the Russian Federation shall be

based on its State integrity, the unity of the system of State
power, the division of matters of authority and powers
between State government bodies of the Russian
Federation and State government bodies of constituent
entities of the Russian Federation, the equality and self-
determination of peoples in the Russian Federation.
4. All constituent entities of the Russian Federation shall

be equal with one another in relations with federal State
government bodies.
 Article 6
:
 Article 6
Right to self determination
1. Citizenship of the Russian Federation shall be acquired
and terminated in accordance with federal law, and shall be

one and equal, irrespective of the grounds on which it is
acquired.
2. Every citizen of the Russian Federation shall enjoy all

rights and freedoms on its territory and shall bear equal
responsibilities as envisaged in the Constitution of the
Russian Federation.
3. A citizen of the Russian Federation may not be deprived

of his (her) citizenship or of the right to change it.
 Article 7
1. The Russian Federation shall be a social state whose

policy is aimed at creating conditions ensuring a worthy life
Requirements for birthright and a free development of Man.
citizenship
2. In the Russian Federation the labour and health of
people shall be protected, a guaranteed minimum wage
shall be established, State support shall be provided for the
family, maternity, fatherhood and childhood, to the
disabled and to elderly citizens, the system of social
services shall be developed and State pensions, allowances
and other social security guarantees shall be established.
 Article 8
1. In the Russian Federation the integrity of economic

Right to renounce
citizenship space, free flow of goods, services and financial resources,
Show more support of competition, and the freedom of economic
activity shall be guaranteed.
2. In the Russian Federation private, State, municipal and

other forms of property shall be recognized and shall be
:
other forms of property shall be recognized and shall be
protected on an equal basis.
 Article 9
1. Land and other natural resources shall be utilized and

protected in the Russian Federation as the basis of the life
and activity of the peoples living on the territories
concerned.
2. Land and other natural resources may be subject to

private, State, municipal and other forms of ownership.
 Article 10
State power in the Russian Federation shall be exercised

on the basis of its division into legislative, executive and
judicial authority. Bodies of legislative, executive and
judicial authority shall be independent.
 Article 11
1. State power in the Russian Federation shall be exercised

by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal
Assembly (the Council of Federation and the State Duma),
the Government of the Russian Federation, and the courts
of the Russian Federation.
2. State power in constituent entities of the Russian

Federation shall be exercised by bodies of State
government formed by those constituent entities.
3. The division of authorities and powers among State

government bodies of the Russian Federation and State
government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian
Federation shall be established by this Constitution, the
Federation Treaty and other treaties on the division of
authorities and powers.
:
authorities and powers.
 Article 12
Claim of executive Local self-government shall be recognized and guaranteed

independence in the Russian Federation. Local self-government shall be
independent within the limits of its competence. Bodies of
local self-government shall not form part of the system of
State government bodies.
 Article 13
1. Ideological diversity shall be recognized in the Russian

Federation.
2. No ideology shall be proclaimed as State ideology or as

obligatory.
3. Political diversity and the multi-party system shall be

recognized in the Russian Federation.
4. Public associations shall be equal before the law.
5. The establishment and activities of public associations

whose goals and activities are aimed at the forcible
changing of the basis of the constitutional order and at
violating the integrity of the Russian Federation, at
undermining its security, at creating armed units, and at
instigating social, racial, national and religious strife shall
be prohibited.
 Article 14
1. The Russian Federation shall be a secular state. No

religion may be established as the State religion or as
obligatory.
2. Religious associations shall be separate from the State

and shall be equal before the law.
:
 Article 15
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation shall have

supreme legal force, direct effect and shall be applicable on
the entire territory of the Russian Federation. Laws and
other legal acts, which are adopted in the Russian
Federation, must not contradict the Constitution of the
Russian Federation.
2. State government bodies, local self-government bodies,

officials, citizens and their associations shall be obliged to
observe the Constitution of the Russian Federation and
laws.
3. Laws must be officially published. Unpublished laws shall

not have force. Any normative legal acts concerning human
and civil rights, freedoms and obligations shall not have
force unless they have been officially published for the
information of the general public.
4. Universally recognized principles and norms of

international law as well as international agreements of
the Russian Federation should be an integral part of its
legal system. If an international agreement of the Russian
Federation establishes rules, which differ from those
stipulated by law, then the rules of the international
Separation of church and
state agreement shall be applied.
Official religion
 Article 16
1. The provisions of this Chapter of the Constitution shall

constitute the fundamental principles of the constitutional
order of the Russian Federation and may not be changed
except in accordance with the procedure established by
this Constitution.
:
2. No other provisions of this Constitution may conflict
with the fundamental principles of the constitutional order
 CHAPTER 2. HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
 Article 17
1. In the Russian Federation human and civil rights and

Duty to obey the freedoms shall be recognized and guaranteed according to
constitution
the universally recognized principles and norms of
international law and this Constitution.
2. Basic human rights and freedoms shall be inalienable and

shall be enjoyed by everyone from birth.
3. The exercise of human and civil rights and freedoms

must not violate the rights and freedoms of other people.
 Article 18
Human and civil rights and freedoms shall have direct

force. They shall determine the meaning, content and
implementation of laws, the functioning of legislative and
International law executive authority and of local self-government, and shall
Show more
be guaranteed by law.
 Article 19
1. All persons shall be equal before the law and the court.
2. The State guarantees the equality of human and civil

rights and freedoms regardless of sex, race, nationality,
language, origin, material and official status, place of
residence, attitude to religion, convictions, membership of
public associations, or of other circumstances. All forms of
limitations of human rights on social, racial, national,
language or religious grounds shall be prohibited.
:
language or religious grounds shall be prohibited.
3. Men and women shall enjoy equal rights and freedoms
and equal opportunities to exercise them.
 Article 20
1. Everyone shall have the right to life.
2. Capital punishment until its complete abolition may be

established by federal law as an exclusive form of
punishment for particularly grave crimes against life, and
the accused shall be granted the right to have his case
Customary international examined by a court with the participation of a jury.
law
 Article 21
1. Human dignity shall be protected by the State. Nothing

may serve as a basis for its derogation.
Inalienable rights 2. Nobody should be subjected to torture, violence, or

other severe or humiliating treatment or punishment.
Nobody may be subjected to medical, scientific or other
experiments without voluntary consent.
 Article 22
1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom and personal

inviolability.
2. Arrest, detention and keeping in custody shall be

permissible only under a court order. A person may not be
detained for more than 48 hours without a court order.
 Article 23
1. Everyone shall have the right to the inviolability of his

(her) private life, personal and family privacy, and
General guarantee of
equality protection of his (her) honour and good name.
:
2. Everyone shall have the right to privacy of
correspondence, of telephone conversations and of postal,
Equality regardless of telegraph and other communications. This right may be
nationality limited only on the basis of a court order.
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 Article 24
1. Collecting, keeping, using and disseminating information

about the private life of a person shall not be permitted
without his (her) consent.
2. State government bodies and local self-government

bodies and their officials shall be obliged to provide
Equality regardless of everyone with access to documents and materials directly
gender
affecting his (her) rights and freedoms, unless otherwise
envisaged by law.
 Article 25
Right to life The home shall be inviolable. Nobody shall have the right
to enter a dwelling place against the will of those residing
therein, except in those cases provided for by federal laws
or on the basis of a court order.
 Article 26
1. Everyone shall have the right to determine and declare

his (her) nationality. Nobody shall be forced to determine
and declare his (her) nationality.
2. Everyone shall have the right to use his (her) native

Human dignity language and to a free choice of the language of
communication, upbringing, education and creative work.
 Article 27
Prohibition of corporal
punishment 1. Everyone who is legally present on the territory of the
Show more Russian Federation shall have the right to travel freely and
:
Russian Federation shall have the right to travel freely and
freely to choose the place of temporary or permanent
residence.
2. Everyone may freely leave the Russian Federation.

Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right
freely to return to the Russian Federation.
 Article 28
Protection from unjustified

Everyone shall be guaranteed freedom of conscience and
restraint
religion, including the right to profess individually or
collectively any religion or not to profess any religion, and
freely to choose, possess and disseminate religious and
Right to privacy other convictions and act in accordance with them.
Right to protect one's  Article 29

reputation
1. Everyone shall be guaranteed freedom of thought and
speech.
2. Propaganda or agitation, which arouses social, racial,

national or religious hatred and hostility shall be
prohibited. Propaganda of social, racial, national, religious
or linguistic supremacy shall also be prohibited.
3. Nobody shall be forced to express his thoughts and

convictions or to deny them.
4. Everyone shall have the right freely to seek, receive,

transmit, produce and disseminate information by any
legal means. The list of types of information, which
constitute State secrets, shall be determined by federal
law.
Right to information
5. The freedom of the mass media shall be guaranteed.
Censorship shall be prohibited.
 Article 30
:
1. Everyone shall have the right of association, including
the right to establish trade unions for the protection of his
Right to privacy (her) interests. The freedom of activity of public
associations shall be guaranteed.
2. Nobody may be compelled to join any association or to

stay there.
 Article 31
Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to

assemble peacefully, without weapons, hold rallies, mass
meetings and demonstrations, marches and pickets.
 Article 32
1. Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to

participate in managing State affairs both directly and
through their representatives.

elect and be elected to State government bodies and local
self-government bodies, as well as to participate in
referendums.
Freedom of movement
3. Citizens who are recognized as incapable by a court, and
citizens who are kept in places of imprisonment under a
court sentence, shall not have the right to elect and be
elected.
4. Citizens of the Russian Federation shall enjoy equal

access to State service.

participate in administering justice.
Freedom of religion
 Article 33
:
Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to
appeal in person and make individual and collective
appeals to State bodies and local self-government bodies.
 Article 34
1. Everyone shall have the right to use freely his (her)

abilities and property for entrepreneurial and other
economic activity not prohibited by law.
Freedom of expression
Show more 2. Economic activity aimed at monopolization and unfair
competition shall not be permitted.
 Article 35
1. The right of private property shall be protected by law.
2. Everyone shall have the right to have property and to

possess, use and dispose of it both individually and jointly
with other persons.
3. Nobody may be deprived of property except under a

court order. Forced alienation of property for State
requirements may take place only subject to prior and fair
compensation.
4. The right of inheritance shall be guaranteed.
 Article 36
Freedom of press
1. Citizens and their associations shall have the right to

possess land as private property.
Freedom of association
2. Possession, utilisation and disposal of land and other
Show more natural resources shall be exercised by the owners freely
provided that this is not detrimental to the environment
and does not violate the rights and lawful interests of other
people.
:
3. The conditions and procedure for the use of land shall be
determined by federal law.
Freedom of assembly  Article 37
1. Labour shall be free. Everyone shall have the right freely

to use his (her) labour skills and to choose the type of
activity and occupation.
2. Compulsory labour shall be forbidden.
3. Everyone shall have the right to work in conditions,

which meet safety and hygiene requirements, and to
receive remuneration for labour without any
discrimination whatsoever and not below the minimum
wage established by federal law, as well as the right of
protection against unemployment.
Municipal government
Show more 4. The right of individual and collective labour disputes
with the use of the methods for their resolution, which are
provided for by federal law, including the right to strike,
shall be recognized.
Restrictions on voting 5. Everyone shall have the right to rest. For those working
under labour contracts the duration of work time, days of
rest and public holidays and annual paid leave established
by federal law shall be guaranteed.
 Article 38
1. Maternity, childhood and family shall be protected by

the State.
2. Care for children and their upbringing shall be the equal

Right of petition right and duty of parents.
3. Able-bodied children over 18 years of age must take care

of disabled parents.
:
of disabled parents.
 Article 39
1. Everyone shall be guaranteed social security for old age,

Right to establish a
business
in case of illness, disability and loss of the breadwinner, for
the bringing up of children and in other cases specified by
law.
2. State pensions and social benefits shall be established by

law.
Right to competitive
3. Voluntary social insurance, the creation of additional
marketplace
forms of social security and charity shall be encouraged.
 Article 40
Right to own property
1. Everyone shall have the right to a home. Nobody may be
arbitrarily deprived of his (her) home.
Right to own property
2. State government bodies and local self-government
bodies shall promote housing construction and create
conditions for exercising the right to a home.
3. Low-income citizens and other citizens mentioned in law

Protection from
expropriation
who are in need of a home may receive it either free of
charge or for an affordable payment from State, municipal
and other housing funds according to the norms
established by law.
 Article 41
Right to transfer property
1. Everyone shall have the right to health protection and
medical care. Medical care in State and municipal health
institutions shall be rendered to citizens free of charge at
the expense of the appropriate budget, insurance
premiums and other proceeds.
2. In the Russian Federation federal programmes for the

protection and improvement of the health of the public
:
protection and improvement of the health of the public
shall be financed, measures shall be taken to develop State,
municipal and private healthcare systems, and activities

shall be encouraged which contribute to the improvement
of human health, the development of physical education
and sport, and ecological, sanitary and epidemiological
well-being.
3. The concealment by officials of facts and circumstances,

Right to choose occupation
which pose a threat to the life and health of people, shall
result in liability according to federal law.
 Article 42
Prohibition of slavery
Everyone shall have the right to a favourable environment,
Right to safe work
reliable information on the state of the environment and
environment
Show more compensation for damage caused to his (her) health and
property by violations of environmental laws.
 Article 43
1. Everyone shall have the right to education.
2. General access and free pre-school, secondary and

Right to strike
secondary vocational education in State and municipal
educational institutions and at enterprises shall be
guaranteed.
3. Everyone shall have the right to receive on a competitive

basis free higher education in State and municipal
Right to rest and leisure
educational institutions and at enterprises.
4. Basic general education shall be compulsory. Parents or

guardians shall ensure that children receive a basic general
education.
5. The Russian Federation shall establish federal State

educational standards and shall support various forms of
:
educational standards and shall support various forms of
Rights of children
education and self-education.
 Article 44
1. Everyone shall be guaranteed the freedom of literary,

artistic, scientific, technical and other types of creative
activity and teaching. Intellectual property shall be
protected by law.
2. Everyone shall have the right to participate in cultural

State support for the life and use cultural establishments, and the right of access
elderly to cultural valuables.
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3. Everyone shall be obliged to care for the preservation of
the cultural and historical heritage, and to protect
monuments of history and culture.
 Article 45
1. State protection of human and civil rights and freedoms

in the Russian Federation shall be guaranteed.
2. Everyone shall have the right to protect his (her) rights

Right to shelter
and freedoms by all means not prohibited by law.
 Article 46
1. Everyone shall be guaranteed protection in court of his

(her) rights and freedoms.
2. Decisions and actions (or inaction) of State government

bodies, local self-government bodies, public organisations
and officials may be appealed against in court.
3. Everyone shall have the right in accordance with

international treaties of the Russian Federation to appeal
to interstate bodies for the protection of human rights and
freedoms if all available internal means of legal protection
:
freedoms if all available internal means of legal protection
have been exhausted.
 Article 47
1. Nobody may be deprived of the right to have his (her)

Right to health care
case heard in the court and by the judge within whose
competence the case is placed by law.
2. Any person accused of committing a crime shall have the

right to have his (her) case examined by a court with the
participation of a jury in the cases envisaged by federal law.
 Article 48
1. Everyone shall be guaranteed the right to qualified legal

assistance. In the cases envisaged by law, legal assistance
shall be provided free of charge.
2. Any person detained, taken into custody or accused of

committing a crime shall have the right to use the
assistance of a lawyer (counsel for the defence) from the
moment of being detained, placed in custody or accused.
 Article 49
1. Any person accused of committing a crime shall be

considered innocent until his (her) guilt is proven in
accordance with the procedure stipulated by federal law
and is confirmed by a court sentence which has entered
into legal force.
2. The accused shall not be obliged to prove his (her)

innocence.
3. Irremovable doubts about the guilt of a person shall be

interpreted in favour of the accused.
 Article 50
:
 Article 50
Free education
1. Nobody may be convicted twice for one and the same
crime.
2. In administering justice it shall not be permitted to use

evidence received through violating federal law.
3. Any person convicted of a crime shall have the right to

appeal against the verdict to a higher court in accordance
with the procedure established by federal law, as well as to
request pardon or mitigation of the punishment.
 Article 51
Compulsory education 1. Nobody shall be obliged to testify against himself, his

(her) spouse or close relatives, the range of whom shall be
2. Federal law may establish other cases where the

obligation to give evidence may be lifted.
 Article 52
The rights of victims of crimes and of abuses of office shall

be protected by law. The State shall provide the victims
Reference to science with access to justice and compensation for damage
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sustained.
 Article 53
Everyone shall have the right to State compensation for

Right to culture
damage caused by unlawful actions (inaction) of State
government bodies and their officials.
 Article 54
1. A law, which introduces or increases liability, shall not

have retroactive force.
:
2. Nobody may bear liability for an action, which was not
regarded as a crime when it was committed. If, after an
offense has been committed, the extent of liability for it is
lifted or mitigated, the new law shall be applied.
 Article 55
1. The enumeration in the Constitution of the Russian

Federation of the basic rights and freedoms should not be
interpreted as a denial or diminution of other universally
recognized human and civil rights and freedoms.
2. In the Russian Federation no laws must be adopted

which abolish or diminish human and civil rights and
freedoms.
3. Human and civil rights and freedoms may be limited by

federal law only to the extent necessary for the protection
of the basis of the constitutional order, morality, health,
rights and lawful interests of other people, and for
International organizations ensuring the defence of the country and the security of the
State.
 Article 56
1. In the conditions of a state of emergency, in order to

ensure the safety of citizens and the protection of the
constitutional order and in accordance with federal
constitutional law, certain restrictions may be imposed on
human rights and freedoms with an indication of their
limits and the period for which they have effect.
2. A state of emergency on the entire territory of the

Russian Federation and in certain areas thereof may be
introduced subject to the circumstances and in accordance
with the procedure stipulated by federal constitutional
law.
:
law.
3. The rights and freedoms specified in Articles 20, 21, 23
(part 1), 24, 28, 34 (part 1), 40 (part 1), and 46-54 of the
Right to counsel Constitution of the Russian Federation might not be
restricted.
 Article 57
Everyone shall be obliged to pay legally established taxes

and levies. Laws, which establish new taxes or deteriorate
the position of taxpayers, shall not have retroactive force.
 Article 58
Everyone shall have a duty to preserve nature and the

environment and to treat natural resources with care.
Presumption of innocence  Article 59

in trials
1. Defence of the Fatherland shall be the duty and
obligation of a citizen of the Russian Federation.
2. Citizens of the Russian Federation shall perform military

service in accordance with federal law.
3. In the event that their convictions or religious beliefs run

counter to military service and in other cases established
by federal law, citizens of the Russian Federation shall have
the right to replace it with alternative civilian service.
 Article 60
A citizen of the Russian Federation may exercise all of his

(her) rights and duties independently from the age of 18
Prohibition of double
jeopardy years.
 Article 61
Regulation of evidence
collection 1. A citizen of the Russian Federation may not be deported
:
1. A citizen of the Russian Federation may not be deported
from the Russian Federation or extradited to another
state.
Right to appeal judicial 2. The Russian Federation shall guarantee its citizens
decisions
protection and patronage abroad.
 Article 62
1. A citizen of the Russian Federation may have citizenship

Regulation of evidence of a foreign state (dual citizenship) in accordance with
collection
federal law or an international treaty of the Russian
Protection from self-
incrimination Federation.
2. The possession of foreign citizenship by a citizen of the

Russian Federation shall not diminish his (her) rights and
freedoms and shall not release him from obligations
stipulated for Russian citizenship, unless otherwise
specified by federal law or an international treaty of the
Protection of victim's rights Russian Federation.
3. Foreign citizens and stateless persons shall enjoy rights

and bear obligations in the Russian Federation on a par
with citizens of the Russian Federation, except in those
cases envisaged by federal law or by an international
treaty of the Russian Federation.
Ultra-vires administrative
actions
 Article 63
1. The Russian Federation shall grant political asylum to

foreign citizens and stateless persons in accordance with
the universally recognized norms of international law.
2. In the Russian Federation persons who are persecuted

for their political convictions or for actions (or inaction) not
recognized as a crime in the Russian Federation may not be
extradited to other states. The extradition of persons
Principle of no punishment accused of a crime, as well as the surrender of convicts to
without law
serve sentence in other states, shall be carried out on the
:
without law
serve sentence in other states, shall be carried out on the
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basis of federal law or an international treaty of the
Russian Federation.
 Article 64
The provisions of this Chapter shall constitute the

fundamental principles of the legal status of the individual
in the Russian Federation and may not be changed
otherwise than in accordance with the procedure which is
established by this Constitution.
 CHAPTER 3. THE FEDERAL STRUCTURE
 Article 65
1. The Russian Federation shall be composed of the

following constituent entities of the Russian Federation:
Republic of Adygeya (Adygeya), Republic of Altai, Republic

of Bashkortostan, Republic of Buryatia, Republic of
Crimea, Republic of Daghestan, Republic of Ingushetia,
Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Republic of Kalmykia,
Karachayevo-Cherkessian Republic, Republic of Karelia,
Komi Republic, Republic of Marij El, Republic of Mordovia,
Emergency provisions
Republic of Sakha(Yakutia), Republic of North Osetia -
Alania, Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan), Republic of Tuva,
Udmurtian Republic, Republic of Khakasia, Chechen
Republic, Chuvashi Republic - Chuvashia;
Altai kray, Krasnodar kray, Krasnoyarsk kray, Perm kray,

Primorie kray, Stavropol kray, Khabarovsk kray;
Amur oblast, Arkhangelsk oblast, Astrakhan oblast,

Belgorod oblast, Bryansk oblast, Vladimir oblast,
Volgograd oblast, Vologda oblast, Voronezh oblast,
Ivanovo oblast, Irkutsk oblast, Kaliningrad oblast, Kaluga
:
Ivanovo oblast, Irkutsk oblast, Kaliningrad oblast, Kaluga
oblast, Kamchatka oblast, Kemerovo oblast, Kirov oblast,
Kostroma oblast, Kurgan oblast, Kursk oblast, Leningrad
oblast, Lipets oblast, Magadan oblast, Moscow oblast,

Murmansk oblast, Nizhni Novgorod oblast, Novgorod
oblast, Novosibirsk oblast, Omsk oblast, Orenburg oblast,
Oryol oblast, Penza oblast, Pskov oblast, Rostov oblast,
Ryazan oblast, Samara oblast, Saratov oblast, Sakhalin
oblast, Sverdlovsk oblast, Smolensk oblast, Tambov oblast,
Tver oblast, Tomsk oblast, Tula oblast, Tyumen oblast,
Duty to pay taxes Ulyanovsk oblast, Chelyabinsk oblast, Chita oblast,
Yaroslavl oblast;
Moscow, St. Petersburg, Sevastopol - cities of federal

significance;
the Jewish autonomous oblast;

Protection of environment
Nenets autonomous okrug, Khanty-Mansijsk autonomous
okrug - Yugra, Chukotka autonomous okrug, Yamalo-
Nenets autonomous okrug.
2. Admission into the Russian Federation and creation of a

Duty to serve in the new constituent entity shall take place in accordance with
military the procedure established by federal constitutional law.
 Article 66
1. The status of a republic shall be determined by the

Constitution of the Russian Federation and the
constitution of the republic.
2. The status of a kray, oblast, city of federal significance,

Right to conscientious autonomous oblast, autonomous okrug shall be
objection determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation
and the charter of the kray, oblast, city of federal
significance, autonomous oblast and autonomous okrug
which is adopted by the legislative (representative) body of
:
which is adopted by the legislative (representative) body of
the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian
Restrictions on voting Federation.
3. On a submission from legislative and executive bodies of

an autonomous oblast or autonomous okrug, a federal law
concerning an autonomous oblast or autonomous okrug
may be adopted.
4. Relations among autonomous okrugs within krays and

oblasts may be regulated by federal law or by a treaty
between State government bodies of the autonomous
okrug and, accordingly, State government bodies of the
kray or oblast.
5. The status of a constituent entity of the Russian

Federation may be changed by mutual agreement between
the Russian Federation and the constituent entity of the
Russian Federation in accordance with federal
constitutional law.
 Article 67
1. The territory of the Russian Federation shall comprise

the territories of its constituent entities, inland waters and
territorial sea and the air space over them.
2. The Russian Federation shall have sovereign rights and

exercise jurisdiction on the continental shelf and in the
exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation in
accordance with the procedure specified by federal law
and norms of international law.
3. Borders between constituent entities of the Russian

Federation may be changed upon their mutual consent.
 Article 68
:
 Article 68
1. The Russian language shall be the State language on the

International law
entire territory of the Russian Federation.
Protection of stateless
persons 2. Republics shall have the right to establish their own
Show more
State languages. In State government bodies, local self-
government bodies and State institutions of republics they
shall be used together with the State language of the
Extradition procedure
Russian Federation.
3. The Russian Federation shall guarantee all of its peoples

the right to preserve their native language and to create
conditions for its study and development.
 Article 69
The Russian Federation shall guarantee the rights of

indigenous small peoples in accordance with the
universally recognized principles and norms of
international law and international treaties of the Russian
Federation.
 Article 70
1. The state flag, emblem and anthem of the Russian

Federation, their description and the procedure for the
official use thereof shall be established by federal
constitutional law.
2. The capital of the Russian Federation shall be the city of

Moscow. The status of the capital shall be established by
federal law.
Show more  Article 71
The Russian Federation shall have jurisdiction over:
a. the adoption and amending of the Constitution of the

:
a. the adoption and amending of the Constitution of the
Russian Federation and federal laws, control over
compliance therewith;
b. the federative structure and the territory of the
Russian Federation;
c. regulation and protection of human and civil rights

and freedoms; citizenship in the Russian Federation,
regulation and protection of the rights of national
minorities;
d. establishment of the system of federal legislative,

executive and judicial bodies, the procedure for their
organisation and activities, the formation of federal
State government bodies;
e. federal State property and administration thereof;
f. establishment of the basic principles of federal policy

and federal programmes in the sphere of State,
economic, ecological, social, cultural and national
development of the Russian Federation;
g. establishment of the basic legal principles for the

unified market; financial, currency, credit and
customs regulation; money emission; the basic
principles of pricing policy, federal economic
services, including federal banks;
h. the federal budget, federal taxes and levies, federal

funds of regional development;
i. federal power-engineering systems, nuclear power,

fissile materials, federal transport, railways,
information and communication, activities in space;
j. foreign policy and international relations of the

Russian Federation, international treaties of the
:
Russian Federation, international treaties of the
Russian Federation, issues of war and peace;
k. foreign economic relations of the Russian

Federation;
l. defence and security; military production;

determination of the procedure for selling and
purchasing weapons, ammunition, military
equipment and other military hardware; production
of poisonous substances, narcotic substances and the
Accession of territory procedure for their use;
Show more
m. determination of the status and protection of the
State border, territorial sea, air space, the exclusive
economic zone and the continental shelf of the
Russian Federation;
n. the judicial system, public prosecution, criminal and

criminal-executive legislation, amnesty and
remission, civil legislation, procedural legislation,
Municipal government legal regulation of intellectual property;
Show more
o. federal collision law;
p. meteorological service, standards, metric and time

systems, geodesy and cartography, names of
geographical units, official statistics and accounting;
q. State awards and honorary titles of the Russian

Federation;
r. federal State service.

Subsidiary unit government
Show more
 Article 72
1. The following shall be within the joint jurisdiction of the

Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian
:
Federation:
a. measures to ensure the correspondence of

constitutions and laws of republics, the charters, laws
and other normative legal acts of krays, oblasts, cities
of federal significance, autonomous oblast and
autonomous okrugs to the Constitution of the
Secession of territory Russian Federation and federal laws;
b. protection of human and civil rights and freedoms,

protection of the rights of national minorities,
ensuring lawfulness, law and order, public security;
border zone regimes;
c. issues of the possession, utilisation and management

of land and of subsurface, water and other natural
resources;
d. demarcation of State property;
e. use of natural resources, protection of the

environment and provisions for ecological safety;
specially protected natural territories, protection of
historical and cultural monuments;
f. general issues of upbringing, education, science,

culture, physical education and sport;
j. coordination of health care issues; protection of the

family, maternity, fatherhood and childhood, social
protection, including social security;
h. carrying out measures against catastrophes, natural

disasters, epidemics and rectification of their
Official or national consequences;
languages
i. establishment of common principles of taxation and
:
i. establishment of common principles of taxation and
levies in the Russian Federation;
Official or national j. administrative, administrative-procedural, labour,

languages
family, housing, land, water and forest legislation;
legislation on subsurface resources and on
environmental protection;
k. personnel of judicial and law enforcement bodies;

Protection of language use lawyers, notaries;
l. protection of the traditional habitat and the

traditional way of life of small ethnic communities;
m. establishment of general principles of the

International law
Show more organisation of the system of State government and
local self-government bodies;
n. coordination of international and foreign economic

relations of constituent entities of the Russian
Federation, observance of international agreements
2. The provisions of this Article shall be equally valid for

republics, krays, oblasts, cities of federal significance,
National anthem autonomous oblast and autonomous okrugs.
Show more
 Article 73.
Outside the limits of authority of the Russian Federation

and the powers of the Russian Federation on issues under
National capital
the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and
constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the
constituent entities of the Russian Federation shall enjoy
full State power.
 Article 74.
In the territory of the Russian Federation it shall not be

:
1. In the territory of the Russian Federation it shall not be
permitted to establish custom borders, duties, levies or any
other barriers to the free flow of goods, services and

financial resources.
2. Restrictions on the movement of goods and services may

be introduced in accordance with federal law only to
ensure security, to protect the life and health of people and
top reserve nature and cultural values.
 Article 75
1. The monetary unit in the Russian Federation shall be the

rouble. Money emission shall be carried out exclusively by
the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The
introduction and emission of other currencies in Russia
shall not be permitted.
2. Protecting and ensuring the stability of the rouble shall

be the principal function of the Central Bank of the Russian
Federation, which it shall fulfil independently of other
State governmental bodies.
3. The system of taxes paid to the federal budget and the

general principles of taxation and levies in the Russian
Federation shall be determined by federal law.
4. State loans shall be issued in accordance with the

procedure specified by federal law and shall be floated on a
voluntary basis.
 Article 76
1. On issues under the jurisdiction of the Russian

Federation, federal constitutional laws and federal laws
shall be adopted. These shall have direct force on the
:
2. On issues under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian
Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian

Federation, in addition to federal laws, laws and other
normative legal acts of constituent entities of the Russian
Federation shall be issued which are adopted in
accordance with those federal laws.
3. Federal laws may not conflict with federal constitutional

laws.
4. Outside the limits of authority of the Russian Federation

and of the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and
constituent entities of the Russian Federation republics,
krays, oblasts, cities of federal significance, autonomous
oblast and autonomous okrugs shall exercise their own
legal regulation, including the adoption of laws and other
normative legal acts.
5. Laws and other normative legal acts of the constituent

entities of the Russian Federation shall not conflict with
federal laws which are adopted in accordance with parts
one and two of this Article. In the event of a conflict
between a federal law and any other act issued in the
Russian Federation, the federal law shall prevail.
6. In the event of a conflict between a federal law and a

normative legal act of a constituent entity of the Russian
Federation issued in accordance with part four of this
Article, the normative legal act of the constituent entity of
the Russian Federation shall prevail.
 Article 77
Provisions for intellectual
property
1. The system of State government bodies of republics,
:
oblast and autonomous okrugs shall be established by the
constituent entities of the Russian Federation
independently in accordance with the basic principles of

the constitutional order of the Russian Federation and the
general principles of the organisation of representative
and executive State government bodies which are
established by federal law.
2. Within the limits of the jurisdiction and powers of the

Russian Federation on issues under the joint jurisdiction of
the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the
Russian Federation federal executive government bodies
and executive government bodies of the constituent
Subsidiary unit government entities of the Russian Federation shall form a unified
Show more
system of executive authority in the Russian Federation.
 Article 78
1. Federal executive government bodies may, in order to

exercise their powers, establish their own territorial bodies
and appoint appropriate officials.
2. Federal executive government bodies, by agreement

with executive government bodies of constituent entities
of the Russian Federation, may delegate some of their
powers to the latter provided that this does not conflict
with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and
federal laws.
3. Executive government bodies of constituent entities of

the Russian Federation, by agreement with federal
executive government bodies, may delegate some of their
powers to the latter.
Ownership of natural 4. The President of the Russian Federation and the

resources Government of the Russian Federation shall provide for
:
resources Government of the Russian Federation shall provide for
the implementation of the powers of federal State power
on the entire territory of the Russian Federation in
accordance with the Constitution of the Russian

Protection of environment Federation.
 Article 79
The Russian Federation may participate in interstate

associations and transfer some of its powers to those
associations in accordance with international treaties
Reference to science
provided that this does not entail restrictions on human
and civil rights and freedoms and does not conflict with the
basic principles of the constitutional order of the Russian
Federation.
 CHAPTER 4. THE PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN

FEDERATION
 Article 80
1. The President of the Russian Federation shall be the

Head of State.

guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation
and of human and civil rights and freedoms. In accordance
with the procedure established by the Constitution of the
Russian Federation, he (she) shall adopt measures to
protect the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its
independence and State integrity, and shall ensure the
coordinated functioning and interaction of State
government bodies.
3. The President of the Russian Federation shall, in

Federation and federal laws, determine the basic
objectives of the internal and foreign policy of the State.
:
objectives of the internal and foreign policy of the State.
4. The President of the Russian Federation, as the Head of
State, shall represent the Russian Federation within the

country and in international relations.
 Article 81
1. The President of the Russian Federation shall be elected

for six years by citizens of the Russian Federation on the
basis of universal, equal, direct suffrage by secret ballot.
2. Any citizen of the Russian Federation not younger than

35 years of age who has resided in the Russian Federation
on a permanent basis for not less than 10 years may be
elected President of the Russian Federation.
3. One and the same person cannot hold the office of the
President of the Russian Federation for more than two
terms running.
Subsidiary unit government 4. The procedure for elections of the President of the
Russian Federation shall be determined by federal law.
 Article 82
1. On assuming office the President of the Russian

Federation shall take the following oath of loyalty to the
people:
"I swear that in exercising the powers of the President of

the Russian Federation I shall respect and protect human
and civil rights and freedoms, observe and protect the
Constitution of the Russian Federation, protect the
sovereignty and independence, security and integrity of
the State, and faithfully serve the people".
2. The oath shall be taken in a solemn ceremony in the

presence of members of the Council of Federation,
:
presence of members of the Council of Federation,
deputies of the State Duma and judges of the
Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
 Article 83
The President of the Russian Federation:
a. shall appoint, with the consent of the State Duma,

Central bank
the Chairman of the Government of the Russian
Federation;
b. shall have the right to chair meetings of the

Government of the Russian Federation;
c. shall adopt decisions on the resignation of the

Central bank Government of the Russian Federation;
d. shall nominate to the State Duma a candidate for

appointment to the post of Chairman of the Central
Bank of the Russian Federation; shall raise before the
State Duma the issue of relieving the Chairman of
the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of his
post;
e. in accordance with proposals of the Chairman of the

Government of the Russian Federation, shall appoint
and relieve of their post deputy chairmen of the
Government of the Russian Federation and federal
ministers;
f. shall present to the Council of Federation candidates

for the posts of judges of the Constitutional Court of
the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the
Russian Federation, shall appoint judges of other
federal courts;
:
f1. shall present to the Council of Federation candidates
for the posts of Prosecutor General of the Russian
Federation and deputies of the Prosecutor General

of the Russian Federation, shall submit to the Council
of Federation proposals to relieve the Prosecutor
General and deputies of the Prosecutor General of
their posts, shall appoint and relieve from posts
public prosecutors of the constituent entities of the
Russian Federation, as well as other prosecutors,
except for public prosecutors of cities, districts and
prosecutors equated with them;
Show more f2. shall appoint and dismiss the representatives of the
Russian Federation in the Council of the Federation;
g. shall form and head the Security Council of the

Russian Federation, the status of which shall be
determined by federal law;
h. shall approve the military doctrine of the Russian

Federation;
i. shall form the Administration of the President of the

National vs subnational
laws Russian Federation;
j. shall appoint and dismiss plenipotentiary

representatives of the President of the Russian
Federation;
k. shall appoint and dismiss supreme commanders of

the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation;
National vs subnational l. shall appoint and recall after consultations with

laws appropriate committees and commissions of the
chambers of the Federal Assembly diplomatic
representatives of the Russian Federation in foreign
:
States and international organisations.
 Article 84
Subsidiary unit government The President of the Russian Federation:
Show more
a. shall announce elections to the State Duma in
Federation and federal law;
b. shall dissolve the State Duma in the cases and in

accordance with the procedure provided for by the
Constitution of the Russian Federation;
c. shall announce referendums in accordance with the

procedure established by federal constitutional law;
d. shall submit draft laws to the State Duma;
e. shall sign and promulgate federal laws;
f. shall address the Federal Assembly with annual

messages on the situation in the country and on the
basic objectives of the internal and foreign policy of
the State.
 Article 85
1. The President of the Russian Federation may use

conciliatory procedures to resolve disputes between State
government bodies of the Russian Federation and State
Federation, and disputes between State government
bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In
the event that no agreed decision is reached, he (she) shall
have the right to refer the dispute to the appropriate court.
2. The President of the Russian Federation shall have the

right to suspend acts of executive government bodies of
Show more
:
Show more
constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the event
that these acts conflict with the Constitution of the
Russian Federation and federal laws or with international

commitments of the Russian Federation, or violate human
and civil rights and freedoms until the issue is resolved by
an appropriate court.
a. shall direct the foreign policy of the Russian

Federation;
b. shall hold negotiations and sign international treaties

of the Russian Federation;
c. shall sign instruments of ratification;
d. shall receive letters of credence and letters of recall

of diplomatic representatives accredited to his (her)
office.
 Article 87

Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the
Russian Federation.
2. In the event of aggression against the Russian

Federation or of a direct threat of aggression, the
President of the Russian Federation shall introduce martial
law on the territory of the Russian Federation or on certain
parts thereof and shall immediately inform the Council of
Federation and the State Duma of this.
3. The regime of martial law shall be defined by federal

Name/structure of constitutional law.
:
Name/structure of constitutional law.
executive(s)
 Article 88
The President of the Russian Federation, in the

circumstances and in accordance with the procedure
envisaged by federal constitutional law, shall introduce a
state of emergency on the territory of the Russian
Federation or on certain parts thereof and shall
immediately inform the Council of Federation and the
State Duma of this.
 Article 89
a. shall decide on issues of citizenship of the Russian

Federation and of granting political asylum;
b. shall bestow State awards of the Russian Federation

and confer honorary titles of the Russian Federation
and supreme military and supreme special titles;
Foreign affairs c. shall grant pardon.

representative
 Article 90
1. The President of the Russian Federation shall issue

edicts and regulations.
Head of state selection 2. The edicts and regulations of the President of the
Show more Russian Federation shall be binding on the entire territory
3. Edicts and regulations of the President of the Russian

Minimum age of head of Federation must not conflict with the Constitution of the
state Russian Federation and federal laws.
Show more
 Article 91
:
The President of the Russian Federation shall have
immunity.
Head of state term limits
 Article 92
1. The President of the Russian Federation shall begin to
Head of state selection exercise his (her) powers from the moment of taking the
oath and shall cease to do so when his (her) term of office
expires and after a newly-elected the President of the
Russian Federation has been sworn in.
2. The President of the Russian Federation shall cease to

Oaths to abide by
exercise his (her) powers before the end of his (her) term in
constitution
the event of his (her) resignation, persistent inability for
health reasons to carry out the powers invested in him
(her), or impeachment. Presidential elections shall be held
before the expiration of three months from the date of the
early termination of presidential office.
3. In all cases where the President of the Russian

Federation is unable to fulfil his (her) duties, they shall be
temporarily delegated to the Chairman of the Government
of the Russian Federation. The Acting President of the
Russian Federation shall not have the right to dissolve the
State Duma, call a referendum or to submit proposals for
amendments to and the revision of the provisions of the
Constitution of the Russian Federation.
 Article 93
1. The President of the Russian Federation may be

Head of state powers
impeached by the Council of Federation only on the basis
of charges of high treason or of another grave crime
brought by the State Duma and confirmed by a resolution
Head of government of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the
selection
existence of indications of a crime in the actions of the
President of the Russian Federation and by a resolution of
:
President of the Russian Federation and by a resolution of
the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
confirming that the established procedure for bringing
charges has been observed.
2. The decision of the State Duma to bring charges and the

decision of the Council of Federation to impeach the
President must be adopted by two-thirds of votes of the
total number of members of each chamber on the initiative
Central bank of not less than one third of deputies of the State Duma
and on the basis of a resolution of a special commission
setup by the State Duma.
3. The decision of the Council of Federation to impeach the

President of the Russian Federation must be adopted not
later than three months after the State Duma brings
charges against the President. If a decision of the Council
Cabinet removal of Federation is not adopted within this time the charges
Show more against the President shall be regarded as having been
declined.
 CHAPTER 5. THE FEDERAL ASSEMBLY
 Article 94
Supreme court selection The Federal Assembly - parliament of the Russian

Show more Federation shall be the representative and legislative body
 Article 95
1. The Federal Assembly shall consist of two chambers -

the Council of Federation and the State Duma.
Attorney general
2. The Council of Federation shall include: two
representatives from each constituent entity of the
Russian Federation - one from the legislative
(representative) and one from executive body of state
:
(representative) and one from executive body of state
government; representatives of the Russian Federation,
appointed by the President of the Russian Federation, the
number of which shall not be more than ten percent of the

members of the Council of Federation - representatives
from legislative (representative) and executive bodies of
state government of constituent entities of the Russian
Federation.
3. A member of the Council of Federation – a

representative from legislative (representative) or
executive body of state government of a constituent entity
Second chamber selection
of the Russian Federation shall be vested with authority for
Show more
the term of the relevant body of state government of the
constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
4. The President of the Russian Federation shall have no

Advisory bodies to the head
right during the first term of his (her) presidency to dismiss
of state
a member of the Council of Federation - representative of
the Russian Federation who was appointed prior to his
(her) entry into office, except in instances where this is
provided for by federal law.
5. The State Duma shall consist of 450 deputies.
 Article 96
1. The State Duma shall be elected for a term of five years.
2. The procedure for forming the Council of Federation and

the procedure for electing deputies to the State Duma
Selection of active-duty
shall be established by federal laws.
commanders
 Article 97
International organizations 1. Any citizen of the Russian Federation who has reached
21 years of age and who has the right to participate in
elections may be elected deputy of the State Duma.
:
elections may be elected deputy of the State Duma.
2. One and the same person may not be simultaneously a
member of the Council of Federation and a deputy of the

State Duma. A deputy of the State Duma may not be a
deputy of other representative State government bodies
and local self-government bodies.
3. Deputies of the State Duma shall work on a professional

permanent basis. Deputies of the State Duma may not be
employed in State service or engage in other paid
activities, except for teaching and scientific and other
creative work.
Dismissal of the legislature  Article 98
1. Members of the Council of Federation and deputies of

the State Duma shall enjoy immunity during the whole
term of their office. They may not be detained, arrested or
Referenda searched, except in the event of detention at the scene of a
crime. They may not be subjected to personal searches,
except in instances where this is provided for by federal
law in order to ensure the safety of other people.
2. The issue of the removal of immunity shall be resolved

by an appropriate chamber of the Federal Assembly upon
submission of the Prosecutor General of the Russian
Federation.
Legislative oversight of the
executive
 Article 99
1. The Federal Assembly shall be a permanently

functioning body.
Head of state powers 2. The State Duma shall convene its first session on the
thirtieth day after election. The President of the Russian
Federation may convene a session of the State Duma
earlier than this date.
:
earlier than this date.
3. The first session of the State Duma shall be opened by
the oldest deputy.
4. From the moment that the State Duma of a new

convocation begins to work the powers of the State Duma
of the previous convocation shall expire.
 Article 100
1. The Council of Federation and the State Duma shall hold

International law separate sessions.
2. Sessions of the Council of Federation and of the State

Duma shall be open. In the cases envisaged by the
procedural regulations of a chamber, the latter shall have
the right to hold closed-door sessions.
3. The chambers may hold joint sessions to hear messages

of the President of the Russian Federation, messages of the
Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and
speeches of leaders of foreign states.
 Article 101
1. The Council of Federation shall elect from among its

members the Chairman of the Council of Federation and
his (her) deputies. The State Duma shall elect from among
its members the Chairman of the State Duma and his (her)
Treaty ratification deputies.
2. The Chairman of the Council of Federation and his (her)

deputies and the Chairman of the State Duma and his (her)
deputies shall chair sessions and shall be in charge of the
internal routine of the chamber.
3. The Council of Federation and the State Duma shall set

up committees and commissions and shall hold
:
up committees and commissions and shall hold
parliamentary hearings on issues under their authority.
4. Each of the chambers shall adopt its procedural

Designation of commander regulations and resolve issues relating to the routine
in chief procedures for its activities.
5. To monitor implementation of the federal budget the

Emergency provisions Council of Federation and the State Duma shall set up the
Accounts Chamber, whose composition and work
procedures shall be determined by federal law.
 Article 102
1. The following shall be within the jurisdiction of the

Council of Federation:
a. approval of border changes between constituent

Emergency provisions entities of the Russian Federation;
b. approval of edict of the President of the Russian

Emergency provisions Federation on the introduction of martial law;
c. approval of edict of the President of the Russian

Federation on the introduction of a state of
emergency;
d. deciding on the possibility of using the Armed Forces

of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the
Russian Federation;
e. announcement of elections of the President of the

Russian Federation;
f. impeachment of the President of the Russian

Federation;
g. appointment of judges of the Constitutional Court of

the Russian Federation, of the Supreme Court of the
:
the Russian Federation, of the Supreme Court of the
Russian Federation;
h. appointment and dismissal of the Prosecutor General

of the Russian Federation and deputies of the
Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation;
Power to pardon i. appointment and dismissal of the deputy Chairman

and half of the auditors of the Accounts Chamber.
2. The Council of Federation shall adopt decrees on issues

Head of state decree power
referred to its authority by the Constitution of the Russian
Federation.
3. Decrees of the Council of Federation shall be adopted by

a majority of the total number of members of the Council
of Federation unless another procedure for adopting
decisions is envisaged by the Constitution of the Russian
Federation.
 Article 103
1. The following shall be within the jurisdiction of the State

Head of state immunity
Duma:
a. consent to the appointment of the Chairman of the

Government of the Russian Federation by the
President of the Russian Federation;
b. deciding the issue of confidence in the Government

c. hearing annual reports from the Government of the

Russian Federation on the results of its work,
including on issues raised by the State Duma;
Head of state replacement d. appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the

Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
:
e. appointment and dismissal of the Chairman and half
of the auditors of the Accounts Chamber;
f. appointment and dismissal of the Commissioner for

Human Rights, who shall act according to federal
constitutional law;
g. announcement of amnesty;
h. bringing charges against the President of the Russian

Federation for his (her) impeachment;
2. The State Duma shall adopt decrees on issues referred

to its authority by the Constitution of the Russian
Federation.
3. Decrees of the State Duma shall be adopted by a

majority of the total number of deputies of the State
Duma, unless another procedure for adopting decisions is
Head of state removal envisaged by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
 Article 104
1. The right of legislative initiative shall belong to the

President of the Russian Federation, the Council of
Federation, members of the Council of Federation,
deputies of the State Duma, the Government of the
Russian Federation, and legislative (representative) bodies
of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The right
of legislative initiative shall also belong to the
Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the
Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on issues within
their competence.
2. Bills shall be submitted to the State Duma.

:
3. Bills on the introduction or cancellation of taxes, on
exemption from taxes, on the issue of State loans, on
changes in the financial obligations of the State, and other

bills envisaging expenses to be covered from the federal
budget may be submitted only upon a resolution of the
Government of the Russian Federation.
 Article 105
1. Federal laws shall be adopted by the State Duma.
2. Federal laws shall be adopted by a majority of votes of

the total number of deputies of the State Duma, unless
otherwise envisaged by the Constitution of the Russian
Federation.
3. Federal laws adopted by the State Duma shall be

submitted within five days for examination by the Council
of Federation.
4. A federal law shall be considered to have been approved

by the Council of Federation if over a half of the total
number of members of that chamber have voted for it or if
the Council of Federation does not examine it within
fourteen days. In the event that the Council of Federation
rejects a federal law, the chambers may set up a
conciliatory commission to settle differences, after which
Structure of legislative
chamber(s)
the federal law shall be reconsidered by the State Duma.
5. In the event that the State Duma disagrees with the

decision of the Council of Federation a federal law shall be
Second chamber selection
Show more
considered to have been adopted if in the second vote not
less than two thirds of the total number of deputies of the
State Duma has voted in favour of it.
 Article 106
:
Federal laws adopted by the State Duma on the following
issues must compulsorily be examined by the Council of
Federation:
a. the federal budget;
b. federal taxes and levies;
c. financial, currency, credit and customs regulation,

Term length of second money emission;
chamber
d. ratification and denunciation of international treaties
e. the status and protection of the State border of the

Russian Federation;
f. war and peace.
Removal of individual  Article 107

legislators
1. An adopted federal law shall be submitted within five
days to the President of the Russian Federation for signing
and promulgation.
2. The President of the Russian Federation shall sign the

federal law and promulgate it within fourteen days.
3. If the President of the Russian Federation rejects a

Size of first chamber federal law within fourteen days of receiving it, the State
Duma and the Council of Federation shall reconsider that
law in accordance with the procedure established by the
Constitution of the Russian Federation. If upon
Term length for first reconsideration the law is approved in the previously
chamber adopted wording by a majority of not less than two thirds
of the total number of members of the Council of
First chamber selection Federation and of deputies of the State Duma, it must be
Show more
signed by the President within seven days and
:
signed by the President within seven days and
promulgated.
 Article 108
1. Federal constitutional laws shall be adopted on issues

Eligibility for first chamber
Show more envisaged by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
2. A federal constitutional law shall be considered to have

been adopted if it is approved by a majority of not less than
three quarters of the total number of members of the
Outside professions of
legislators Council of Federation and not less than two-thirds of the
total number of deputies of the State Duma. An adopted
federal constitutional law shall be signed by the President
of the Russian Federation and promulgated within
fourteen days.
 Article 109
Outside professions of
legislators
1. The State Duma may be dissolved by the President of the
Russian Federation in the cases envisaged by Articles 111
and 117 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
2. In the event that the State Duma is dissolved, the

President of the Russian Federation shall announce the
Immunity of legislators date of elections so that a newly-elected State Duma may
be convened not later than four months after the
dissolution.
3. The State Duma may not be dissolved on the grounds

envisaged in Article 117 of the Constitution of the Russian
Federation during the year following its election.
4. The State Duma may not be dissolved from the moment

that it brings charges against the President of the Russian
Federation until the Council of Federation adopts a
decision on the issue.
:
5. The State Duma may not be dissolved while a state of
emergency or martial law is in effect on the whole territory
of the Russian Federation, or during the last six months of

the term of office of the President of the Russian
Federation.
 CHAPTER 6. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN

Length of legislative
FEDERATION
sessions
 Article 110
Extraordinary legislative
sessions 1. Executive power in the Russian Federation shall be
exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation.
2. The Government of the Russian Federation shall consist

of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian
Federation, deputy chairmen of the Government of the
Russian Federation and federal ministers.
 Article 111
1. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian

Federation shall be appointed by the President of the
Russian Federation with the consent of the State Duma.
2. Nominations for the Chairman of the Government of the

Russian Federation shall be submitted not later than two
weeks after a newly-elected President of the Russian
Federation assumes office or after the resignation of the
Public or private sessions Government of the Russian Federation or within one week
after the State Duma has rejected a nomination.
3. The State Duma shall consider the candidate nominated

by the President of the Russian Federation for the post of
Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation
Joint meetings of legislative within one week after the submission of the nomination.
chambers
4. In the event that the State Duma rejects the candidates
:
4. In the event that the State Duma rejects the candidates
for the post of Chairman of the Government of the Russian
Federation three times, the President of the Russian

Federation shall appoint the Chairman of the Government
Leader of second chamber

of the Russian Federation, dissolve the State Duma and
Show more announce new elections.
 Article 112

Federation shall, not later than one week after
appointment, submit to the President of the Russian
Federation proposals on the structure of federal executive
government bodies.

Federation shall propose to the President of the Russian
Federation candidates for the posts of deputy chairmen of
Legislative committees the Government of the Russian Federation and federal
ministers.
 Article 113
The Chairman of the Government of the Russian

Federation, in accordance with the Constitution of the
Russian Federation, federal laws and edicts of the
President of the Russian Federation, shall determine the
basic objectives of the activities of the Government of the
Russian Federation and shall organize its work.
 Article 114
1. The Government of the Russian Federation:
a. shall develop and submit to the State Duma a federal

budget and provide for its implementation; shall
submit to the State Duma a report on the
:
submit to the State Duma a report on the
implementation of the federal budget; and shall
submit to the State Duma annual reports on the
results of its work, including on issues raised by the

State Duma;
b. shall ensure the implementation in the Russian

Federation of a uniform financial, credit and
monetary policy;
c. shall ensure the implementation in the Russian

Federation of a uniform State policy in the sphere of
culture, science, education, health, social security
and ecology;
Designation of commander
d. shall carry out the administration of federal
in chief
property;
e. shall carry out measures to secure the defense of the

country, State security, and implementation of the
foreign policy of the Russian Federation;
f. shall implement measures to ensure lawfulness and

civil rights and freedoms, protect property and public
order, and combat crime;
Supreme court selection
g. shall exercise other functions, which are entrusted to
Show more
it by the Constitution of the Russian Federation,
federal laws and edicts of the President of the
Russian Federation.
Attorney general
2. The procedure for the activities of the Government of
the Russian Federation shall be determined by federal
constitutional law.
 Article 115
1. On the basis of the Constitution of the Russian

:
Federation, federal laws and normative edicts of the
President of the Russian Federation and for the purpose of
their implementation, the Government of the Russian

Federation shall issue decrees and regulations and ensure
their implementation.
2. Decrees and regulations of the Government of the

Russian Federation shall be binding in the Russian
Federation.
3. In the event that decrees and regulations of the

Government of the Russian Federation conflict with the
Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and
edicts of the President of the Russian Federation, they may
be abolished by the President of the Russian Federation.
 Article 116
Head of government The Government of the Russian Federation shall resign its
selection powers before a newly-elected President of the Russian
Federation.
 Article 117
Cabinet removal
1. The Government of the Russian Federation may offer its
Show more
resignation and the President of the Russian Federation
Legislative oversight of the shall either accept or reject it.
executive
2. The President of the Russian Federation may decide on
the resignation of the Government of the Russian
Federation.
Central bank
3. The State Duma may express no confidence in the
Government of the Russian Federation. A resolution of no
confidence in the Government shall be adopted by a
majority of votes of the total number of deputies of the
State Duma. After the State Duma has expressed no
:
State Duma. After the State Duma has expressed no
confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation,
the President of the Russian Federation shall have the right
Ombudsman to announce the resignation of the Government or to
reject the decision of the State Duma. In the event that the
State Duma expresses no confidence in the Government of
the Russian Federation again within three months, the
President of the Russian Federation shall announce the
resignation of the Government or dissolve the State Duma.

Federation may raise before the State Duma the issue of
confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation. If
the State Duma returns a vote of no confidence, the
President shall within seven days adopt a decision on the
resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation
or on the dissolution of the State Duma and the
announcement of new elections.
5. In the event of the resignation or cessation of the powers

of the Government of the Russian Federation, it shall
continue to work on the instructions of the President of
Division of labor between the Russian Federation until a new Government of the
chambers Russian Federation is formed.
Show more  CHAPTER 7. JUDICIAL AUTHORITY AND PUBLIC
PROSECUTION
 Article 118
1. Justice in the Russian Federation shall be administered

only by court.
2. Judicial authority shall be exercised by means of

constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal
proceedings.
3. The judicial system in the Russian Federation shall be

:
3. The judicial system in the Russian Federation shall be
established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation
and federal constitutional law. The creation of
extraordinary courts shall not be permitted.
Tax bills
Show more
 Article 119
Judges shall be citizens of the Russian Federation over 25

years of age with a higher education in law who have
served in the legal profession for not less than five years.
Federal law may establish additional requirements for
judges of the courts of the Russian Federation.
 Article 120
Division of labor between
chambers
1. Judges shall be independent and shall be subordinate
only to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and
federal law.
2. Should a court establish when considering a case that a

legal act of a State or other body conflicts with law, it shall
take a decision in accordance with the law.
 Article 121
1. Judges shall be irremovable.
2. The powers of a judge may be terminated or suspended

only on the grounds and in accordance with the procedure
established by federal law.
 Article 122
1. Judges shall be inviolable.
2. A judge cannot face criminal liability otherwise than in

accordance with the procedure established by federal law.
 Article 123
:
1. The examination of cases in all courts shall be open.
Cases may be heard in closed sessions in those instances
where this is permitted by federal law.
2. The examination of criminal cases by default in courts

shall not be permitted except in instances where this is
permitted by federal law.
3. Judicial proceedings shall be conducted on the basis of

controversy and the equality of the parties concerned.
4. In cases provided for by federal law, judicial proceedings

shall be conducted with the participation of a jury.
Budget bills
 Article 124
Tax bills
Courts shall be financed only from the federal budget and
should ensure the possibility of the complete and
independent administration of justice according to the
requirements of federal law.
International law
1. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation shall

consist of 19 judges.
2. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, at

the request of the President of the Russian Federation, the
Council of Federation, the State Duma, one fifth of the
Approval or veto of general
members of the Council of Federation or of the deputies of
legislation
the State Duma, the Government of the Russian
Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation,
and bodies of legislative and executive power of
constituent entities of the Russian Federation, shall decide
cases on conformity to the Constitution of the Russian
Federation of:
federal laws, normative acts of the President of the

:
a. federal laws, normative acts of the President of the
Veto override procedure Russian Federation, the Council of Federation, the
State Duma, the Government of the Russian

Federation;
b. constitutions of republics, charters as well as laws

and other normative acts of constituent entities of
the Russian Federation adopted on issues under the
jurisdiction of bodies of State power of the Russian
Federation and under the joint jurisdiction of bodies
of State power of the Russian Federation and bodies
State power of constituent entities of the Russian
Federation;
c. treaties between bodies of State power of the

Russian Federation and bodies of State power of
constituent entities of the Russian Federation,
treaties between bodies of State power of
constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
Supermajority required for d. international treaties of the Russian Federation

legislation pending their entry into force.
3. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation shall

resolve disputes on authority:
a. between federal State government bodies;
b. between State government bodies of the Russian

Federation and State government bodies of
constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
Dismissal of the legislature c. between higher State government bodies of

constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
4. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, on

receiving complaints about violations of the constitutional
:
receiving complaints about violations of the constitutional
rights and freedoms of citizens and upon request of courts,
shall check, in accordance with the procedure established
by federal law, the constitutionality of a law which is used
or is to be used in a particular case.
5. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation,

upon request of the President of the Russian Federation,
the Council of Federation, the State Duma, the
Government of the Russian Federation, and legislative
authorities of constituent entities of the Russian
Federation, shall provide interpretation of the
Constitution of the Russian Federation.
6. Acts or certain provisions thereof, which are recognized

as unconstitutional, shall lose force; international treaties
of the Russian Federation, which do not correspond to the
Constitution of the Russian Federation, shall not be
implemented or used.
7. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation,

upon request of the Council of Federation, shall issue a
resolution on the observation of the established procedure
for bringing charges of treason or of other grave crimes
against the President of the Russian Federation.
 Article 126
The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation shall be the

highest judicial body for civil cases, settlement of economic
disputes, criminal, administrative and other cases under
Establishment of
cabinet/ministers the jurisdiction of courts formed in accordance with
federal constitutional law; it shall exercise judicial
supervision over their activities in the procedural forms
envisaged by federal law and shall provide interpretation
on issues of court proceedings.
Name/structure of
:
Name/structure of
executive(s)  Article 127
[excluded in accordance with the Law of the Russian

Federation on amendment to the Constitution of the
Head of government Russian Federation of 5th February, 2014 No. 2-ФЗ]
selection
1. Judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian

Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation
shall be appointed by the Council of Federation upon
nomination by the President of the Russian Federation.
2. Judges of other federal courts shall be appointed by the

President of the Russian Federation in accordance with the
procedure established by federal law.
3. The powers and the procedure for the formation and

activity of the Constitutional Court of the Russian
Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation
and other federal courts shall be established by federal
constitutional law.
 Article 129
1. Powers, organization and procedure for the activity of

public prosecution of the Russian Federation shall be
Dismissal of the legislature
2. The Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation and
deputies of the Prosecutor General of the Russian
Federation shall be appointed and dismissed by the Council
of Federation upon a proposal of the President of the
Russian Federation.
3. Public prosecutors of constituent entities of the Russian

:
Russian Federation upon nomination of the Prosecutor
General coordinated with constituent entities of the
Russian Federation. Public prosecutors of constituent

entities of the Russian Federation shall be dismissed by the
President of the Russian Federation.
4. Other public prosecutors, except for public prosecutors

of cities, districts and public prosecutors equated with
Cabinet selection them shall be appointed and dismissed by the President of
the Russian Federation.
5. Public prosecutors of cities, districts and public

prosecutors equated with them shall be appointed and
dismissed by the Prosecutor General of the Russian
Federation.
Head of government
powers  CHAPTER 8. LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT
 Article 130
1. Local self-government in the Russian Federation shall

provide for the independent resolution by the population
of issues of local importance, and the possession, use and
management of municipal property.
2. Local self-government shall be exercised by citizens by

means of referendum, elections and other forms of direct
expression of their will, and through elected and other
Powers of cabinet bodies of local self-government.
 Article 131
Budget bills
Show more
1. Local self-government shall be administered in urban
and rural settlements and on other territories with due
consideration to historical and other local traditions. The
structure of bodies of local self-government shall be
determined by the population independently.
:
determined by the population independently.
2. Changes of borders of the territories in which local self-
government is administered shall be permitted with due

consideration to the opinion of the inhabitants of the
relevant territories.
 Article 132
Reference to science
1. Bodies of local self-government shall independently
manage municipal property, form, approve and implement
the local budget, introduce local taxes and levies, ensure
the preservation of public order, and resolve other issues
of local importance.
2. Bodies of local self-government may be vested by law

with certain State powers and accordingly receive material
and financial resources which are necessary for their
implementation. The implementation of the vested power
shall be controlled by the State.
 Article 133
Local self-government in the Russian Federation shall be

guaranteed by the right to legal protection and
compensation of additional expenses arising as a result of
decisions adopted by State government bodies, and by a
ban on restrictions of the rights of local self-government
which are established by the Constitution of the Russian
Federation and federal laws.
 CHAPTER 9. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AND

REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION
 Article 134
Proposals on amendments to and revision of the provisions

of the Constitution of the Russian Federation may be
Head of government
:
Head of government submitted by the President of the Russian Federation, the
decree power
Council of Federation, the State Duma, the Government of
the Russian Federation, legislative (representative) bodies

of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and by
groups consisting of not less than one fifth of the members
of the Council of Federation or of the deputies of the State
Duma.
 Article 135
1. The provisions of Chapters 1, 2 and 9 of the Constitution

of the Russian Federation may not be revised by the
Federal Assembly.
2. If a proposal on revising the provisions of Chapters 1, 2

and 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is
supported by three fifths of the total number of members
of the Council of Federation and deputies of the State
Duma, then in accordance with federal constitutional law, a
Constitutional Assembly shall be convened.
3. The Constitutional Assembly shall either confirm the

invariability of the Constitution of the Russian Federation
or draft a new Constitution of the Russian Federation,
which shall be adopted by the Constitutional Assembly by
two thirds of the total number of its members or shall be
Head of government referred to a referendum. In the event that a referendum is
removal held, the Constitution of the Russian Federation shall be
Show more considered to have been adopted if over one half of voters
who participated in the vote voted in favour of it and
provided that over a half of the electorate participated in
the referendum.
 Article 136
Amendments to the provisions of Chapters 3-8 of the

:
Constitution of the Russian Federation shall be adopted in
Dismissal of the legislature accordance with the procedure established for the
adoption of federal constitutional law and shall come into

force after they have been approved by legislative
authorities of not less than two thirds of the constituent
entities of the Russian Federation.
 Article 137
1. Amendments to Article 65 of the Constitution of the

Russian Federation which determines the composition of
the Russian Federation shall be introduced on the basis of
a federal constitutional law on the admission to the
Russian Federation and the creation within it of new
constituent entities of the Russian Federation, or on
changes in the constitutional and legal status of a
constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
2. In the event of a change in the name of a republic, kray,

oblast, city of federal significance, autonomous oblast or
Dismissal of the legislature
autonomous okrug the new name of the constituent entity
of the Russian Federation shall be included in Article 65 of
the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
 SECT I ON T WO. CON CL U DI N G A N D I N T ER I M

P ROV I SI ON S
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation shall come

into force from the moment of its official publication
according to the results of the national referendum.
The day of the national referendum, December 12, 1993,

shall be considered the day of adopting the Constitution of
the Russian Federation.
At the same time the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of

the Russian Federation - Russia adopted on April 12, 1978
:
the Russian Federation - Russia adopted on April 12, 1978
with all amendments and additions shall cease to have
effect.
In the event of the non-conformity to the Constitution of

the Russian Federation of the provisions of the Federation
Treaty - Treaty on the division of authorities and powers
between federal State government bodies of the Russian
Federation and the State government bodies of
constituent sovereign republics of the Russian Federation,
the Treaty on the division of authorities and powers
between federal State government bodies of the Russian
Federation and the State government bodies of krays,
oblasts, and the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg of the
Russian Federation, the Treaty on the division of
authorities and powers between federal State government
bodies of the Russian Federation and State government
bodies of autonomous oblast and autonomous okrugs
within the Russian Federation, and other treaties between
Eligibility for supreme court
judges federal State government bodies of the Russian Federation
Show more and State government bodies of constituent entities of the
Russian Federation and treaties between State
Federation, the provisions of the Constitution of the
Russian Federation shall apply.
2. Laws and other legal acts which were in force on the

territory of the Russian Federation before this
Constitution comes into force shall apply to the extent that
Judicial independence
they do not conflict with the Constitution of the Russian
Federation.
3. The President of the Russian Federation, elected in

accordance with the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of
the Russian Federation - Russia, shall from the day that this
Constitution comes into force exercise the powers
:
Constitution comes into force exercise the powers
established by it until the term of office for which he (she)
Supreme court term length was elected expires.
Show more 4. The Council of Ministers - Government of the Russian
Federation - from the moment that this Constitution
Supreme/ordinary court comes into force, shall acquire the rights, obligations and
judge removal responsibilities of the Government of the Russian
Federation, which are established by the Constitution of
the Russian Federation and shall hereafter be called the
Government of the Russian Federation.
5. The courts of the Russian Federation shall administer

justice in accordance with their powers as established by
this Constitution.
After the Constitution has come into force, judges of all

courts of the Russian Federation shall retain their powers
until the term for which they were elected expires. Vacant
positions shall be filled in accordance with the procedure
Right to public trial
established by this Constitution.
6. Until the adoption and implementation of the federal

law, which establishes the procedure for the examination
of cases by a court of jury, the existing procedure for the
court examination of corresponding cases shall apply.
Until criminal-procedural legislation of the Russian

Federation has been brought into line with the provisions
of this Constitution, the previous procedure for the arrest,
Right to fair trial
detention and keeping in custody of persons suspected of
committing a crime shall apply.
7. The Council of Federation of the first convocation and

Jury trials required
the State Duma of the first convocation shall be elected for
a period of two years.
8. The Council of Federation shall meet for its first session

:
8. The Council of Federation shall meet for its first session
on the thirtieth day after the elections. The first session of
the Council of Federation shall be opened by the President
9. A deputy of the State Duma of the first convocation may

be simultaneously a member of the Government of the
Russian Federation. Provisions of this Constitution on the
Constitutional court immunity of deputies with respect to responsibility for
powers
Show more
actions (inaction) connected with the fulfilment of their
official duties shall not extend to deputies of the State
Duma who are members of the Government of the Russian
Constitutionality of Federation.
legislation
Show more Deputies of the Council of Federation of the first
convocation shall exercise their powers on a non-
permanent basis.
W H AT ' S N E W PR IVAT E SH A R E
A B O UT COL L ECT IONS
ACK N O W L E DG EMENT S DATA  

R E C O GN I TI O N AP I
D OCU M ENTAT ION
P RI VAC Y T ERMS & COND ITIONS
Federal review of
subnational legislation
:
International law
Constitutional
interpretation
:
Constitutional
interpretation
Show more
Legal status of treaties

Show more
Supreme court powers

Show more
:
Constitutional court
selection
Show more
Ordinary court selection
Constitutional court
powers
Show more
Attorney general
:
Subsidiary unit government
Show more
:
:
Constitution amendment
procedure
:
Referenda
:
Transitional provisions
:

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Russian Federation 1993 (Rev. 2014) Constitution - Constitute

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Russian Federation 1993 (rev.

Motives for writing  P REAM BL E

united by a common fate on our land,

establishing human rights and freedoms, civil peace and

preserving the historically established State unity,

proceeding from universally acknowledged principles of

revering the memory of ancestors who have passed on to

reviving the sovereign statehood of Russia and asserting

recognizing ourselves to be a part of the world community,

 CHAPTER 1. THE BASIS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL

1. The Russian Federation - Russia is a democratic

2. The names Russian Federation and Russia are

Man, his rights and freedoms shall be the supreme value.

1. The bearer of sovereignty and the sole source of power

2. The people shall exercise its power directly, as well as

3. The supreme direct expression of the power of the

4. Nobody may usurp power in the Russian Federation. The

Referenda 1. The sovereignty of the Russian Federation shall extend

2. The Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal

3. The Russian Federation shall ensure the integrity and

1. The Russian Federation shall consist of republics, krays,

2. A republic (state) shall have its own constitution and

3. The federal structure of the Russian Federation shall be

4. All constituent entities of the Russian Federation shall

and terminated in accordance with federal law, and shall be

2. Every citizen of the Russian Federation shall enjoy all

3. A citizen of the Russian Federation may not be deprived

1. The Russian Federation shall be a social state whose

1. In the Russian Federation the integrity of economic

2. In the Russian Federation private, State, municipal and

1. Land and other natural resources shall be utilized and

2. Land and other natural resources may be subject to

State power in the Russian Federation shall be exercised

1. State power in the Russian Federation shall be exercised

2. State power in constituent entities of the Russian

3. The division of authorities and powers among State

Claim of executive Local self-government shall be recognized and guaranteed

1. Ideological diversity shall be recognized in the Russian

2. No ideology shall be proclaimed as State ideology or as

3. Political diversity and the multi-party system shall be

4. Public associations shall be equal before the law.

5. The establishment and activities of public associations

1. The Russian Federation shall be a secular state. No

2. Religious associations shall be separate from the State

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation shall have

2. State government bodies, local self-government bodies,

3. Laws must be officially published. Unpublished laws shall

4. Universally recognized principles and norms of

1. The provisions of this Chapter of the Constitution shall

of the Russian Federation.

 CHAPTER 2. HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS

1. In the Russian Federation human and civil rights and

2. Basic human rights and freedoms shall be inalienable and

3. The exercise of human and civil rights and freedoms

Human and civil rights and freedoms shall have direct

2. The State guarantees the equality of human and civil

3. Men and women shall enjoy equal rights and freedoms

and equal opportunities to exercise them.