BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University

College of Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering

ENGG 401
Introduction to
Engineering
Asst. Prof. Rejie C. Magnaye, Engr. Airra Mhae G. Ilagan
October 2022
ENGINEERING DESIGN
PROCESS
Module 3
Engineering Design
⮚ Design is a creative planning process that
leads to useful products and systems.
⮚ There is no perfect design.
⮚ Requirements of a design are made up of
criteria and constraints.
⮚ The design process is a purposeful method of
planning practical solutions to problems.
⮚ The design process is never final; there are
always multiple solutions to a problem.
Engineering Design Process
The engineering design process is a series of steps that guides engineering teams as we
solve problems.
The design process is iterative, meaning that we repeat the steps as many times as
needed, making improvements along the way as we learn from failure and uncover new
design possibilities to arrive at great solutions.
Invention vs. Innovation

Invention Innovation
A device or process originated after study and A new improvement to an existing device or
experiment process
Engineering Design Process
SEVEN STEPS
1. Ask: Identify the Need & Constraints
2. Research the Problem
3. Imagine: Develop: Possible Solutions
4. Plan: Select a Promising Solution
5. Create: Build a Prototype
6. Test and Evaluate Prototype
7. Improve: Redesign as Needed
Engineering Design Process
Step 1 – Ask
Identify the Need & Constraints
Others call this as “define”, or to describe what is
the problem, identify who has the problem or
need and specify the potential objective or as to
why is it important to solve.
The constraints of the problem is essential to be
identified too which includes the limitations, the
project requirements, and the goal.
Engineering Design Process
Step 1 – Ask
Identify the Need & Constraints
Defining the problem is like conducting detective
work. You must examine the evidence and form
some conclusions.
• Identify and establish the need

• Develop a problem statement

• Establish criteria for success

Engineering Design Process
Step 1 – Ask
Identify the Need & Constraints
Preliminary criteria
⮚ Low cost
⮚ Safe
⮚ Not detrimental to the environment
⮚ Simple to operate with minimum human effort
⮚ Must be disposable
⮚ Should not cause undue pain and suffering
⮚ Aesthetically pleasing
Engineering Design Process
Step 1 – Ask
Identify the Need & Constraints
Examples:
Design a vehicle that can communicate with other
vehicles to prevent accidents.
Design an athletic shoe that decreases the amount
of sprained ankles when worn on hardwood gym
floors.
Engineering Design Process
Step 2 – Research the Problem
The next step is to find out the details about the
problem and to do research.
This includes collecting information through
interviews or random talking to people directly or
indirectly related to the problem, up to getting to
know and investigating existing technologies,
solutions or products adaptable to the needs.
Engineering Design Process
Step 3 – Imagine
Develop Possible Solutions
Brainstorm ideas. Be creative and build upon the
ideas of others.
Examples:
“Make the athletic shoe out of plastic.”
“The shoe needs to grip the floor; the bottom should
be made of rubber.”
“The ankle support should be stiff.”
“Don’t forget the air vents.”
Engineering Design Process
Step 3 – Imagine
Develop Possible Solutions
This way you could generate as many solutions as
possible. Encourage wild ideas and defer judgment.
Stay focused on the topic, and have one
conversation at a time. Teamwork is important.
In the design thinking process, this step is similar to
the ideate concept.
Engineering Design Process
Step 4 – Plan
Select a Promising Solution
After brainstorming ideas and exploring into the
possibilities, choose a solution.
But before deciding, revisit the needs(materials and
tools) and constraints (consider environmental,
cultural, time, and financial issues), compare and
weigh.
Engineering Design Process
Step 4 – Plan
Select a Promising Solution
After careful analysis on which qualifies most of the
requirements, select one solution and make a plan to
move forward with it starting with assigning team tasks.
Criteria:
How will the solution actually work?
What materials should I use?
What should the product look like so that people will buy it?
Constraints:
Will it be completed by the deadline?
What size should it be?
Engineering Design Process
Step 5 – Create
Build a Prototype
At the end of each conceptualization is the goal to
materialize the idea from sketch, to an operating version
of the solution. It could be made with different materials
first than the final version, and need not necessarily be
fully polished.
Prototypes are essential for a designer to test how the
solution will work and on what areas need revision.
Engineering Design Process
Step 5 – Create
Build a Prototype
⮚ Is it safe for people and the environment?
⮚ Is it comfortable?
⮚ Is it affordable?
⮚ Is it aesthetically pleasing (does it look good)?
⮚ Will it last as long as it needs to?
⮚ Does it meet the criteria and constraints?
⮚ Does it work?
Engineering Design Process
Step 6 – Test and Evaluate Prototype
Test the prototype and evaluate if it works according
to the need.
Communicate the results and get feedback. Look for
what needs revision and improvement.
Engineering Design Process
Step 6 – Test and Evaluate Prototype
Methods of Implementation
⮚ Prototyping

⮚ Concurrent Engineering - ability to implement

parallel design and analysis in which safety,
manufacturability, serviceability, marketability,
and compliance issues are considered early on
and during the process.
⮚ Documentation

⮚ Applying for Patents

⮚ Testing and Verification
Engineering Design Process
Step 7 – Improve
Re-design as needed
Share results and continue to seek how your team
could make the solution better.
Iterate your design to make the product the best it can
be.
 PROTOTYPING, RAPID
PROTOTYPING,
PRETOTYPING, LOFI HIFI
Module 4
Prototyping
Prototyping is a step to materialize an idea.
Prototypes:
⮚ are sample version of the product you intend to
function as a solution to a specific problem or
need
⮚ come in different forms, from the low to high
fidelity, to simple sketches to innovative digital.
Prototyping
A primitive representation or version of a product
Smith (2019) defines prototyping as building a
primitive representation or version of a product
that a design team or front-end-development
team typically creates during the design
process.
The goal of prototyping includes testing the flow
of a design solution and gathering feedback as
basis for iteration before constructing the final
product.
Prototyping
An Experimental Process
Prototyping is defined by Interaction Design
Foundation as an experimental process where
design teams implement ideas into tangible
forms from paper to digital.
Teams build prototypes of varying degrees of
fidelity to capture design concepts and test on
users. With prototypes, you can refine and
validate your designs so your brand can release
the right products.
Prototyping
Building a model of a system
University of Missouri-St. Louis defines
prototyping as the process of building a model
of a system. Prototyping as an iterative process
is a part of the analysis phase of the systems
development life cycle as it converts
specifications into a tangible but limited working
model.
Through a physical system as a prototype, user
feedback is gained and facilitates an evaluative
response that the analyst can employ to modify
existing requirements as well as in developing
new ones.
Prototyping
Initial stage of a software release
Techopedia defines prototyping as “an initial
stage of a software release in which
developmental evolution and product fixes may
occur before a bigger release is initiated. These
kinds of activities can also sometimes be called
a beta phase or beta testing, where an initial
project gets evaluated by a smaller class of
users before full development”.
 1. It involves user.

Advantages 2. It saves money.

of
Prototyping 3. Results in higher user satisfaction.

Exposes developers to potential future

4.
system enhancement.
Advantages of Prototyping

It involves user. It saves money.

Prototyping allows the inputs from the users Since prototyping is considered an
through the testing stage, as they try the experimental process, you start with a draft
sample version or model, and provide version to show the intention behind a concept
feedback. Being able to seek their involvement to users before investing time and money into
may reduce misunderstandings and prevent development. Prototypes need not to be of
unfulfilled expectations as they may suggest expensive materials and may be considered a
changes or modify the details of the provided trial version. Also, prototyping allows early
working prototype. changes, thereby avoiding commitment to a
single considered ideal-version, and later
incurring heavy costs due to oversights.
Advantages of Prototyping

Results in higher user Exposes developers to potential

satisfaction. future system enhancement.
Prototypes increase the quality and amount of Exposing the prototype to users and being
communication between the developer and the open to receiving criticism and suggestions
end user. The user’s feedback after seeing helps you pinpoint which elements/variants
potential benefits, risks and costs through the work best and which do not or those that need
prototype are used as foundation from which make-over. Sometimes, their point of view
to ideate towards improvements, resulting in opens up opportunities for other development
higher user satisfaction. Users get to have a or potential inspirations for innovation or
sense of ownership with the emotional invention
investment they share as their feedback is
valued.
Prototyping
Sample questions that might need prototyping
to answer:
⮚ screen too crowded?
⮚ action clear, or lost in clutter?
⮚ knob vs. slider for volume control?
⮚ transparent menu or solid menu?
⮚ number of files to show in selection box?
Prototyping
Before you build your prototype, identify:
⮚ users and tasks to build your prototype
around
⮚ requirements
⮚ goals: these are the questions that your
prototype needs to answer
Types of Prototypes

Based on what they represent Based on how they are used

While a prototype can be in the form of paper, From a usability perspective, the prototypes
digital, miniature or a partial product, all of can be categorized into a throwaway prototype
these can be categorized into three categories and evolutionary prototype.
on the basis of what they represent.
Based on what they represent
Functional Prototypes
Designed to imitate the functions of the actual product as closely as possible
no matter how different they look from the actual product. These types of
prototypes are produced for the products which are dependent on the
function rather than the display.

Display Prototypes
Designed with more focus on the look and feel of the product rather than the
functions. These prototypes may or may not function but represent the look
of the actual product very well.

Miniatures
Smaller versions or the basic versions of the product focused on both the functional
aspect as well as the display aspect. Nevertheless, these aren’t the actual products
and lack many qualities of the actual product like not working at full capacity.
Based on how they are used

Throwaway prototype Evolutionary Prototype

Throwaway prototype refers to the models which are Evolutionary prototyping uses a different approach than
eventually discarded or thrown away rather than becoming throwaway prototyping and involves building a basic but
a part of the actual product. These products are only used robust prototype in a manner which can further be
to represent what an actual product can do. Throwaway improved and built upon to form an actual saleable
prototypes are also called close ended prototypes. product. This avoids wastage of resources.
Examples of Prototypes
Prototypes come in many types and shapes. It all depends on the reason for
what a prototype is created.
While some prototypes are developed just to represent or mimic the functioning
or the look of the product (paper prototypes or HTML prototypes) to investors,
some include showing a miniature version (3D print or single version of the lot)
of the product with full or partial functionality.
Paper Prototype
A paper prototype is an example of a throwaway prototype created in the form
of rough or hand-sketched drawings of the product’s interface, front-end design,
and sometimes the back end work.
Paper Prototype
Paper-based prototypes are low-fidelity prototypes (Lo-Fi). These are ranging
from sketches, hand-drawn concepts, to print outs. These are helpful to visualize
a range of possible alternative design solutions, promoting brainstorming
among the members of the design team, and the users.
Advantage: its simplicity makes the users feel more comfortable in suggesting
changes.
Disadvantage: Paper prototypes lack realism, and may limit the feedback of the
users. It may require them longer time to process as they need to imagine how it
works or how to use it as there is limitation on the offered interaction or user
experience during the testing
3D-Printing
The latest technology has made it possible to print a 3d version of your product
which can actually work. But this technique is not feasible for mass production.
Digital Prototype
A digital prototype allows product developers to create a virtual model of the
product which enables them to see how the individual components will work
together and how the product will look once it’s completed.
That is, it lets the developers virtually explore the complete product before it’s
actually built.
Digital Prototype
Digital prototypes are computer-based or software-based prototypes. These are
classified as high-fidelity prototypes (Hi-Fi).
Advantage: Hi-Fi prototypes includes its ability to be engaging. It provides
opportunity for the users to realize more of the real features of the potential final
product, and have a more valid user experience.
Disadvantage: Longer time to create, needs skills and knowledge on the use of
the software, and access to the software.
Scale Model
The scale model is a smaller and a non-functional model commonly used for
prototyping large products like buildings, automobiles, etc.
References
https://www.the-waves.org/2020/07/22/invention-and-evolution-of-light-bulb-more-than-a-spark-in-the-mind-of-
genius/
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bicycle_evolution-en.svg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MAhpfFt_mWM
https://www.feedough.com/what-is-a-prototype/
https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/576601558525867096/
THANK YOU!
Asst. Prof. Rejie C. Magnaye, Engr. Airra Mhae G. Ilagan