This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D4060 − 19

Standard Test Method for

Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber
Abraser1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis- ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
tance of organic coatings to abrasion produced by the Taber D1475 Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,
Abraser on coatings applied to a plane, rigid surface, such as a and Related Products
metal panel. D3924 Specification for Standard Environment for Condi-
tioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Materials (Withdrawn 2016)3
standard, with the exception of mils when determining coating D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry
thickness. Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
1.3 This standard is similar in content (but not technically Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-
equivalent) to ISO 7784–2. ings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the G195 Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a Rotary
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Platform Abraser
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 2.2 Other Standards:
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- ISO 7784–2 Paints and varnishes—Determination of resis-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. tance to abrasion—Part 2: Rotating abrasive rubber wheel
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- method4
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 3. Terminology
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical 3.1.1 Abrasion resistance can be expressed as one or more
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. of the following terms:
3.1.2 wear index, n—the average loss in weight in milli-
2. Referenced Documents grams per thousand cycles of abrasion.
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 3.1.3 weight loss, n—the loss in weight in milligrams,
D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and determined at a specified number of cycles.
Applications 3.1.4 wear cycles per mil, n—the number of cycles of
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness abrasion required to wear a film through to the substrate per mil
of Paint, Coatings and Related Products on Test Panels (0.001 in.) of film thickness.
D968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
Coatings by Falling Abrasive 3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this standard, refer
to Terminology D16.

1
4. Summary of Test Method
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of 4.1 The organic coating is applied at uniform thickness to a
Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films. plane, rigid panel and, after curing, the surface is abraded using
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2019. Published October 2019. Originally
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D4060 – 14. DOI:
10.1520/D4060-19.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.astm.org.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 D4060 − 19
rotary rubbing action under controlled conditions of pressure ment bubbles could alter the mass loss during comparison tests.
and abrasive action. The test specimen, mounted on a turntable Coatings that include dense fillers may result in greater mass
platform, turns on a vertical axis, against the sliding rotation of loss but have less change in coating thickness. Coatings that
two abrading wheels. The wheels shall be mounted in such a include silica, metal oxides or other extremely dense
way that when they are in contact with the rotating test particulates, may wear the abrasive wheel. Wear debris that
specimen, they rotate in opposing directions. One abrading includes extremely dense particulates may cause three-body
wheel rubs the specimen outward toward the periphery and the abrasion that contributes to the break-down of the coating if not
other, inward toward the center. The resulting abrasion marks removed by the vacuum suction system. Coatings that have a
form a pattern of crossed arcs over an area of approximately hardness value or coefficient of friction greater than the
30 cm2. abrasive wheel may cause the abrasive wheel to break down
4.2 Abrasion resistance is calculated as loss in weight at a faster. Coatings that have different coefficient of friction
specified number of abrasion cycles, as average loss in weight ratings, must be taken into consideration during comparison
per thousand cycles of abrasion, or as number of cycles tests. Examples of coatings that may be impacted include, but
required to remove a unit amount of coating thickness. are not limited to; epoxies, polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA),
polyurethane-methacrylate (PUMA), methyl-methacrylate
5. Significance and Use (MMA), and carbon resin.
5.1 Coating on substrates can be damaged by abrasion NOTE 1—Example—A urethane coating of 20 mil thickness, embedded
during its service life. This test method has been useful in with 1.2 µm titanium particles resulted in a 2.1 mil loss in coating
evaluating the abrasion resistance of coatings. Ratings pro- thickness and 110 mg mass loss. A similar urethane coating without
titanium particles, resulted in a 2.9 mil to 3.1 mil loss in coating thickness
duced by this test method have correlated well with ratings and 44 mg mass loss.
produced by the falling abrasive values in Test Method D968.
5.2 For some materials, abrasion tests utilizing the Taber 6. Apparatus
Abraser may be subject to variation due to changes in the 6.1 Taber Abraser5 (Fig. 1), as described in Guide G195
abrasive characteristics of the wheel during testing. Depending and consisting of the following elements:
on abradant type and test specimen, the wheel surface may 6.1.1 A horizontal turntable platform; comprised of a rubber
change (that is, become clogged) due to the adhesion of debris pad, clamp plate, and nut to secure the specimen to the
generated during the test and must be resurfaced at more turntable. A clamping ring is provided to secure the resurfacing
frequent intervals as agreed upon by the interested parties. To medium.
determine if more frequent resurfacing is required, plot the 6.1.2 A motor capable of rotating the turntable platform at a
total weight loss every 50 cycles. If a significant negative speed of either 72 r/min 6 2 r/min for 110v/60Hz or 60 r/min
change in slope is observed prior to 500 cycles, the point at 6 2 r/min for 230v/50Hz.
which the slope changes determines the resurfacing frequency. 6.1.3 A pair of pivoted arms, to which the abrasive wheels
5.3 When evaluating resistance to abrasion of two or more and auxiliary masses may be attached; loads of 250 g, 500 g,
coatings, other factors may need to be considered for an
accurate comparison. Flexible coatings that include air entrain- 5
Available from Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St., North Tonawanda, NY 14120.

Note: Vacuum Suction System not shown.

FIG. 1 Taber Abraser

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 D4060 − 19
or 1000 g on each wheel may be obtained by use of these 8. Calibration
changeable masses. Counterweight attachments of 125 g or
8.1 Verify calibration of the Taber Abraser as directed by the
175 g are available to reduce the load against the specimen, and
equipment manufacturer (see Appendix X1).
can be used with or without the auxiliary masses.
NOTE 2—Without auxiliary masses or counterweights, each arm will 9. Standardization
apply a load against the specimen of 250 g per wheel (exclusive of the
mass of the wheel itself). 9.1 To ensure that the abrading function of the wheels is
maintained at a constant level, prepare the abrading wheels
6.1.4 A vacuum suction system and vacuum pick-up nozzle
prior to each test and after every 500 cycles unless otherwise
to remove debris and abrasive particles from the specimen
agreed to by the interested parties.
surface during testing. The height of the vacuum pickup nozzle
shall be adjustable, and the nozzle openings shall be 8 mm in NOTE 7—Inorganic coatings do not require the abrasive wheels to be
diameter. The vacuum system shall operate when testing resurfaced after every 500 test cycles.
commences. 9.1.1 Mount the selected abrasive wheels on their respective
6.1.5 A counter to record the number of cycles (revolutions) flange holders, taking care not to handle them by their abrasive
made by the turntable platform. surfaces.
6.2 Abrasive Wheels6—Resilient Calibrase wheels CS-10 or 9.1.2 A load of 1000 g (per wheel) shall be used, unless
CS-17, as required, shall be used unless otherwise agreed upon otherwise agreed upon by the interested parties.
by the interested parties. Because of the slow hardening of the 9.1.3 Mount the resurfacing medium (S-11 abrasive disk) on
bonding material, resilient wheels shall not be used after the the turntable and secure in place with the clamp plate, nut and
date marked on them. clamping ring. Lower the pivoted arms carefully until the
NOTE 3—The CS-17 wheels produce a harsher abrasion than the CS-10 wheels rest squarely on the abrasive disk. Place the vacuum
wheels. pick–up nozzle in position and adjust it to a distance of 3 mm
6 1 mm, or as agreed upon between the interested parties,
6.2.1 The wheels shall be cylindrically shaped, have a
above the abrasive disk.
diameter between 52.4 mm and 44.4 mm, a width of 12.7 mm
6 0.3 mm, and an axial hole 16.0 mm 6 0.1 mm in diameter 9.1.4 Set the vacuum suction force to 100. The vacuum
to allow the wheel to be mounted to the flanged holder on the suction force may be decreased if agreed upon by the interested
pivoted arms. parties.
9.1.5 Resurface the wheels by running them 25 or 50 cycles
6.3 Resurfacing Medium, an S-11 abrasive disk, used for against the resurfacing medium. Each S-11 resurfacing disk is
resurfacing the abrasion wheels. The resurfacing disk shall be good for one resurfacing operation, after which it shall be
silicon carbide coated abrasive with an average particle size of discarded. Warning—Do not brush or touch the surface of the
92 µm (150 grit CAMI-grade), approximately 102 mm diam- wheels after they are resurfaced.
eter with a 7 mm center hole. NOTE 8—If resurfacing did not refresh the wheels sufficiently, it may be
necessary to resurface the wheels a second time using a new S-11
7. Test Specimens resurfacing disk.
7.1 Apply a uniform coating of the material to be tested to
a rigid panel having both surfaces substantially plane and 10. Conditioning
parallel. Specimens shall be a disk or a square plate with a 10.1 Cure the coated panel under conditions of humidity
6.5 mm hole centrally located on each panel. Typical dimen- and temperature as agreed upon between the interested parties.
sions for a test panel are 100 mm in diameter or 100 mm by For additional information, reference Specification D3924.
100 mm. Thickness of the specimen should be no greater than
10.2 Unless otherwise agreed upon between the interested
6.5 mm unless an S-21 extension nut5 or arm height extension
parties, condition the coated panel for at least 24 h at 23 °C 6
kit5 is utilized.
2 °C and 50 % 6 5 % relative humidity. Conduct the test in the
NOTE 4—The coatings should be applied in accordance with Practices same environment or immediately on removal therefrom.
D823, or as agreed upon between the interested parties.
NOTE 5—The thickness of the dry coatings should be measured in
accordance with Test Method D1005 or Practice D7091.
11. Procedure
NOTE 6—For those materials greater than 6.3 mm but less than 12.7 mm 11.1 Weigh the test specimen to the nearest 0.1 mg and
thick, the S-21 extension nut may be used to affix the specimen to the record this weight if either the wear index or the weight loss is
turntable. This requires a 9.5 mm center hole in the specimen.
Alternatively, an arm height extension kit will permit testing of specimens to be reported.
up to 40 mm thick and requires the center hole to be 14.5 mm. NOTE 9—When comparing the wear resistance of coatings that have
different specific gravities, a correction for the specific gravity of each
coating shall be applied to the weight loss to give a true measure of the
comparative wear resistance. Calculate the wear index as shown in 12.1 or
6
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time weight loss as shown in 12.2, then divide the result by the coating’s
is Taber Industries, 455 Bryant Street, North Tonawanda, NY 14120. If you are specific gravity as determined by D1475. The use of this correction factor
aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Interna- provides a wear index or weight loss relative to the loss in volume of the
tional Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting material to which it is applied. When comparing coatings of different
of the responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend. specific gravities, the test parameters shall be the same.

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 D4060 − 19
11.2 When wear cycles per mil is required, measure the 12.2 Weight Loss—Compute weight loss, L, (change in mass
coating thickness of the test specimen on a minimum of four caused by abrasion, in mg) of the test specimen as follows:
points along the path to be abraded and take the average of the L5A2B (2)
readings.
where:
11.3 Mount the test specimen on the abraser turntable
platform with the side to be abraded facing up. Secure using A = weight of test specimen before abrasion, mg, and
the clamp plate and nut. Lower the abrasive wheels onto the B = weight of test specimen after abrasion, mg.
test specimen and the vacuum pick-up nozzle in position as 12.3 Wear Cycles Per Mil—Compute the wear cycles per
outlined in 9.1.3. Affix the auxiliary masses as outlined in mil, W, of the test specimen as follows:
9.1.2. Set the vacuum suction as outlined in 9.1.4. W 5 D/T (3)
NOTE 10—To generate a uniform wear pattern, specimen surfaces must
be plane and parallel. If a specimen is slightly warped, the model E140-14 where:
Rimmed Specimen Holder with Ring Clamp5 or similar may be used. This D = number of cycles of abrasion required to wear coating
holder clamps the specimen against a flat rigid plate about the perimeter
of the specimen. through to substrate and
NOTE 11—If using a dual table abraser and the second table is not in T = thickness of coating, mils.
use, mount a specimen to the turntable platform and set the vacuum nozzle
height as stated in 9.1.3. 13. Report
11.4 Subject the test specimen to abrasion for the specified 13.1 Report the following information for each test mate-
number of cycles or until wear through of the coating is rial:
observed. When determining the point of wear through, stop 13.1.1 Temperature and humidity during conditioning and at
the instrument periodically for examination of the test speci- the time of testing,
men. 13.1.2 Thickness of coating when wear cycles per mil are
11.4.1 When required, stop the instrument at defined inter- specified,
vals (such as every 100 cycles) to measure weight loss or 13.1.3 Type of abrasive wheels used and frequency of
coating thickness. resurfacing if different than 9.1,
NOTE 12—For specimens that have a rough surface, it may be advisable
13.1.4 Load applied to the abrasive wheels (per arm),
to run a preliminary break-in period before measuring weight loss or 13.1.5 Vacuum nozzle height,
coating thickness. It may be advisable to disregard the final reading after 13.1.6 Vacuum suction setting,
the substrate is exposed, if the results are affected by abrasion of the 13.1.7 Number of wear cycles recorded for each test
exposed substrate. specimen,
11.5 Remove any loose abradings remaining on the test 13.1.8 Wear index, weight loss, or wear cycles per mil for
specimen by light brushing. Reweigh the test specimen. each test specimen, and
11.6 Repeat 11.1 to 11.5 on at least one additional test 13.1.9 Mean and range of the abrasion resistance values of
specimen of the material under test. the replicate coated panels.
NOTE 13—Evaluating three or more panels per material will provide
greater confidence in the test results. 14. Precision and Bias7

12. Calculation 14.1 The precision of this test method is based on an

interlaboratory study of Test Method D4060 - 01, conducted in
12.1 Wear Index—Compute the wear index, I, (average 2006. Seven laboratories tested five materials. Each “test
mass loss per thousand cycles of abrasion, in mg) of a test result” represented an individual determination. Every labora-
specimen as follows: tory obtained five replicate specimens for each material.7
~ A 2 B ! 1000 14.1.1 Repeatability—Two test results obtained within one
I5 (1) laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by more
C
than the “r” value for that material given in Table 1; “r” is the
where:
A = weight of test specimen before abrasion, mg,
7
B = weight of test specimen after abrasion, mg, and Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D01-1135. Contact ASTM Customer
C = number of cycles of abrasion recorded. Service at service@astm.org.

TABLE 1 Precision of Taber Abrasion ValuesA

Repeatability Reproducibility
Repeatability Reproducibility
Coating Average Standard Standard
Limit Limit
Deviation Deviation
X̄ sr sR r R
Polyamide/Epoxy Coating A 129.6 3.1 15.3 8.7 43.0
Polyamide/Epoxy Coating B 109.1 14.6 19.1 40.9 53.6
Polyurethane Coating 49.5 3.0 6.1 8.3 17.2
Polyester/Epoxy Powder Coating 61.3 2.6 6.8 7.1 19.1
Nylon Powder Coating 7.7 1.6 3.2 4.4 8.9
A
Weight loss (milligrams) – no consideration was given to specific gravity.

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 D4060 − 19
interval representing the critical difference between two test NOTE 14—Versions of this test method issued before 2001 specified a
results for the same material, obtained by the same operator, vacuum nozzle height of 1 mm above the specimen surface. This was not
using the same equipment, in the same laboratory, on the same the intent of the equipment manufacturer, as it could cause variation in the
vacuum pick-up efficiency across the radius of the abrasion track. The data
day. summarized in Table 1 utilized a vacuum nozzle height of 6.5 mm above
14.1.2 Reproducibility—Two test results shall be judged not the specimen surface and a vacuum setting of 100. The vacuum nozzle gap
equivalent if they differ by more than the “R” value for that of 3 mm 6 1 mm was changed in 2014.
material given in Table 1; “R” is the interval representing the
difference between two test results for the same material, 14.2 Bias—At the time of the study, there was no accepted
obtained by different operators, using different equipment, in reference material suitable for determining bias for this test
different laboratories. method, therefore no statement on bias is being made.
14.1.3 Any judgment in accordance with these two state-
ments has approximately a 95 % probability of being correct. 15. Keywords
14.1.4 The precision statement was determined through 15.1 abrasion resistance; wear index; Taber Abraser tester
statistical analysis of 173 results, from seven laboratories, on
five materials.

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. CALIBRATION VERIFICATION

X1.1 To facilitate the verification of calibration of the Taber

Abraser, a kit is available5 that provides a fast reliable system
check. This kit is not meant as a substitute for regular
instrument calibration. Procedures in the kit allow the user to
verify:
X1.1.1 Wheel Alignment and Tracking—The wheels should
be spaced equally on both sides from the wheel-mounting
flange to the center of the specimen holder. When resting on the
specimen, the wheels will have a peripheral engagement with
the surface of the specimen, the direction of travel of the
periphery of the wheels and of the specimen at the contacting
portions being at acute angles, and the angles of travel of one
wheel periphery being opposite to that of the other. Wheel
internal faces shall be 52.4 mm 6 1.0 mm apart and the
hypothetical line through the two spindles shall be 19.05 mm
6 0.3 mm away from the central axis of the turntable (Fig.
X1.1).
X1.1.2 Wheel Bearings Condition—The Taber Abraser
wheel bearings should be able to rotate freely about their
horizontal spindles and not stick when the wheels are caused to
spin rapidly by a quick driving motion of the forefinger.
This schematic shows the proper wheel position in relation to the turntable
X1.1.3 Vacuum Suction Force—The vacuum suction force platform.
FIG. X1.1 Arrangement of Taber Abraser Test Set-up
shall be 13.7 kPa or greater as measured by a vacuum gauge at
the vacuum pick-up nozzle port.
plane with a deviation at a distance of 1.6 mm from its
NOTE X1.1—Vacuum suction force may be influenced by the condition
of the collection bag, which must be emptied or replaced on a regular
periphery of not greater than 0.20 mm.
basis. Any connection or seal leaks will also influence suction force. X1.1.5 Turntable Speed—The turntable should rotate at the
X1.1.4 Turntable Platform Position—The vertical distance speed stated in 6.1.2.
from the center of the pivot point of the Taber Abraser arms to X1.1.6 Load—The auxiliary mass marked 500 g shall
the top of the turntable platform should be approximately weigh 250 g 6 1 g and the auxiliary mass marked 1000 g shall
25 mm. The turntable platform shall rotate substantially in a weigh 750 g 6 1 g.

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 D4060 − 19
SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D4060–14)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved October 1, 2019.)

(1) Updated the definition of wear index in section 3.1.2. (10) Added Note 7 stating that resurfacing frequency of 500
(2) Updated summary of test in section 4.1. cycles is not required for inorganic coatings.
(3) Added section 5.3 explaining other factors that may need to (11) Added Note 8 stating that an additional resurfacing may
be considered for comparison of coatings of different formu- be required if the wheels were not sufficiently refreshed.
lations. (12) Added Note 9 discussing the use of specific gravity to
(4) Added sole source footnote for abrasive wheels and up- obtain a true measure of the comparative wear resistance.
dated description of in section 6.2.1. (13) Added option to take more frequent data point measure-
(5) Removed Note 2 describing wheel hardness measurements. ments in section 11.4.1, Combined Notes 11 and 12, and
The procedure used by the manufacturer is similar but not moved to after 11.4.1.
equivalent to D2240. (14) Increased maximum deviation for the turntable platform
(6) Updated description of resurfacing disk in section 6.3. when rotating in a plane from 0.10 mm to 0.20 mm to match
(7) Changed the minimum number of coated panels to be
manufacturer’s dimension, in section X1.1.4.
prepared in section 7.1 to as agreed upon by the interested
(15) Updated all values and dimensions to comply with Form
parties.
& Style requirements.
(8) Moved Note 4 to after section 11.6.
(9) Moved resurfacing frequency (500 cycles) from Note 8 to
procedure in section 9.1.

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