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    The shaddah is a diacritic used in written Arabic to indicate geminated or doubled consonants. It takes the form of a small letter shin placed above the consonant. It was introduced in the 8th century to replace an earlier dot used for the same purpose. When used with other diacritics like fatḥah or kasrah to indicate vowels, their placement is above or between the consonant and shaddah. Precise marking of consonant length is important in Arabic as it can change the meaning of words.

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    Shadda Wiki

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    The shaddah is a diacritic used in written Arabic to indicate geminated or doubled consonants. It takes the form of a small letter shin placed above the consonant. It was introduced in the 8th century to replace an earlier dot used for the same purpose. When used with other diacritics like fatḥah or kasrah to indicate vowels, their placement is above or between the consonant and shaddah. Precise marking of consonant length is important in Arabic as it can change the meaning of words.

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    ARABIC GRAMMAR

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    The shaddah is a diacritic used in written Arabic to indicate geminated or doubled consonants. It takes the form of a small letter shin placed above the consonant. It was introduced in the 8th century to replace an earlier dot used for the same purpose. When used with other diacritics like fatḥah or kasrah to indicate vowels, their placement is above or between the consonant and shaddah. Precise marking of consonant length is important in Arabic as it can change the meaning of words.

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    96 views2 pages

    Shadda Wiki

    Uploaded by

    MM Nabeel
    The shaddah is a diacritic used in written Arabic to indicate geminated or doubled consonants. It takes the form of a small letter shin placed above the consonant. It was introduced in the 8th century to replace an earlier dot used for the same purpose. When used with other diacritics like fatḥah or kasrah to indicate vowels, their placement is above or between the consonant and shaddah. Precise marking of consonant length is important in Arabic as it can change the meaning of words.

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    This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2012)


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    Shaddah (Arabic: ‫ َش ّدة‬shaddah [ˈʃæd.dæ], "[sign of] emphasis", also called by the verbal noun from the same root, tashdid ‫ تشديد‬tashdīd
    "emphasis") is one of the diacritics used with the Arabic alphabet, indicating a geminated consonant. It is functionally equivalent to writing a
    consonant twice in the orthographies of languages like Latin, Italian, Swedish, and Ancient Greek, and is thus rendered in Latin script in most
    schemes of Arabic transliteration, e.g. ‫ = ُر ّمان‬rummān 'pomegranates'.

    Contents

    Form

    In shape, it is a small letter ‫ س‬s(h)in, standing for shaddah. It was devised for poetry by al-Khalil ibn
    Ahmad in the eighth century, replacing an earlier dot.[1]

    General

    Name Transliteration
    Unicode

    0651

    shaddah (consonant doubled)


    ّ ّ

    Combination with other diacritics

    When a shaddah is used on a consonant which also takes a fatḥah /a/, the fatḥah is written above the shaddah. If the consonant takes a
    kasrah /i/, it is written between the consonant and the shaddah instead of its usual place below the consonant, however this last case is an
    exclusively Arabic language practice, not in other languages that use the Arabic script.

    For example, see the location of the diacritics on the letter ‫ ـهـ‬h in the following words:

    Arabic Transliteration Meaning Diacritic Location of the diacritic

    ‫َيْف َهُم‬ yafhamu [he] understands fatḥah Above the letter

    ‫َف َّهَم‬ fahhama [he] explained fatḥah Above the shaddah

    ‫َف ِه َم‬ fahima [he] understood kasrah Below the letter

    ‫َف ِّهْم‬ fahhim explain! kasrah Between the shaddah and the letter

    When writing Arabic by hand, it is customary first to write the shaddah and then the vowel diacritic.

    In Unicode representation, the shaddah can appear either before or after the vowel diacritic, and most modern fonts can handle both
    options. However, in the canonical Unicode ordering the shaddah appears following the vowel diacritic, even though phonetically it should
    follow directly the consonantal letter.

    Significance of marking consonant length

    Consonant length in Arabic is contrastive: ‫ َدَر َس‬darasa means "he studied", while ‫ َدَّر َس‬darrasa means "he
     
    taught"; ‫ َبكى َص بي‬bakā ṣabiyy means "a youth cried" while ‫ َبّك ى الَّص بي‬bakkā ṣ-ṣabiyy means "a youth was made
    to cry".

    A consonant may be long because of the form of the noun or verb; e.g., the causative form of the verb
    requires the second consonant of the root to be long, as in darrasa above, or by assimilation of
    consonants, for example the l- of the Arabic definite article al- assimilates to all dental consonants, e.g.
    10th-century Qu'ran with the shaddat
    (‫( )الّص بي‬a)ṣ-ṣabiyy instead of (a)l-ṣabiyy, or through metathesis, the switching of sounds, for example ‫َأَقّل‬ in gold
    aqall 'less, fewer' (instead of *‫ َأْقَلل‬aqlal), as compared to ‫ َأْك َبر‬akbar 'greater'.

    A syllable closed by a long consonant is made a long syllable. This affects both stress and prosody. Stress falls on the first long syllable
    from the end of the word, hence ‫ َأَقّل‬aqáll (or, with iʻrāb, aqállu) as opposed to ‫ َأْك َبر‬ákbar, ‫ َمَح ّبة‬maḥábbah "love, agape" as opposed to ‫َمْع ِر فة‬
    maʻrifah '(experiential) knowledge'. In Arabic verse, when scanning the meter, a syllable closed by a long consonant is counted as long, just
    like any other syllable closed by a consonant or a syllable ending in a long vowel: ‫ َأال َتْم َدَح َّن‬a-lā tamdaḥanna 'Will you not indeed praise...?' is
    scanned as a-lā tam-da-ḥan-na: short, long, long, short, long, short.
    See also

    Arabic diacritics

    Arabic alphabet

    Dagesh ḥazak, a functionally similar diacritic used to indicate gemination in Biblical Hebrew

    References

    1. ^ Versteegh, 1997. The Arabic language. p 56.

      This article related to the Arabic script is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

    Last edited 14 days ago by ‫دانيالوه‬

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