Chapter-1 (Cell and Enzymes) - 2

CH4:Biological
molecules
Mrs /Gehan Ramadan

C,O,H
.
C,O,H,N
C,O,H
MRS/Gehan Ramadan Page 1

Fate of excess carbohydrates
In humans-animal In plant
Stored as starch which stored in
Stored As glycogen in
1-seeds or tuber which use as food
liver and muscle
Any more carbohydrates 2-part is used in making cellulose in
changed into fats cell wall

PROTEIN
ELEMENTS C,H,O ,,N
carbon ,hydrogen and oxygen,nitrogen and sometimes sulphuric and phosphorus.
BASIC UNIT
> Proteins are made up of small unit called AMINO ACIDE '
> the sequence and type of amino acide determines the shape and kind of
protein molecules .
>There are 20 different types of amino acids

Two amino acids Dipeptide
Many amino acids in a chain Polypeptide
Importance of protein
1-For growth and tissues repairs

2-formation protein molecules
>hemoglobin RBC
>some hormones ex insulin and glucagon
>enzymes
>antibodies
>some protein structure found in cell membrane ex protein carrier
> keratin in fingernails

Fate of excess protein
Excess of amino acids are delaminates in liver and excreted as Urea
Deamination ofexcess amino acids (C,H,O,N)
It’s breaking down of excess amino acide in liver where nitrogen containing part is
turned into NH3 that forms urea and the carbohydrates part stored as glycogen
Explain the different sequences of amino acids give different shape to protein
molecules

So the 3 dimensional shape of protein determines its function
Ex1 /The shape of enzym molecules determine which reaction it can be catalyst
Ex2/The shape of antibody molecules determines which kind of pathogen it

can attach to

FATS
ELEMENTS C,H,O Carbon,hydrogen and oxygen
3 molecules of Fattyacid '

BASIC UNIT
1 molecules ofglycerol ~ '
Saturated fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids
In animal In plant oil

Importance of fats
1_source of stored energy 1gm of fats gives 34 KJ of energy

2_cover and protect vital organ in body such as kidney and heart
3_used to make cell membrane
4_used for insulation to preserve body heat by forming a layer under the skin
and electrical insulation
ETHANOL EMULSION TEST FOR FATS
1_Crush /grind food sample if it’s a solid DON’T

ADD WATER
2_Add the food sample to 2 cm of ethanol and
shake to dissolve
3_pour the mixture into a test tube containing
distilled water
Positive result (lipid is presesent = milky emulsion (A MILKY WHITE
SUSPENSION Negative result= CLEAR .'

EFFECT OF EXCESS FAT INTAKE
Accumulate on walls of arteries (forming atheroma/

plaque ) '
narrowing them and reduce the elasticity of their walls
(atherosclerosis) -
Thus narrowing blood vessels increasing blood
pressure which reducing blood supply to heart muscle
Sooooo less oxygen and glucose reaches to heart
muscle so less aerobic respiration less oxygen causes
less energy leads to angina
Increasing risk of clotting (thrombosis) siping blood
supply leading to heart attack

Compare vitamin C content of two types of juices
In 2test tube put equal volume of DCPIP of same
concentration by using pipette or dropper add juice
drop by drop to DCPIP until it becomes colorless
The one that requires smaller volume or numer of
drops to decolonize DCPIP IS THE ONE THAT
CONTAINS higher conc of vitamin C
DNA STRUCTURE
DOUBLE HELIX
By
Hydrogen bond L
Nitrogenous bases pair up

according to complimentary
base pairing rule

DNA NUCLEC ACIDS…….C,H,O,N .and P
Stand for…..Deoxyribonucleic acid '
DNA is chemicals that makes our genes and our chromosomes '
DNA-is the material that we Inhabit from our parents which gives us many of our
characteristics which made up smaller molecules called nucleotide
The nucleotide made up of 3 components
1-phosphate group
2-pentode sugar
3-A nitrogen -containing base
Describe the structure of DNA molecules
1- The DNA molecules consist of two long strand/chain coiled around each
other in double helix
2-each strand of DNA is polynucleotide chain each nucleotide
made of (phosphate group-bentose sugar -nitrogen base )
3-there are four types of bases
A=Adenine/T=Thymine
C=Cytosine/G=Guanine
The bases always pair up in the same way according to

complementary base pairing rule. A=T………C=G
4-The 2 strand in the DNA held together by

HYDROGEN BONDS
-
Mrs/Gehan Ramadan _

Mrs/Gehan Ramadan _

Mrs/Gehan Ramadan _

Mrs/Gehan Ramadan _

Mrs/Gehan Ramadan _

M
r
s
/
G
e
h
a
n
R
a
m
a
d
a
n
_

Mrs/Gehan Ramadan _

Chapter-1 (Cell and Enzymes) - 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter-1 (Cell and Enzymes) - 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter-1 (Cell and Enzymes) - 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH4:Biological

Mrs /Gehan Ramadan

MRS/Gehan Ramadan Page 1

changed into fats cell wall

MRS/Gehan Ramadan Page 5

>There are 20 different types of amino acids

1-For growth and tissues repairs

>some hormones ex insulin and glucagon

>some protein structure found in cell membrane ex protein carrier

> keratin in fingernails

MRS/Gehan Ramadan Page 6

MRS/Gehan Ramadan Page 7

Ex2/The shape of antibody molecules determines which kind of pathogen it

MRS/Gehan Ramadan Page 8

3 molecules of Fattyacid '

Saturated fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids

In animal In plant oil

1_source of stored energy 1gm of fats gives 34 KJ of energy

ETHANOL EMULSION TEST FOR FATS

1_Crush /grind food sample if it’s a solid DON’T

MRS/Gehan Ramadan Page 9

Accumulate on walls of arteries (forming atheroma/

MRS/Gehan Ramadan Page 10

Nitrogenous bases pair up

MRS/Gehan Ramadan Page 12

Stand for…..Deoxyribonucleic acid '

Describe the structure of DNA molecules

The bases always pair up in the same way according to

4-The 2 strand in the DNA held together by

MRS/Gehan Ramadan Page 25

MRS/Gehan Ramadan Page 26

MRS/Gehan Ramadan Page 27

MRS/Gehan Ramadan Page 28

MRS/Gehan Ramadan Page 29

MRS/Gehan Ramadan Page 30

MRS/Gehan Ramadan Page 31

You might also like