Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 28 views

    Tutorial Pathology

    Uploaded by

    NURIN INSYIRAH MOHD ZAMRI
    Chronic inflammation is a prolonged response involving inflammation, tissue injury, and repair. It is caused by hypersensitivity, prolonged toxic exposure, or endogenous factors. Morphological features include infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes, tissue destruction by the agent or cells, and attempts at healing through fibrosis. Granulomatous inflammation forms collections of activated macrophages and T lymphocytes attempting to contain difficult-to-eradicate agents, sometimes leading to tissue injury. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant tumors, with malignant tumors being invasive and having a higher chance of recurrence and metastasis. Complications of tumors include compression, invasion, ulceration or destruction of structures, and metabolic or mechanical effects.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Tutorial Pathology

    Uploaded by

    NURIN INSYIRAH MOHD ZAMRI
    28 views4 pages
    Chronic inflammation is a prolonged response involving inflammation, tissue injury, and repair. It is caused by hypersensitivity, prolonged toxic exposure, or endogenous factors. Morphological features include infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes, tissue destruction by the agent or cells, and attempts at healing through fibrosis. Granulomatous inflammation forms collections of activated macrophages and T lymphocytes attempting to contain difficult-to-eradicate agents, sometimes leading to tissue injury. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant tumors, with malignant tumors being invasive and having a higher chance of recurrence and metastasis. Complications of tumors include compression, invasion, ulceration or destruction of structures, and metabolic or mechanical effects.

    Original Description:

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Chronic inflammation is a prolonged response involving inflammation, tissue injury, and repair. It is caused by hypersensitivity, prolonged toxic exposure, or endogenous factors. Morphological features include infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes, tissue destruction by the agent or cells, and attempts at healing through fibrosis. Granulomatous inflammation forms collections of activated macrophages and T lymphocytes attempting to contain difficult-to-eradicate agents, sometimes leading to tissue injury. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant tumors, with malignant tumors being invasive and having a higher chance of recurrence and metastasis. Complications of tumors include compression, invasion, ulceration or destruction of structures, and metabolic or mechanical effects.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views4 pages

    Tutorial Pathology

    Uploaded by

    NURIN INSYIRAH MOHD ZAMRI
    Chronic inflammation is a prolonged response involving inflammation, tissue injury, and repair. It is caused by hypersensitivity, prolonged toxic exposure, or endogenous factors. Morphological features include infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes, tissue destruction by the agent or cells, and attempts at healing through fibrosis. Granulomatous inflammation forms collections of activated macrophages and T lymphocytes attempting to contain difficult-to-eradicate agents, sometimes leading to tissue injury. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant tumors, with malignant tumors being invasive and having a higher chance of recurrence and metastasis. Complications of tumors include compression, invasion, ulceration or destruction of structures, and metabolic or mechanical effects.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    L5: Chronic Inflammation

    1. Define chronic inflammation.


    - Chronic inflammation is a response to a prolonged duration in which inflammation,
    tissue injury, and attempts at repair coexist in varying combinations.

    2. What are the causes of chronic inflammation?


    - Hypersensitivity diseases.
    - Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents, either exogenous or endogenous.

    3. State the morphological features expected to be seen in chronic inflammatory


    conditions.
    - Infiltration with mononuclear cells like monocyte and lymphocyte from blood to
    site of infection.
    - Tissue destruction, induced by the persistent offending agent or by the
    inflammatory cells.
    - Attempts at healing by connective tissue replacement of damaged tissue,
    accomplished by angiogenesis and fibrosis.

    4. What are the cells involved in chronic inflammation?


    - Monocyte
    - Lymphocyte
    - Macrophage
    - Plasma cells

    5. Briefly describe granulomatous inflammation.


    - Granulomatous inflammation is a form of chronic inflammation characterized by
    collections of activated macrophages often with T lymphocytes, and sometimes
    associated with necrosis.
    - Granuloma formation is a cellular attempt to contain offending agent that is difficult
    to eradicate
    - In this attempt, there is often a strong activation of T lymphocytes leading to
    macrophage activation which can cause injury to normal tissue.
    - The activated macrophage may develop abundant cytoplasm and begin to resemble
    epithelial cells and are called epithelioid cells. Some activated macrophages may
    fuse, forming multinucleate giant cells.

    L7: Cellular Growth Disturbances

    1. Give examples of:


    a) Physiological hypertrophy and hyperplasia
    - Hyperplasia of breast tissue at puberty, during pregnancy and lactation
    - Hypertrophy of muscles in athletes
    - Hyperplasia of bone marrow cells producing RBC for people at high altitude.
    - Growth of uterus during pregnancy.

    b) Pathological hypertrophy and hyperplasia


    - Hyperplasia of osteoblasts and osteoclasts - Paget’s disease of bone
    - Increase in the size of the heart due to aortic stenosis
    - Myocardium in hypertension
    2. State five causes of pathological atrophy
    - Decreased function
    - Loss of innervation
    - Reduced blood or oxygen supply
    - Nutritional impairment
    - Hormonal insufficiency

    3. Describe how is metaplasia different from dysplasia.

    METAPLASIA DYSPLASIA
    Transformation of one type of differentiated Presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or
    cell into another type of cell organ
    Involve epithelial and mesenchymal cells Involve only epithelial cells
    Physiological and pathological Pathological
    Reversible Irreversible
    Occurs due to the alteration of genetic
    Occurs due to external stimulus
    material

    L8: Neoplasia and carcinogenesis

    1. List four gross appearance of tumors.


    - Sessile
    - Pedunculated polyp
    - Papillary
    - Fungating
    - Annular
    - Ulcerated

    2. What are the two classifications of tumor?


    - Benign
    - Malignant

    3. Tabulate the comparison between benign and malignant tumors.


    BENIGN MALIGNANT
    Noninvasive of nearby tissue and does Invasive of nearby tissue and may
    not spread to other parts of the body spread to other parts of the body
    Slow growth rate Rapid growth rate
    Less chance to recur Higher chance to recur
    The tumor may grow away from the May form a protrusion in early stages
    surface but eventually invade underlying tissue
    Secrete substances which cause fatigue
    Secrete hormones
    and weight loss

    4. What are the complications that may result from a tumor?


    - Compression, invasion, ulceration, or destruction of adjacent structures.
    - Metabolic effects due to appropriate or unexpected neoplastic cell products
    - Intracranial hypertension
    - Pleural effusion
    - Intestinal obstruction
    - Urinary tract obstruction
    L9: Haemodynamic disorders

    1. What are the factors that can lead to edema and effusions?
    - Edema – net of fluid movement exceeds the rate of lymphatic drainage, fluid
    accumulates
    - Effusion – serosal surface involved, fluid accumulate within the adjacent body
    cavity

    2. Differentiate exudates from transudates


    EXUDATE TRANSUDATE
    Ultra-filtrate of plasma due to
    Increased vascular permeability in increased hydrostatic pressure with
    inflammatory process normal vascular permeability (non-
    inflammatory process)
    Congestive cardiac failure Pus
    Bacteria present Bacteria absent
    High cell count Low cell count
    Neutrophils in acute and lymphocyte
    Few lymphocytes and mesothelial cells
    in chronic inflammation
    Non pitting edema Pitting edema

    3. List out the causes of hemorrhagic disorders.


    - Defect of primary hemostasis
    - Defect of secondary hemostasis
    - Defect of small blood vessels

    4. Differentiate petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis, and hematoma.


    - PETECHIAE – pinpoint, round spots that appear on the skin as a result pf bleeding.
    Happens due to fungal, viral and bacterial infections.
    - PURPURA - red or purple discolored spots on the skin that do not blanch on
    applying pressure. Happens when small blood vessel burst causing blood to pool
    under the skin.
    - ECCHYMOSIS - discoloration of the skin due to rupture of the blood vessels below
    the surface of the skin.
    - HEMATOMA – collection of blood outside of blood vessels due to injury to the
    wall of blood vessel.

    You might also like