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SECOND DIVISION
Manila
[ G.R. No. 250295, March 15, 2021 ]

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, PETITIONER, VS. NACI BORRAS Y LASCANO, RESPONDENT.

DECISION

LAZARO-JAVIER, J.:

The Case

Petitioner People of the Philippines, through the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG), assails the
Decision1 dated October 28, 2019 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 159780 entitled "People of the
Philippines v. Hon. Soliman M. Santos, Jr., in his capacity as Presiding Judge of RTC Branch 61, Naga City and
Naci Borras y Lascano" upholding private respondent Naci Borras y Lascano's plea bargain sans the
prosecutor's conformity.

Antecedents

By Informations2 dated March 10, 2017, private respondent was charged with violations of Sections 5 and 11,
Article II of Republic Act No. 9165 (RA 9165), as amended by Republic Act No. 10640 (RA 10640), viz.:

Criminal Case No. 2017-0358

That on March 10, 2017, in the City of Naga, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable
Court, the above-named accused, [did] [then] and there, willfully, unlawfully and criminally sell,
dispense, and deliver one (1) small heat-sealed transparent plastic sachet, containing white
crystalline substance weighing 0.032 gram, later marked as RCP3-10-17, to poseur buyer PO2
Randy C. Pitallano, which when tested was found positive for the presence of Methamphetamine
Hydrochloride popularly known as "shabu," a dangerous drug, in violation of the above cited law.

ACTS CONTRARY TO LAW.

Criminal Case No. 2014-0359

That on March 10, 2017, in the City of Naga, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable
Court, the above-named accused, without authority of law, [did] then and there, willfully, unlawfully
and criminally have in his possession, custody and control three (3) heat-sealed & masking tape-
sealed transparent plastic sachets, containing white crystalline substances, described and later
marked as: 1) RCP-1 3-10-17 weighing 0.1116 gram, 2) RCP-4 3-10-17 weighing 0.037 gram and 3)
RCP-3 3-10-17 weighing 0.012 gram; with aggregate weight of 0.165 [gram]. Said items when
tested were found to be Methamphetamine Hydrochloride, popularly known as "shabu," a dangerous
drug, in violation of the above cited law.

ACTS CONTRARY TO LAW.

On arraignment, private respondent pleaded not guilty to both charges. Trial ensued.

Meantime, on August 15, 2017, the Court promulgated Estipona v. Lobrigo3 declaring as unconstitutional Section
234 of RA 9165 for being contrary to the Supreme Court's rule-making authority under Section 5 (5),5 Article VIII
of the 1987 Constitution. Section 23 prohibits a person charged under RA 9165 to avail of plea bargaining.

Thereafter, the Department of Justice (DOJ) issued Department Circular No. 061-17 or the "Guidelines on Plea
Bargaining Agreement for RA 9165 Otherwise Known as the 'Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2000"'
dated November 21, 2017,6 viz.:

Offense charged in Information Acceptable Plea Bargain

Section Penalty Section Penalty

Section 5 Life Imprisonment to No Plea Bargain

Sale, Trading, etc. of Death & Fine from Allowed
Dangerous Drugs Php500k to Php10M

Section 11, par. 3 12 yrs. & 1 day to 20 Sec. 15 6 mos. Rehab (1st
Possession of yrs. and Fine from Use of Dangerous Offense)
Dangerous Drugs Php300k to Php400k Drugs 6 yrs. & 1 day to 12
(Where quantity of yrs. & fine from Php50k
"shabu", opium, to Php200k (for 2nd
morphine, heroin, offense)
cocaine is less than 5
grams, etc.)

Following Estipona, on April 12, 2018, the Court promulgated A.M. No. 18-03-16-SC,7 adopting the plea
bargaining framework in drugs cases, viz.:

Offense Charged Acceptable Plea Bargain

Section Penalty Quantity Section Penalty8

Section 11, par. 3. 12 years & 1 day .01 gram to 4.99 Section 12. 6 months and 1
Possession of to 20 years and grams Possession of day to 4 years
Dangerous Drugs fine ranging from Equipment, and a fine
(Where quantity of Php300,000 to Instrument, ranging from
shabu, opium, Php400,000 Apparatus and Php10,000 to
morphine, heroin, Other Php50,0009
cocaine is less Paraphernalia for
than 5 grams) Dangerous Drugs
Section 5. Life Imprisonment .01 gram to .99 Section 12. 6 months and 1
Sale, Trading, etc. to Death and fine grams Possession of day to 4 years
of Dangerous ranging from (methamphetamine Equipment, and a fine
Drugs Php500,000 to hydrochloride Instrument, ranging from
(Methamphetamine Php10,000,000 or shabu only) Apparatus and Php10,000 to
hydrochloride or Other Php50,000 10
shabu only) Paraphernalia for
Dangerous Drugs

On May 17, 2018, the DOJ issued Regional Prosecution Office Order No. 027-E-1811 reiterating Department
Circular No. 061-17.

While petitioner was presenting its evidence on May 28, 2018, private respondent filed a plea bargaining
proposal12 to withdraw his earlier plea of not guilty in order to plead guilty to two (2) counts of Illegal Possession
of Drug paraphernalia under Section 12 of RA 9165, as amended by RA 10640.

Petitioner objected on ground that DOJ Circular No. 061-17,13 the prevailing circular at that time, proscribed plea
bargaining for the crime of Illegal Sale of Dangerous Drugs under Section 5 of RA 9165, as amended by RA
10640. The same circular decreed that plea bargaining should be done before the prosecution commenced its
presentation of evidence. Meanwhile, violation of Section 11 of the same law may be the subject of plea
bargaining to the lesser offense of illegal use of dangerous drugs.

Subsequently, on June 26, 2018, the DOJ issued Department Circular No. 027-18 or the "Amended Guidelines
on Plea Bargaining for Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the 'Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2000'" amending Department Circular No. 061-17 dated November 21, 2017. According to this department
circular, private respondent may only plead guilty to a lesser offense, as follows:

Offense charged in the Information Acceptable Plea Bargain

Section Penalty Section Penalty
Section 5 Sale, Life Imprisonment to Section 11, par. 3 12 yrs. & 1 day to 20
Trading, etc. of Death & Fine from Possession of yrs. and Fine from
Dangerous Drugs Php500k to Php10M Dangerous Drugs Php300k to Php400k
(Plea bargaining is
allowed only if the
drugs involved are
"shabu" and/or
marijuana and the
quantity of "shabu" is
less than 5 grams and
the quantity of
marijuana is less than
300 grams)
Section 11, par. 3 12 yrs. & 1 day to 20 Section 12 Possession 6 months & 1 day to 4
Possession of yrs. and Fine from of Equipment, years and a Fine
Dangerous Drugs Php300k to Php400k Apparatus & Other Ranging from Php10k
(Where quantity of Paraphernalia for to Php50k
"shabu", opium, Dangerous Drugs
morphine, heroin,
cocaine, et al. is less
than 5 grams;
marijuana is less than
300 grams)

The Trial Court's Ruling

By Resolution14 dated July 20, 2018, the trial court granted private respondent's plea bargaining proposal and
ordered his re-arraignment despite petitioner's objection, thus:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, Department of Justice (DOJ) Circular No. 061 dated [November] 21, 2017,
DOJ Circular No. 027 dated June 26,2018 and Regional Prosecution Office (RPO) Order No. 027-E-18 dated
May 17, 2018 are hereby DECLARED UNCONSTITUTIONAL AND INVALID for being in contravention to or
undermining the rule-making power of the SC, its Estipona Decision, its A.M. No. 18-03-16-SC Resolution
(Adopting the Plea Bargaining Framework in Drug Cases), and the equal protection clause in their (the said DOJ
issuances) application if not in their design. The defense Proposal for Plea Bargaining is ALLOWED over the
"vigorous" objection of the prosecution. RE-ARRAIGN the accused in accordance therewith at the next
scheduled hearing (on July 23).15

Too, the trial court motu proprio declared as unconstitutional DOJ Circular Nos. 061-17 and 027-18, and RPO
Order No. 027-E-18 (DOJ Issuances) on the following grounds:

First. These issuances were contrary to the landmark case of Estipona and A.M. No. 18-03-16-SC;

Second. The same effectively blocked the otherwise allowable plea bargains in numerous Section 5 cases
involving miniscule amounts of dangerous drugs;

Third. They encroach on the Supreme Court's rule-making power under Article VIII, Section 5(5)16 of the 1987
Constitution; and

Fourth. They undermine the state policy behind RA 9165 to balance repression and punishment on the one
hand, with treatment, rehabilitation, and reintegration on the other.

According to the trial court, since the opposition to private respondent's plea bargaining proposal was based on
the DOJ issuances that had already been declared unconstitutional, there was no more need to require the
prosecutor's consent thereto.

Petitioner's subsequent motion for reconsideration17 was denied under Resolution18 dated August 25, 2018.

Meantime, on July 23, 2018, private respondent was re-arraigned, during which he pleaded guilty to two (2)
counts of Illegal Possession of Drug Paraphernalia under Section 1219 of RA 9165, as amended by RA 10640.20

Thereafter, the trial court rendered a verdict of conviction per Judgment21 dated August 31, 2018, viz.:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, judgment is hereby rendered FINDING the accused NACI BORRAS y
LASCANO GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt:

[a] In Crim. Case No. 0358 as principal in the special offense of violation of R.A. 9165, Sec. 12 and is
SENTENCED to an indeterminate prison term of THREE (3) YEARS as minimum to FOUR (4) years as
maximum, and a FINE of THIRTY THOUSAND PESOS (P30,000.00); and

[b] In Crim. Case No. 0359 as principal in the special offense of violation of R.A. 9165, Sec. 12 and is
SENTENCED to an indeterminate prison term of TWO (2) years as minimum to THREE (3) YEARS as
maximum, and a FINE of TWENTY THOUSAND PESOS (P20,000.00).22

Proceedings before the Court of Appeals

On certiorari,23 petitioner charged the trial court with Grave Abuse of Discretion when it granted private
respondent's proposal to plead guilty to lesser offenses over the prosecution's vigorous objection. It insisted that
the prosecutor's consent in plea bargaining was a condition precedent to a valid plea of guilt to a lesser offense.
Too, the trial court gravely abused its discretion when it unilaterally voided the relevant DOJ issuances.

In his comment,24 private respondent supported the trial court's dispositions. He countered that the trial court was
authorized to overrule the prosecution's objections to a plea bargaining. At any rate, the trial court did not gravely
abuse its discretion when it declared the relevant DOJ issuances as unconstitutional. For one, the validity of
these DOJ issuances was already ripe for adjudication. For another, the trial court had locus standi to pass upon
the validity of the DOJ issuances because the same were of transcendental significance.

The Ruling of the Court of Appeals

Through its assailed Decision25 dated October 28, 2019, the Court of Appeals affirmed, with modification, viz.:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, the instant petition for certiorari is hereby DENIED. The Judgment dated
August 31, 2018 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 61, Naga City finding private respondent Naci Borras
y Lascano guilty of two (2) counts of violation of Section 12, Article II of RA No. 9165 and sentencing him to
suffer an indeterminate prison term of three (3) years, as minimum, to four (4) years, as maximum, and a fine of
P30,000.00 for the first count of illegal possession of drug paraphernalia; and, two (2) years, as minimum, to
three (3) years, as maximum, and a fine of P20,000.00 for the second count, is AFFIRMED with
MODIFICATION in that the portions of the Plea Bargaining Resolutions dated July 20, 2018 and August 25,
2018, respectively, which declared as unconstitutional the Department of Justice (DOJ) Circular Nos. 061 and
027 are DELETED.

SO ORDERED.26

Citing the Resolution dated April 2, 2019 in Re: Letter of Associate Justice Diosdado M. Peralta on the
Suggested Plea Bargaining Framework Submitted by the Philippine Judges Association, the Court of Appeals
held that judges may allow plea bargaining even over the prosecution's objection where the sole ground for the
objection was that it would weaken the government's campaign against illegal drugs. According to the Court of
Appeals, petitioner failed to allege, much less, prove that private respondent was a recidivist, habitual offender,
or known in the community as a drug addict and a troublemaker. There was also no showing that private
respondent had undergone rehabilitation. There was no reason, therefore, to deny respondent's plea bargain. At
any rate, the consent of the prosecutor is not required at all times.

The Court of Appeals, however, found that the trial court committed Grave Abuse of Discretion when it motu
proprio passed upon the constitutionality of the relevant DOJ issuances. For the issue of whether to grant the
plea bargaining may be resolved by simply applying A.M. No. 18-03-16-SC. Consequently, it deleted from the
trial court's ruling the pronouncement declaring the DOJ issuances unconstitutional.

The Present Petition

Petitioner27 now seeks affirmative relief from the Court. It insists that the prosecutor's consent must be secured
before an accused can validly plead guilty to a lesser offense. Meanwhile, it was error for the Court of Appeals to
have relied on this Court's Resolution dated April 2, 2019 in Re: Letter of Associate Justice Diosdado M. Peralta
on the Suggested Plea Bargaining Framework Submitted by the Philippine Judges Association in support of the
trial court's action which overruled the prosecution's objection to private respondent's plea bargaining proposal.
For one, the resolution cannot be applied retroactively to private respondent whose original plea was entered
way back in 2018. For another, the resolution does not at all totally dispense with the prosecutor's consent.

In his comment,28 private respondent defends the Court of Appeals' dispositions. He counters that neither the
consent of the prosecutor nor the consent of the offended party is indispensable to the validity of a plea to a
lesser offense. A contrary position would be tantamount to a surrender of the court's sole and supreme authority
to command the course of a case. Under A.M. No. 18-03-16-SC, judges may allow plea bargaining even over the
prosecution's objection. Since he was allowed to bargain under A.M. No. 18-03-16-SC, the prosecution had no
basis to oppose it.

Issue

Is the consent of the prosecutor indispensable to a valid plea bargain in drugs cases?

Our Ruling

The petition is meritorious.

Plea bargaining in criminal cases is a process where the accused and the prosecution work out a mutually
satisfactory disposition of the case subject to court approval. It usually involves the defendant pleading guilty to a
lesser offense or to only one or some of the counts of a multi-count indictment in return for a lighter sentence
than that for the graver charge.29 Section 2, Rule 116 of the Rules of Criminal Procedure provides:

SECTION 2. Plea of guilty to a lesser offense. — At arraignment, the accused, with the consent of the offended
party and the prosecutor, may be allowed by the trial court to plead guilty to a lesser offense which is necessarily
included in the offense charged. After arraignment but before trial, the accused may still be allowed to plead
guilty to said lesser offense after withdrawing his plea of not guilty. No amendment of the complaint or
information is necessary.30

The provision ordains that with the consent of the offended party and the prosecutor, plea bargaining to a lesser
offense which is necessarily included in the offense charged,31 may be allowed.

Contrary to the position taken by the trial court and the Court of Appeals, the conformity of the prosecutor to the
proposed plea bargaining in drugs cases is not optional, nay, to be disregarded. For the prosecutor has full
control of the prosecution of criminal actions; his duty is to always prosecute the proper offense, not any lesser or
graver one, based on what the evidence on hand can sustain.32 As guardian of the rights of the people, the State
files the criminal action in the name of the People of the Philippines. The prosecutor who represents the
government is duty bound to defend the public interests, threatened by crime, to the point that it is as though he
or she were the person directly injured by the offense. Viewed in this light, the consent of the offended
party, i.e. the State, will have to be secured from the prosecutor who acts on its behalf.33

As early as the 1992 case of People v. Villarama, Jr.,34 the Court already clarified that the acceptance of an offer
to plead guilty to a lesser offense is not demandable by the accused as a matter of right but is a matter that is
addressed entirely to the trial court's sound discretion. The Court ratiocinated:
Ꮮαwρhi৷

x x x x Section 2, Rule 116 is clear. The consent of both the Fiscal and the offended party is a condition
precedent to a valid plea of guilty to a lesser offense. The reason for this is obvious. The Fiscal has full control of
the prosecution of criminal actions. Consequently, it is his duty to always prosecute the proper offense, not any
lesser or graver one, when the evidence in his hands can only sustain the former.

It would not also be correct to state that there is no offended party in crimes under RA 6425 as amended. While
the acts constituting the crimes are not wrong in themselves, they are made so by law because they infringe
upon the rights of others. The threat posed by drugs against human dignity and the integrity of society is
malevolent and incessant. Such pernicious effect is felt not only by the addicts themselves but also by their
families. As a result, society's survival is endangered because its basic unit, the family, is the ultimate victim of
the drug menace. The state is, therefore, the offended party in this case.

The same doctrine was reiterated in the recent case of Sayre v. Xenos,35 where the Court emphasized that a
plea bargain still requires mutual agreement of the parties and remains subject to the approval of the court. The
acceptance of an offer to plead guilty to a lesser offense is not demandable by the accused as a matter of right
but is a matter addressed entirely to the sound discretion of the trial court.

Verily, the trial court here acted with grave abuse of discretion when it disregarded the prosecutor’s vigorous
objection to private respondent's plea bargaining proposal. In view of the parties' failure to strike a mutual
agreement on the matter, the trial court should have ordered the continuation of the proceedings instead of
rendering a verdict of conviction based on private respondent's invalid pleas of guilty to two (2) counts of Illegal
Possession of Drug Paraphernalia.

Considering the foregoing irregularity, the Court is constrained to declare as invalid both pleas of private
respondent and the consequent verdict of conviction and reinstate the charges against private respondent for
violations of Sections 5 and 11 of RA 9165, as amended by RA 10640.

Section 7, Rule 11736 of the Rules on Criminal Procedure is clear. The conviction of the accused shall not be a
bar to another prosecution for an offense which necessarily includes the offense charged in the former complaint
or information if the plea of guilty to the lesser offense was made without the consent of the prosecutor and of the
offended party.

In closing, to dispel any lingering doubts on the validity of DOJ Department Circular No. 027-18 which
superseded Department Circular No. 061-17, the Court takes this opportunity to reiterate Sayre:37

x x x x DOJ Circular No. 27 did not repeal, alter, or modify the Plea Bargaining Framework in A.M. No. 18-03-16-
SC.

Therefore, the DOJ Circular No. 27 provision pertaining to acceptable plea bargain for Section 5 of R.A. 9165 did
not violate the rule-making authority of the Court. DOJ Circular No. 27 merely serves as an internal guideline for
prosecutors to observe before they may give their consent to proposed plea bargains.

So must it be.

ACCORDINGLY, the petition is GRANTED. The Decision38 of the Court of Appeals dated October 28, 2019 in
CA-G.R. SP No. 159780 is REVERSED and SET ASIDE. The twin pleas of "guilty" entered by Naci
Borras y Lascano to two (2) counts of Illegal Possession of Drug Paraphernalia under Section 12 of RA 9165, as
amended by RA 10640, and the Decision dated August 3 1, 2018 of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 61, Naga
City in Criminal Case Nos. 2017-0358 and 2017-0359 are INVALIDATED. The cases are REMANDED to the
Regional Trial Court, Branch 61, Naga City for resumption of the proceedings on the original charges of
violations of Sections 5 and 11 of RA 9165, as amended by RA 10640.

SO ORDERED.

Perlas-Bernabe, S.A.J., (Chairperson), Gesmundo, Lopez, and Rosario, JJ., concur.

Footnotes
1
Penned by Associate Justice Ramon R. Garcia and concurred in by Associate Justices Victoria Isabel A.
Paredes and Tita Marilyn B. Payoyo-Villordon, all members of the Eight Division, rollo, pp. 37-51.
2
Id. at 38.
3
816 Phil. 789, 817 (2017).
4
Section 23. Plea-Bargaining Provision.-Any person charged under any provision of this Act regardless of
the imposable penalty shall not be allowed to avail of the provision on plea-bargaining. (Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, Republic Act No. 9165, .June 7, 2002).
5
Section 5. The Supreme Court shall have the following powers: xxxx (5) Promulgate rules concerning the
protection and enforcement of constitutional rights, pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts, the
admission to the practice of law, the Integrated Bar, and legal assistance to the underprivileged. Such rules
shall provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure for the speedy disposition of cases, shall be uniform
for all courts of the same grade, and shall not diminish, increase, or modify substantive rights. Rules of
procedure of special courts and quasi-judicial bodies shall remain effective unless disapproved by the
Supreme Court. (The 1987 Constitution, February 2, 1987)
6
DOJ Department Circular No. 061-17, November 21, 2017.
7
A.M. No. 18-03-16-SC, April 10, 2018.
8
In all instances, whether or not the maximum period of the penalty imposed is already served, drug
dependency test shall be required. If accused admits drug use, or denies it but is found positive after drug
dependency test, he/she shall undergo treatment and rehabilitation for a period of not less than 6 months.
Said period shall be credited to his/her penalty and the period of his after-care and follow-up program if
penalty is still unserved. If accused is found negative for drug use/dependency, he/she will be released on
time served, otherwise, he/she will serve his sentence in jail min us the counseling period at rehabilitation
center. However, if accused applies for probation in offenses punishable under RA No. 9165, other than for
Illegal Drug Trafficking or pushing under Section 5 in relation to Sec. 24 thereof, then the law on probation
shall apply.
9
The court is given the discretion to impose a minimum period and a maximum period to be taken from the
range of the penalty provided by law. A straight penalty within the range of 6 months and 1 day to 1 year
may likewise be imposed.
10
The court is given the discretion to impose a minimum period and a maximum period to be taken from
the range of the penalty provided by law. A straight penalty within the range of 6 months and 1 day to 1
year may likewise be imposed.
11
Not part of the records.
12
Rollo, pp. 52.
13
"Guidelines on Plea Bargaining Agreement for RA No. 9165 Otherwise Known as the "Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2000," DOJ Department Circular No. 061-17, November 21, 2017.
14
Rollo, pp. 5-59
12
Id. at 59.
16
Promulgate rules concerning the protection and enforcement of constitutional rights, pleading, practice,
and procedure in all courts, the admission to the practice of law, the Integrated Bar, and legal assistance to
the underprivileged. Such rules shall provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure for the speedy
disposition of cases, shall be uniform for all courts of the same grade, and shall not diminish, increase, or
modify substantive rights. Rules of procedure of special courts and quasi-judicial bodies shall remain
effective unless disapproved by the Supreme Court. (The 1987 Constitution, February 2, 1987)
17
Rollo, pp. 61-69.
18
Rollo, pp. 70-75.
19
Section 12. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous
Drugs.- The penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) months and one (1) day to four (4) years and a
fine ranging from Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) shall be
imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall possess or have under his/her control any
equipment, instrument apparatus and other paraphernalia fit or intended for smoking, consuming,
administering, injecting, ingesting, or introducing any dangerous drug into the body: Provided, That in the
case of medical practitioners and various professionals who are required to carry such equipment,
instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia in the practice of their profession, the Board shall prescribe
the necessary implementing guidelines thereof.

The possession of such equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia fit or intended for
any of the purposes enumerated in the preceding paragraph shall be prima facie evidence that the
possessor has smoked, consumed, administered to himself/herself, injected, ingested or used a
dangerous drug and shall be presumed to have violated Section 15 of this Act. (Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, Republic Act No. 9165, June 7, 2002)
20
Rollo, p. 44.
21
Id at 76-77.
22
Id. at 75.
23
Id. at 78-98.
24
Id. at 102-116.
25
Id. at 37-51.
26
Id. at 50.
27
Id. at 10-28.
28
Id. at 124-138.
29
See People v. Villarama, Jr., 285 Phil. 723, 730 (1992).
30
Rules of Court, July 1, 1997.
31
See Daan v. Sandiganbayan, 573 Phil. 368, 376 (2008).
32
Supra note 3 at 815.
33
Supra note 29 at 732.
34
Id. at 730.
35
G.R. Nos. 244413 & 244415-16, February 18, 2020.
36
Section 7. Former conviction or acquittal; double jeopardy. — When an accused has been convicted or
acquitted, or the case against him dismissed or otherwise terminated without his express consent by a
court of competent jurisdiction, upon a valid complaint or information or other formal charge sufficient in
form and substance to sustain a conviction and after the accused had pleaded to the charge, the
conviction or acquittal of the accused or the dismissal of the case shall be a bar to another prosecution for
the offense charged, or for any attempt to commit the same or frustration thereof, or for any offense which
necessarily includes or is necessarily included in the offense charged in the former complaint or
information.

However, the conviction of the accused shall not be a bar to another prosecution for an offense
which necessarily includes the offense charged in the former complaint or information under any of
the following instances:

(a) the graver offense developed due to supervening facts arising from the same act or
omission constituting the former charge;

(b) the facts constituting the graver charge became known or were discovered only after a
plea was entered in the former complaint or information; or

(c) the plea of guilty to the lesser offense was made without the consent of the prosecutor and
of the offended party except as provided in section 1 (f) of Rule 116.

In any of the foregoing cases, where the accused satisfies or serves in whole or in part the
judgment, he shall be credited with the same in the event of conviction for the graver offense. (7a)
37
See note 34.
38
Rollo, pp. 37-51.

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