CHAPTER # 07

PROTOCTISTS AND FUNGI

Introduction:
1. Kingdom Protoctista is considered an unnatural group, because it contains eurkaryotes similar to
the ancestors of modern plants, animals and fungi.
2. The protoctists are usually unicellular organisms and are grouped according to their mode of
nutrition.
3. They include heterotrophic protozoa, photosynthetic algae and fungi like slime molds and water
molds.

Diversity:
Protoctista is considered a polyphyletic group of organisms as they do not share a single common
ancestor. It is divided into following three groups.
1. Plant-like Protoctista (Algae)
2. Fungi-like Protoctista (Oomycota)
3. Animal-like Protoctista (Protozoa)

Plant-Like Protoctista: (Algae)

1. This group includes algae, which are responsible for most of the photosynthesis performed on the
earth.
2. They were previously regarded as plant due to the presence of cell wall and chlorophyll-b, but
they differ from plants as they are aquatic whereas plants are near all terrestrial.
3. Algae range from unicellular to filamentous and to huge multicellular structures.
4. They also contain other pigments like carotenoids, xanthophylls and phycoerythrins.
5. Reproduction in algae occurs in both asexual and sexual forms. Asexual reproduction occurs by
spore formation.
6. Algae are free-living, although some can form a symbiotic relationship with other organisms.

The scientific study of algae is called Phycology. They are further classified into following groups:

1. Rhodophyta (Red algae): It is a distinctive species found in marine as well as freshwater

ecosystems. The pigments phycocyanin and phycoerythrin are responsible for the characteristic red
colouration of the algae. Other pigments that provide green colouration (such as chlorophyll a) are
present. However, they lack chlorophyll b or beta-carotene.
Example: Porphyra

2. Chlorophyta (Green algae): Green algae have chlorophylls a and b and store starch as a food
reserve inside their plastids.
Example: Chlamydomones, ulva, volvox

3. Phaeophta (Brown algae): Phaeophyta are greenish-brown colored algae that

contain fucoxanthin, beta-carotene and chlorophyll a and c.
Example: Fucus, Laminaria

Ulva:
It is a marine alga commonly known as sea lettuce.

Habitat:
It is found growing along the coasts of between high and low tides.

Structures:
1. It has a leafy body called thallus, which is only two cells thick and has a shape of a wrinkled
blade.
2. It is attached to the rocks in the sea by means of a structure called hold fast, which consists of
long thread like cells.
3. Ulva has two types of thallus.
a. Sporophyte: It has 26 chromosomes.
b. Gametophye: It has 13 chromosomes
4. Ulva is isomorphic and both gametophyte and sporophyte are similar in appearance

Production:
1. The life cycle of ulva has two distinct generations called gametophyte and sporophyte
2. Ulva reproduces sexually as well as asexually.

a. Asexual Reproduciton:
i. It takes place in the diploid sporophyte with 26 chromosomes by formation of quadri-
flagellate spores.
ii. These spores are formed by meiosis in all the cells of thallus except basal cells.
iii. A single cell divides to form eight-sixteen haploid zoospores.
iv. The zoospore production continues until all the cells are used and thallus is reduced to a
mass of empty cell walls.
v. These zoospores are set free when the plant is re-flooded by an incoming tide.
vi. They swim for some time and then lose their flagella and grow into new Ulva plants.

b. Sexual Reproduction:
i. It is isogamous and the gametes are similar
ii. The gametes are biflagellate and produced in haploid gametophytes with 13
chromosomes.
iii. These gametes are smaller than the zoospores.
iv. The fusion takes place only between two haploid gametes produced by different plants.
v. The fusion results in the formation of a qaudri-flagella diploid zygote.
vi. It swims for some time, loses its flagella and secretes a wall around it
vii. After repeated divisions zygote develops into another sporophyte
viii. Sporophyte and Gamelophyte are similar to each other and only differ in the number of
chromosomes and mode of reproduction.

Alternation of Generation:
1. There is a distinct and regular isomorphic alternation of generation in the life cycle of Ulva and
the haploid gametophyte alternates with diploid sporophyte
2. Sporophyte and Gametophyte are similar to each other and only differ in the number of
chromosomes and mode of reproduction
3. The diploid sporophyte reproduces by means of zoospore formation by meiosis, which grow to
form haploid gametophytes
4. The haploid gametophytes reproduce by means of gamete formation by meiosis, which fuse with
each other to form diploid sporophyte
Fungi like Protoctista:
The organisms, which are non-photosynthetic and feed on decaying matter, and resemble fungi because
of thread like bodies constitutes fungi like Protoctista. They are different from fungi as
1. Their cell wall is usually made up of cellulose, while fungal cell wall is composed of chitin
2. Many of them have centrioles, which are not present in fungi
Two major groups of fungi like protoctisra are

Slime Mold:
1. Slime molds are important heterotrophs and help in the decomposition of dead organic matter in
temperate and tropical forests.
2. They exists in two separate structures
a. Amoeboid/Plasmodium Stage:
i. It is also known as plasmodium stage and may be several square centimeters in size.
ii. During amoeboid stage, some species of slime molds are slimy creeping yellow
masses.
iii. It looks like a giant amoeba, flowing over surface and ingesting microorganisms and
organic matter.
iv. It usually move towards the food and moisture
v. The plasmodium consists of cytoplasm and numerous diploid nuclei, food vacuole,
and undigested food particles.
vi. In dry, often warn environment a metamorphosis takes place and the plasmodium
changes into clusters of fruiting bodies.
b. Fruiting Bodies:
i. Fruiting bodies may look like small golf balls, feathers or worms and are of various
shapes and colors, depending upon the species.
ii. They produce spores of reproduction.

Reproduction:
Asexual Reproduction:
i. Fruiting bodies produce a large number of microscopic spores.
ii. Each spore has a single haploid nucleus and a thick, protective wall
iii. It may remain inactive for a long time, or may germinate soon after it is shed from the
fruiting body
iv. Germination of the spore occurs when there is plenty of water with a suitable temperature and
produces one or more tiny cells.
v. Each cell has a pair of flagella that propel it through the film of water.

Sexual Reproduction:
i. The flagellated cells produced by spores may function as identical gametes and fuse in pairs.
ii. Cells resulting from fusion of gametes become amoeboid and form a new plasmodium that
becomes multinucleated through further division of the nucleus.
iii. Sometimes, multinucleated condition also results from the fusion of many individual
amoeboid cells, which then lose their separate identity.

Mixed Characters of Animals and Plants:

Slime mold shows mixed characters as
i. The plasmodium stage shows slime mold as an animal
ii. Fruiting bodies and spores resemble plants

Water Mold (Oomycota)

 i. Oomycota means, “egg fungi” as these organisms produce large round Oogonia, containing
female gametes.
ii. Its example is phytopthora infestans, which causes Late blight of potato.

Structure of Mycelium:
i. The mycelium consists of hyphae, which are branched, aseptate, coenocytic, hyaline and
nodulated thread like structure.
ii. They produce rounded or branched haustoria, which absorb food material from the host cells.

Reproduction:
The reproduction takes place by means of asexual and sexual methods.

1. Asexual Reproduction:
a. Asexual reproduction takes place by means of biflagellated zoospores produced inside the
sporangia.
b. In favorable conditions the sporangia are produced on the branches called sporangiophores
coming out through the stomata of the lower surface of the incleated leaves.
c. On maturation the sporangia are detached and leaves the sporangiphores.
d. The sporangia burst and oospores liberate in the film of water, swim for sometimes and
become cncystcd.
e. In favorable conditions, the cyst germinates and produces a germ tube, which enters into the
leaves through stomata and develop into new mycelium
Animal like Protoctists:
Protozoa:
Introduction:
1. Protozoans are unicellular organisms
2. They are usually solitary but may be colonial
3. They usually have a single nucleus but some are multinucleated.
4. Protozoa are primarily aquatic, some are parasitic and live as internal or external parasites.
5. About 30,000 species of protozoa are divided into five classes, which differ in their means of
locomotion.
a. Class Flagellata (Mastigophora)
b. Class Sarcodina (Rhizopoda)
c. Class Ciliata (Ciliophora)
d. Class Suctoria
e. Class Sporozoa
1. Class Flagellata (Mastigophora):
a. They are called flagellates because they have one or more flagella as locomotory organs.
b. Many flagellates are photosynthesis and resembles plants
c. The flagellates are considered to be the basic stock, which gave rise to other protozoa and
higher plants and animals.
d. Example: Trypanosoma, Euglena.

2. Class Sarcodina (Rhizopoda):

a. Rhizopods do not have specific organelles for locomotion and they extend cytoplasmic
projections called pseudopodia for amoeboid locomotion.
b. Some parasitic protozoa such as Entamoeba histolytica cause human dysentery.
c. They are important in investigating petroleum deposits as sarcodinians have deposited
billions of skeletons in the form of layers at the bottom of the sea such as Radiolarian ooze
and Globergina ooze, which gave clues about oil deposists and are studied by oil prospectors.
d. Example: Amoeba, Entamoeba
 3. Class Ciliata (Cilophora):
a. These protozoans use cilia for locomotion
b. These protozoa have two nuclei called micro and macro nuclei
c. Many ciliates have a groove or depression called a gullet through which food can be brought
inside the body by a process of engulfing
d. Reproducing is asexual, but conjugation occurs between some ciliates.
e. Example: Balanlidium, Opalina and Paramecium.

4. Class Suctoria:
a. Mature suctoria are sessile but young individuals have cilia and they can swim, later they
develop a stalk and attach to the substrate.
b. They also have both a macronucleus and a micronucleus.
c. The body contains cytoplasmic tentacles, which secrete a toxic material to paralyze the prey.
Some tentacle are pointed and pierce their prey, and some have rounded tips with adhesive
knobs to catch and hold it.
d. Reproduction is asexual by budding.
e. Suctorians are closely related to ciliates and appear to have been derived from them in
evolution.
f. Example is Acineta.

5. Class Sporozoa:
a. Sporozoans do not have any locomotory organs.
b. They are mostly parasitic protozoa, and cause serious disease in aniamls such as malaria and
poultry scuh as Coccidiasis.
c. They do not contain contractile vacuole
d. Most sporozoans live as intracellular parasites in the host cells during the growth phase of
their life cycle and absorb nutrients through their cell membrane.
e. Example: Plasmodium, which causes malaria and monocystis, which lives in the seminal
vesicles of earthworm.

Importance of Protoctista:

 Protists serve as the foundation of the food chain.

 Protists are symbionts – having a close relationship between two species in which, one is
benefited.
 Some protists also produce oxygen and may be used to produce biofuel.
 Protists are the primary sources of food for many animals.
 In some rare cases, Protists are harvested by humans for food and other industrial applications.
 Phytoplankton is one of the sole food sources for whales
 Seaweed is an alga, which is considered a plant-like protist.
 Zooplankton is fed on by various sea creatures including shrimp and larval crabs.
Fungi:
Fungi are group of heterotrophic, non-chlorophyllous organisms, which have a thread like, coenocytic
body called mycelium with a cell wall
1. They have cell wall
2. They lack centrioles
3. They are non-motile
They resembles animals as
1. They are heterotrophic
2. They contain chitin in their cell wall instead of cellulose.
They have characteristics mitosis called nuclear mitosis during which nuclear membrane does not break
and spindle is formed within the nucleus. They are the principal decomposers of cellulose and lignin as
most bacteria cannot break them.

Structure:
1. Fungal body called mycelium consists of long, tubular filaments called hyphae, which spread
extensively and provide a large surface area for absorption. They are of two types.

a. Septate Hyphae:
They are divided into individual cells containing one or more nuclei by septa. Septa may have
a pore for the flow of cytoplasm between the cells.

b. Coenocytic /Non-Septate Hyphae:

Non-septate hyphae are not divided and are in the form of an elongated multinucleated mass.
2. Hyphae may be organized to form complex reproductive structures such as mushrooms, puff balls
and morels.
3. All fungal nuclei are haploid except for the diploid zygote that forms during sexual reproduction.

Life cycle of Mucor (zygomycota):

Occurrence and Habitat:

Mucor is the most common of Saprophytic fungi called “molds”. It can be prepared by keeping damp cow
or horse dung under a bell jar for few days. It is very widely distributed in the humus of soil and it emits a
“musty or moldy” smell.
Structure:
 Mycelium: It consists of long, aseptale coenocytic hyphae.

Diversity among Fungi:

There are four major divisions of Fungi on the basis of sexual reproduction or sexual spores:
1. Division Zygomycota
2. Division Basidiomycota
3. Division Ascomycota
4. Division Deutromycota

1. Division Zygomycota:
 They are commonly called zygote fungi
 They produce sexual spores in zygospore
 Mycelium are made up of non-septate hyphae i.e. Coenocytic.
 Asexual reproduction takes place by sporangiospores and fragmentation
 Proper gametangia do not developed
 Sexual reproduction takes place by conjugation
 Secondary mycelium or fruiting body do not developed
 No fruiting body
 As a result of karyogamy diploid zygotes are formed in a resistant body called zygospore which
is formed as a result of conjugation
 The dormant zygospore develop into promycelium which contain sporangium
 Example: poread mold mucor

2. Division Basidiomycota:
 They are commonly called Club fungi
 They produce sexual spores in basidium and spores are called basidiospores.
 They have septate hyphae
 Asexual reproduction takes place conidiospores and fragmentation
 Proper gametangia developed.
 Male gametangia are antheridia while female gametangium are oogonia
 Sexual reproduction takes place by plasmogamy and karyogamy
 After plasmogamy, each dikaryotic cell divides to form a hyphae which develop into secondary
mycelium or fruiting called basidiocarp.
 Only one type of fruiting body
 Some cells of fruiting body perform karyogamy and develop into diploid cells which enlarge to
form basidium
 Each basidium produce four finger like protection called strigmeta which produce four
basidiospore.
 Example: mushroom, toad stool, bracket fungi, puff balls, button mushroom

3. Division Ascomycota:
 They are commonly called sac fungi.
 Produce sexual spores in ascus called ascospores.
 They have septate hyphae
 Asexual reproduction takes place conidiospores fragmentation and budding
 Proper gametangia develops
 Male gametangia are antheridia while female gametangium ascogonia have beak like structure
called trichogyne.
 Sexual reproduction takes place by plasmogamy and karyogamy
 After plasmogamy each dikaryotic cell divides to form a hyphae which develops into fruiting
body called ascocarp.
 Three types of fruiting bodies are formed i.e. cleistothecium, apothecium and perithecium
 Some cells of fruiting body perform karyogamy and develops into diploid cells, enlarge to form
ascus.
 Each ascus produce eight ascospore first meiotic and mitotic cell division occur.
 Example: yeast, mildew, cup fungi, traffles, important cellulose degrades of ecosystem

4. Division Deutromycota:
 Commonly called fungi imperfecti.
 Fail to produce sexual spores therefore called fungi imperfecti.
 Either septate or non-septate hyphae
 Asexual reproduction takes place by conidiospores or sporangiospores and fragmentation
  No gametangia, no sexual reproduction, no fruiting body and no karyogamy.
 Only gametic recombination takes place as sexual reproduction
 Example: Penicillium notatum different sp. Of aspergillus

Economic Importance:
Useful Fungi

1. Food:
a. Edible fungi are source of nourishment and are grown in many places.
b. Yeasts are used in the baking industry
c. Some of them are used in brewing and in cheese and organic acid producing industries.
d. Aspergillus oryzae used to make soy sauce.
e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae used to maked wines, beer and bread.

2. Medicine:
Fungi produce antibiotics like penicillin, chloromycetin, terramycin and neomycin

3. Soil-Fertility:
Some fungi such as Mycorrhizal fungi maintain soil fertility by decomposing the dead organic
matter such as

Harmful Fungi:

1. Food Spoilage:
Fungi cause damage to food materials on a very large extent

2. Human-Disease:
Fungi cause many disease in human beings such as aspergillosis in ear and lungs, moniliasis in
skin, mouth and gums

3. Agricultural Wastage:
Fungi destroy many crops, fruits, ornaments and other plants. Some of the disease are loose-smut
of wheat, late blight of potato, downy and powdery mildews.

4. Spoilage of Material:
Many fungi spoil leather-goods, wool, books, timber and cotton.

5. Decomposers:
Fungi release enzymes that decompose dead plants and animals, after that they consume nutrients
from that decaying material.

6. Antibiotics:
Apart from penicillin, many other antibiotics have been produced from fungi like, chloromycetin,
neomycin terraymycin etc which are used in the treatment of diphtheria, pneumonia, meningitis

Economic Looses Due to Fungi:

Loss of Plants:
1. Fungi are responsible for many serious plant diseases because they produce several enzymes that
can breakdown cellulose, lignin and even cutin.
 2. These cause extensive damage due to rusts and smuts of wheat, corn and rice, powdery mildew
on grapes, rose and wheat, ergot of rye, red rot of sugar cane, potato wilt, cotton root rot, apple
scab and brown rot of peaches, plums, apricots and cherries are some other common plant
diseases caused by fungi.

Loss in Animals:
1. Fungi also cause certain animals diseases such as
a. Imperfect fungi cause ring worm and athlete’s foot on skin
b. Candida albicans causes oral and vaginal thrush
c. Histoplasma causes histolpismosis, which primary affects the lungs but can spread to other
organs and can be fatal.
d. Aspergillus fumigatus causes aspergillosis in immunosuppressed patients having a disease
such as AIDS
e. Aspergillus flavus produce carcinogenic mycotoxins called aflatoxins. It contaminates
improperly stored grains such as peanuts and corn.

Biological control:

 Fungi are also used to control weeds and pests, they predator fungi reduce the severity of plant
diseases caused by nematodes.

Fungi and Biotechnology:

 Fungi are used in the field of biotechnology to produce different biochemical.

 Many fungi convert the low value waste into useful compounds such as vitamins, hormones and
antibiotics.

Genetic Research:

 Most of the fungi are used in genetic research, such as Neurospora (orange bread mold) and
yeasts are so important for genetic recombination and gene regulation.

Fungal mutualism:

 Fungi have several mutualistic relationships with other organisms. In mutualism, both organisms
benefit from the relationship.

Lichens:
 Lichens are symbiotic association between certain fungi and photo-autotrophs.
 Fungi are mostly Ascomycetes, imperfect fungi, as Basidiomycetes and photo autotrophs are
either green algae or a cyanobacteria.
 Both fungus, and algal components are present within the hyphae of lichen.
 Fungus protects that algal partner from strong light and desiccation and itself gets food through
the alga
 Lichens can grow at places where neither of the components can survive alone
They vary in color, shape, appearance and form
They are ecologically very important as bio-indicators of air pollution.

Mycorrhizae:
 Mycorrihizae are mutualistic association between certain fungi and roots of vascular plants.
 The fungal hyphae and help in the direct absorption of phosphorous, zinc, copper and other
nutrients.
 The plants, which form these association, grow better than other plants.
 There are two main types of mycorrhizae.
 Endomycorrhizae are the associations in which the fungal hyphae penetrate the outer cells of the
plant root. They form coils, swellings and minute branches, and extend out into surrounding soil.
 Ectomycorrhizae are the association, in which the hyphae surround and extend between the cells
but do not penetrate the cell walls of roots. These are mostly found in pines.
CHAPTER #07 PROTOCTISTS & FUNGI

FOR BOTANY PAPER

1. The most controversial and un-natural group of living organism is ______
a) Protoctisa b) prokaryptae c) fungi d) plantae

2. Biologists regard protoctists polyphyletic organisms because

a) They all share common ancestor
b) They share different ancestots
c) They possess different characters
d) None

3. Not included in Kingdom Protoctists

a) Algae b) oomycota c) protozoa d) yeast

4. The word ‘Algin’ means ______

a) Sea-lettuce b) sea weeds c) sea horse d) sea algae

5. Can be used as differentiating point between plants and algae

a) Cell wall b) habitat c) protection of zygote by the parental body
d) both b and c

6. Protoctists are grouped on the basis of _______

a) Level of organization b) mode of nutrition c) mode of locomotion d) mode of
gaseous exchange

7. Basis for algal classification

a) Cell wall composition b) cell membrane composition c) pigment composition d)
cytoplasmic composition

8. Not related to algae

a) Chlorophyllous b) cell wall c) aquatic mode of life d)
protected zygote

9. Not true about Chlorella

a) Cup-shaped chloroplast
b) Fresh water unicellular alga
c) It produces an antibiotic chlorellin
d) Reproductive through gametes

10. ________ is commonly known as sea-lettuce

a) Chlorella b) ulva c) oomycota d) spirogyra

11. The body of ulva is called thalamus which is about ______cm long
a) 20 b) 30 c) 40 d) 10

12. The thallus of ulva is about ______ cells in diameter

a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5

13. The thallus of ulva with 26 chromosomes is called

a) Gametophyte b) sporangium c) sporophyte d) gametangium
14. The thallus of ulva with 13 chromosomes is called
a) Gametophyte b) sporangium c) sporophyte d) gametangium

15. Alternation of generation in Ulva is called _______

a) Heteromorphic b) isomorphic c) polymorphic d) dim, orphic

16. Way of reproduction in ulva ___

a) Sexual b) asexual c) sexual and asexual both d) neither
sexual nor asexual

17. _______ reproduces asexually in case of ulva

a) A thallus with haploid number of chromosomes
b) A thallus with 13 chromosomes c) sporophyte d) gametophyte

18. _______ reproduces sexually in case of ulva

a) A thallus with haploid number of chromosomes
b) A thallus with 13 chromosomes c) sporophyte d) gametophyte

19. ________are formed during asexual reproduction in ulva

a) Quadri-flagellated diploid zoospores
b) Quadri-flagellated haploid zoospores
c) Bi-flagellated diploid zoospores
d) Bi-flagellated haploid zoospores

20. Sexual reproduction in ulva is _______

a) Heterogamous b) monogamous c) oogamous d) isogamous

21. Gametes formed by ulva are ____

a) Diploid and bi-flagellated b) diploid and uni-flagellated c) haploid and bi-flagellated

d) Haploid and uni-flagellated

22. Animal like feature of Euglena

a) Chloroplast b) pyrenoid c) starch granules d) eye spot

23. Differential point between fungi and fungi like protoctists is

a) Cell wall b) hyphae c) centriole d) non-chlorophyllous

24. Not true about the Plasmodium stage of slime molds

a) Motile b) cytoplasm with many diploid nuclei c) seen in favorable conditions
d) having flagella

25. Fruiting bodies produce _____ for asexual reproduction

a) Gametes b) sporangia c) gametangia d) spores

26. Not related with the structure of Mycelium of Phytopthora infestans

a) Branched and aseptate b) coenocytic and nodulated c) having haustoria d)
hyaline e) none

27. Phytopthora infestans reproduces through _________reproduction

 a) Sexual b) asexual c) both a and b d) none

28. Reproduction in Phytopthora infestans is _______

a) Isogamous b) oogamous c) heterogamous d) monogamous

29. Late blight of potato is caused by _______

a) Candida albicans b) phytopthora infestans c) virus d)
pneumococcus

30. In chlorella, the chloroplast is

a) Cup-shaped b) bane-shaped c) spiral shaped d) none

31. Euglena is
a) Non-flagellated b) uni-flagellated c) bi-flagellated d) multi-
flagellated

32. Ulva is found in

a) Fresh water b) marine water c) brackish water d) sandy soil

FOR ZOOLOGY PAPER

33. Malaria is caused by ________

a) Male anopheles mosquito b) female anopheles mosquito c) plasmodium
d) All

34. Plasmodium belongs to

a) Monera b) protoctista c) fungi d) none

35. Trypanosome belongs to the class

a) Flagella b) sarcodina c) ciliate d) suctoria

36. Euglena swims by means of

a) Flagellum b) cilia c) pseudopodia d) none

37. The sexual life cycle of plasmodium is completed in ______

a) Man b) male anopheles mosquito c) female anopheles mosquito d)
primary host

38. Suctorians are closely related to _______

a) Flagellate b) sarcodian c) ciliate d) suctoria

39. ________ lives in the seminal vesicles of Earthworm

a) Acineta b) monocystis c) plasmodium d) trypanosome

40. Phylum protozoa has ______classes

a) 4 b) 5 c) 6 d) 3

41. About 30,000 species of phylum protozoa are classified on the basis of ______
a) Nutrition b) locomotion c) gaseous exchange d) reproduction

42. Pseudopodia are found in ________

 a) Flagellate b) sarcodina c) ciliate d) suctoria

43. Flagella are found in ________

a) Mastigophora b) sarcodina c) ciliate d) suctoria

44. On the bottom of the sea, Oozes are formed by ________

a) Mastigophora b) sarcodina c) ciliate d) suctoria

45. ____________ is/are bi-nucleated

a) Ciliophora b) suctoria c) flagellate d) both a and b

46. Coccidiasis in Poultry is caused by _______

a) Flagellate b) sarcodina c) sporozoa d) suctoria

47. Formation of plasmodial sperms and ova is consequences of ________

a) Gamogony b) schizogony c) gametogony d) sporogony

48. Plasmodium completes in Schizogony in ______

a) Man b) mosquito c) sheep d) none

49. Infective stage of plasmodium in the salivary gland of female Anopheles mosquito
a) Cryptozoite b) sporozoite c) trophozoite d) merozoite

50. Asexual reproduction of Plasmodium is also called as _________

a) Gamogony b) schizogony c) gametogony d) sporogony

51. The time taken by the parasite before it appears in the blood is called _______
a) Refractory period b) relative refractory period c) incubation period d) none

ANSWERS
1. A 11. B 21. C 31. C 41. B
2. B 12. A 22. D 32. A 42. B
3. D 13. C 23. C 33. C 43. A
4. B 14. A 24. D 34. D 44. B
5. D 15. B 25. D 35. A 45. D
6. B 16. C 26. E 36. A 46. C
7. C 17. C 27. C 37. C 47. C
8. D 18. D 28. B 38. C 48. A
9. D 19. B 29. B 39. B 49. B
10. B 20. D 30. A 40. B 50. B
51. C

THE KINGDOM FUNGI

1. The sexual process in which somatic cells fuse together is called

a) Plasmogamy b) karyogamy c) somatogamy d) syngamy

2. Like bacteria, soil fungi are the best

a) Consumers b) producers c) decomposers d) predators

3. The fermentation of soya sauce is done by the species of

 a) Penicillium b) aspergillus c) yeast d) neurospora

4. Mucor belongs to
a) Zygomycota b) Ascomycota c) basidiomycota d)
deuteromycota

5. The zygote nucleus of fungi divides through ______

a) Mitosis b) meiosis c) amitosis d) none

6. Karyogamy in Ascomycota takes place in ______

a) Dikaryotic hyphae b) ascus c) sterigmata d) monokaryotic,
hyphae

7. Each ascus produce ________haploid ascospores

a) 4 b) 8 c) 6 d) 12

8. Lichen – photautotrophs = _______

a) Alga b) mycorrhizae c) ectomycorrhizae d) fungi

9. Not related to fungi

a) Mycelium b) non-chlorophyllous c) coenocytic d) cell wall

10. Mitosis in case of fungi is called _____

a) Cytoplasmic mitosis b) nuclear mitosis c) amphiastral mitosis
d) none

11. _____hyphae of fungi are called coenocytic hyphae

a) Multiseptate b) aseptate c) septate d) both a and c

12. Yeasts are _________ type of fungi

a) Hyphal and unicellular b) hyphal and multicellular c) non-hyphal and unicellular
d) non-hyphal and multicellular

13. Most of the fungi are ________

a) Ingestive heterotrophs b) saprotrophs c) parasites d)
predator

14. Saprobic fungi absorbs nutrients with the help of _______

a) Rhizoids b) haustoria c) roots d) fruity body

15. Parasitic fungi absorbs nutrients with the help of _____

a) Rhizoids b) haustoria c) roots d) fruity body

16. All are carnivorous fungi (Predator Fungi) except

a) Oyster Mushroom b) Pleurotus oystereatus c) athrobotrys d)
mucor

17. _______are generally called as Bio-indicators of air pollution

a) Mycorrhizae b) lichen c) fungi d) algae

18. Not found in lichen

 a) Ascomycota b) zygomycota c) dueteromycota d)
basidiomycota

19. Photo-autotrophs of Lichen is/are ________

a) Green algae b) cyanobacteria c) none d) both

20. About 95% of vascular plants show symbiotic association with fungi called _________
a) Lichen b) mycorrhizae c) both d) none

21. Surplus food in case of fungi is stored as ______

a) Lipid droplets b) glycogen c) both d) none

22. Sexual reproduction is not found in _______

a) Ascomycota b) zygomycota c) dueteromycota d)
basidiomycota

23. Not a way of asexual reproduction in fungi

a) Sporulation b) budding c) conidia formation d)
fragmentation

24. Unicellular yeast usually reproduces through _______

a) Sporulation b) budding c) conidia formation d)
fragmentation

25. Hyphae with two different types of nuclei is called _____

a) Homokaryotic hyphae b) heterokaryotic hyphae c) monokaryotic hyphae
d) both a and c

26. In fungi spores through mitosis are called ______

a) Basidiospores b) ascospres c) zygospores d)
sporangiospores

27. In fungi spores through meiosis are called _________

a) Basidiospores b) ascospres c) zygospores d)
sporangiospores

28. Fungi are mainly grouped on the basis of ________into four divisions
a) Asexual reproduction structures b) sexual reproduction structures c) nutrition d) cell
wall compositon

29. Dikaryotic hyphae is usually found in __________

a) Ascomycota b) zygomycota c) dueteromycota d)
basidiomycota

30. ________ is the smallest group of fungi

a) Ascomycota b) zygomycota c) dueteromycota d)
basidiomycota

31. Zygomycota includes about ________named species

a) 600 b) 30000 c) 16000 d) 17000
32. Ascomycota includes about _____named species
a) 600 b) 30000 c) 16000 d) 17000

33. Basidiomycota includes about ______named species

a) 600 b) 30000 c) 16000 d) 17000

34. Deuteromycota include about ______named species

a) 600 b) 30000 c) 16000 d) 17000

35. Common bread molds belongs to ______

a) Ascomycota b) zygomycota c) dueteromycota d)
basidiomycota

36. __________gives aromas and flavors to cheese

a) Penicillium b) aspergillus c) candida d) mushroom

37. Mushrooms belongs to _________

a) Ascomycota b) zygomycota c) dueteromycota d)
basidiomycota

38. Yeasts, morels and truffles belongs to _______

a) Ascomycota b) zygomycota c) dueteromycota d)
basidiomycota

39. Ascomycota are named because of the club-shaped structures called ____
a) Acocarp b) basidium c) ascus d) both a and c

40. Zygote of Ascomycota forms within _______

a) Acocarp b) basidium c) ascus d) both a and c

41. One ascus = ________

a) Two haploid nuclei b) one diploid zygote nucleus c) eight haploid ascospores
d) All

42. Ascocarps of cup fungi and morels are called _____

a) Perithecium b) cleisothecium c) apothecium d) none

43. Ascocarps of Neurospora are called _____

a) Perithecium b) cleisothecium c) apothecium d) none

44. One basidium = _________

a) Two haploid nuclei b) one diploid zygote nucleus c) four haploid basidiospores
d) All

45. A mushroom with a cap of 7.5cm may produce up to ____ million spores per hour
a) 4 b) 400 c) 4000 d) 40

46. Agaricus compestris is the biological name of ______

a) Toad stool b) bread mold c) button mushroom d) cup-fungi

47. Parasexuality is most commonly seen in _______

 a) Ascomycota b) zygomycota c) dueteromycota d)
basidiomycota

48. Species of _____genus help in the fermentation of soya sauce and soya paste
a) Penicillium b) mucor c) agaricus d) aspergillus

49. Ring worm infection and athlete’s foot are caused by _______
a) Ascomycota b) zygomycota c) dueteromycota d)
basidiomycota

50. Oral and vaginal thrushes are caused by ______

a) Candida albican b) saccharomcyces cerevisiae c) agarucus compestria d)
aspergillus fumigatus

51. _______% of world’s fruit is lost each year due to fungal attack
a) 15-20 b) 15-50 c) 10-20 d) 10-50

52. Not true about the spores of fungi

a) Haploid b) non-motile c) sexual and asexual both d) usually needs water
for their dispersal

ANSWERS
1. A 11. B 21. C 31. A 41. D
2. C 12. C 22. B 32. B 42. C
3. B 13. B 23. E 33. C 43. A
4. A 14. A 24. B 34. D 44. D
5. B 15. B 25. B 35. B 45. D
6. B 16. D 26. D 36. A 46. C
7. B 17. B 27. D 37. D 47. C
8. D 18. B 28. B 38. A 48. D
9. A 19. D 29. B 39. C 49. C
10. B 20. B 30. B 40. C 50. A
51. B
52. D