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1. Lesson 1 Lesson 6
SPEECH CONTEXTS AND STYLES
Intrapersonal Communication
 Communication with oneself using internal
vocalization or reflective thinking.
 Centers on one person where the speaker acts
both as the sender and the receiver of
message.
 “The message is made up of your thoughts
and feelings. The channel is your brain, which
processes what you are thinking and feeling.
There is feedback in the sense that as you talk
to yourself, you discard certain ideas and
replace them with others.” – Hybels and
Weaver (2012)
 Triggered by some internal or external
stimulus.

Different levels involved in intrapersonal

communication
1. Internal discourse – reflective thinking,
concentration, analysis
2. Solo vocal communication – speaking aloud to
oneself
3. Solo written communication – writing one’s
thoughts and observations for oneself

Functions of Intrapersonal Communication

 Facilitate social interaction
 Build our mental image of ourself (self-concept)
 Process emotions and analyze situations
 Enhance our well-being
 Pass the time to be entertained
 Reflect and be mindful of our own behaviors

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Interpersonal Communication Types of Speech Styles
 Communication that takes place between two Style – set of linguistic variants that a person uses.
or among more people. It is the choice of words that could be applied in
different situations.
1. Dyadic communication
 Involves two people sharing thoughts. 1. Intimate Style
 Characterized by intimacy, immediacy and  Highly private and is used among intimate
proximity. members of the family or friends.
 The advantage of dyad communication is  No need to be watchful of one’s grammar to
“two heads are better than one” especially avoid distraction to the intimacy.
when it comes to decision-making.  Entirely excludes public information.
 Intimate and personal communication  Abbreviated and uses minimal verbal
 Formal and impersonal communication communication.
2. Small group 2. Casual Style
 Involves three or more persons.  Also known as informal communication style.
 Making the necessary adjustment with the  Relaxed or normal conversation and makes
people in the discussion to allow some use of colloquial words.
room for their age, educational 3. Consultative Style
background, family status, sex, culture,  Considered the most operational among other
beliefs, aspirations, attitude, and values. styles.
 As more people are added and the number  Active participation of the participants.
increases, the interaction becomes more
 A high level of respect is given to the one
difficult.
giving the advice.
 Communication will depend on the responses
Public Communication or feedback of the people communicating.
 Requires you to deliver the message before or 4. Formal Style
in front of a larger group of people or an  Makes use of careful and standard speech.
audience.  Follows an accepted format.
 Audience participation and feedback are much  Low tempo speech, carefully chosen words,
more limited if not totally absent. and technical vocabulary.
 Can be driven by informational or persuasive  Does not repeat unnecessary words because it
purposes. is planned.
5. Frozen Style
Mass Communication  Most formal style that is used in formal events
 Takes place through television, radio, or ceremonies.
newspapers, magazines, books, billboards,  Makes use of very carefully chosen words,
internet, and other types of media. phrases or sentences that are fixed in form.
 Does not involve an exchange of ideas.  Oratorical style.

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Lesson 7 Lesson 8
SPEECH ACTS COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
Types of Speech Acts 1. Nomination – speaker carries out nomination to
According to the Speech Act Theory by John collaboratively and productively establish a
Austin: topic.
 Locutionary act – actual act of uttering  Keep the conversational environment open
a statement (what the speaker said to the for opinions until the prior topic shuts down
listener) easily and initiates a smooth end.
 Illocutionary act – the intention of the speaker 2. Restriction – any limitation you may have as a
in the utterance (what the speaker intended) speaker.
 Perlocutionary act – resulting act of what is  Always be on point and avoid sideswiping
said. This effect is based on the particular from the topic during the conversation.
context in which the speech act was 3. Turn-taking – process by which people decide
mentioned (what the listener does) who takes the conversational floor giving all
communicators a chance to speak.
Classification of Illocutionary Acts  Do not hog the conversation and take
Illocutionary acts as classified by John Rogers incessantly without letting the other party air
Searle: out their ideas.
1. Assertive/Representative – speaker expresses 4. Topic control – covers how procedural formality
belief about the truth of a proposition. or informality affects the development of topic
 Suggesting, putting forward, swearing, in conversations.
boasting, and concluding.  Make yourself actively involved in the
2. Directive – speaker tries to make the listener conversation without overly dominating it.
perform an action. 5. Topic shifting – involves moving from one topic
 Asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, to another.
advising, and begging.  Make sure that the previous topic was
3. Commissive – commits the speaker to doing nurtured enough to generate adequate views.
something in the future. 6. Repair – self-righting mechanism in which
 Promising, planning, vowing, and betting. speakers address the problems in speaking,
4. Expressive – speaker expresses his/her feelings listening, and comprehending that they may
or emotional reactions. encounter in a conversation.
 Thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and  Always seek to initiate the repair.
deploring. 7. Termination – refers to the conversation
5. Declaration – declarations bring into existence participants’ close-initiating expressions that
or cause the state of affairs which they refer to. end a topic in a conversation.
 Blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing  Signal the end of the topic through
a sentence, and excommunicating. concluding cues by sharing what you
learned from the conversation.

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Lesson 9  Domino Effect
TYPES OF SPEECH
According to Purpose
1. Entertainment Speech – aims to share goodwill,
joy, and pleasure to the audience.
To make your speech entertaining, you may:
 Tell jokes;
 Share funny stories;
 Dramatize experiences; and
 Recall a scary story.
Step in Writing an Entertaining Speech
a. Choose a light topic.
b. If you exude confidence and joy, the audience
will enjoy your presence, too.
c. Simplify the flow of your speech.
d. Your words should be highly descriptive.
e. Astonish your audience with unexpected
twists in your presentation.

2. Informative Speech – aims to teach the audience

something new or to provide them valuable
information. The speaker presents the
“what,” “why,” and “how” of the topic.
Organizational Patterns
A. Chronological Pattern – used to present
the development of topic in a sequential
order, from past to present or beginning to
end.
B. Spatial Pattern – used to talk about the
physical structure of an object or the way
things fit together in a certain space. Topics
that deal with geography fit this pattern best.
C. Topical/Categorical Pattern – used to inform
audience about the main features of the topic.
D. Cause-Effect Pattern – used to show the causal
relationship of events or phenomena.
 Single Cause-Multiple Effects
 Single Effect-Multiple Causes
 Multiple Causes-Multiple Effects

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E. Comparison-Contrast Pattern – used to C. How to use reasoning
compare objects, events, or concepts  Avoid logical fallacies in reasoning.
underscoring their similarities and
differences.
 Block format – listing the full
characteristics or features of the first
object or concept before proceeding to the
next object or concept.
 Point-by-Point format – comparing
and contrasting points of both
objects or concepts one at a time

3. Persuasive Speech – aims to influence the

listeners; change their perception and
convince them that your argument is more
important. You can center on any arguably
interesting topic under the sun.
Audience can be persuaded because:
 They perceive that the speaker
has credibility.
 They are convinced by the
evidence presented by the
speaker.
 They are convinced by the
speaker’s reasoning.
 Their emotions are touched by the
speaker’s ideas or use of language.
Methods of Persuasion
A. How to enhance your credibility
 Explain how you became an expert on
the topic.
 Connect your experiences, beliefs,
values, or attitudes with your
audience’s.
 Practice more often and deliver your
speech with conviction.
B. How to use evidence
 Specify evidence and credible information.
 Avoid outdated evidence.
 Choose credible sources for your evidence.
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Common errors in reasoning and how to avoid such: According to Delivery
a. Ad Hominem – when you attack the character of 1. Manuscript Speech – you write and deliver a
a person instead of his argument. Focus on the speech word for word.
arguments of the person, not on his/her values.
b. Circular Argument – when the idea of a stated People who regularly give a manuscript speech:
argument is repeated. Prove the same argument A. Public figures – due to their hectic schedule,
instead of repeating it. they need ghost writers who would have to
c. False Analogy – when two things, which might read the text of the speech as it is.
be alike in some respects, are assumed to be B. Media personalities – they always battle with
similar in other ways. Look at their time limits. Anchors are required to critically
characteristics closely to see whether they can choose the words of their speech in advance.
really be compared or not. C. Spokesperson for government and private
d. False Authority – when a statement of someone organizations – this public speaking role
who is not an expert in the field in question is requires a great deal of preparation.
being used in an argument. Check the Potential Problems of the Manuscript Speech
qualifications of the person being cited properly. a. You might be tempted to skip practicing the
e. False Cause and Effect – when the connection speech.
between two consecutive events is not clear. b. You might be glued to the speech all
Clarify the events by explaining both throughout.
backgrounds clearly. c. Because everything is planned based on the
f. Hasty Generalization – when a conclusion is time allotted, there is a tendency to ignore the
drawn from insufficient evidence. Provide audience and neglect responding to their
enough pieces of evidence before making any feedback when busy with the speech.
conclusions.
Tips in Using the Manuscript Speech
g. Red Herring – when the answer does not
a. Own your manuscript by highlighting key
address the question. Do not avoid opposing
words and phrases. But make sure to reprint
arguments. Instead, address them properly.
your script.
D. How to use emotional appeal b. Read the text over and over orally. This will
help you avoid mispronounced words, faulty
 Internalize and show conviction in what
starts, and wrong pauses.
you are saying.
c. Concentrate on keeping eye contact, but do
 Use emotion appropriately. Take note to
not stare at only one section of the audience. It
use it only when appropriate to the
is best if you familiarize yourself with the
message. Use it as an accessory only; make
most important parts of your speech.
sure not to replace evidence and reasoning
d. Use a podium when practicing the speech so
with pure emotion.
that you will be used to laying your notes flat
on the podium and looking at them once in a
while.
e. Even if you have a manuscript, feel free to
modify the text when the situation demands it.
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2. Memorized Speech – requires you to commit 3. Impromptu Speech – delivered with little or no
the speech to memory so that you do not bring time for preparation.
your notes when delivering it.
Organizing and Delivering an Impromptu Speech
Potential Problems of the Memorized Speech a. Past, Present, Future
a. You might forget what you are supposed to In the past, I was not comfortable in making
say. Long pauses can create a very awkward Past impromptu speeches because I could not think
moment. right away of what to say.
b. You might memorize the speech mechanically At present, however, I am enjoying it because
that results in a very unnatural delivery. Present I keep on exposing myself to any speaking
situation.
c. You might focus on content. Groping for the
right words might make you look stiff. In the future, I look forward to teaching others
Future
how to survive impromptu speech situations.
d. You might be too tied to remembering your
script with no chance to pay attention and
b. Point-Reason-Example/ Explanation-Point
respond to audience feedback.
Point I love Facebook.
Tips in Memorizing a Speech I have two reasons for this: one, it helps me
a. You cannot memorize a speech in one sitting. Reason easily reconnect with old friends; and, two, I
am updated on the happenings around me.
Focus on one paragraph at a time.
Through Facebook, I am able to contact my
b. After memorizing the speech in snippets, you old friends from other countries and
need to put them together. The next thing you Example reminisce about wonderful memories. Also,
know, you have completed your speech. through posts on Facebook, I learn about
c. Do not memorize the speech silently. When current events in the country
you recite your speech while memorizing it, Facebook, indeed, is a useful social network
Point
your brain aids your memory retention. site. That is why I love it.
d. Identify a key point in every paragraph so you
c. Opening, Rule of Three, Clincher
can easily expound on the key points.
e. After memorizing some parts of your speech, Every time I see homeless families, it breaks
Opening my heart. That why I try to do at least three
take a break for some hours or for a day. This
little things to help them.
will test how well you can recall what you First, I feature them in my writings which I
think you have memorized. submit to editors for publication. I highlight
f. Record yourself delivering the speech and their sad and bad experiences living in the
listen to it over and over again. The speech streets and their dreams and aspirations in
Rule of life. Second, I actively participate in
will get stuck in your head. Three organizing and facilitating livelihood
g. Write one key point on one note card. Bring programs for these families. Finally, I join
these note cards wherever you go and take different nonprofit organizations in
them out whenever you have extra time to campaigns and awareness activities against
poverty.
memorize.
These three are my baby steps toward
achieving my vision of helping homeless
Clincher
people and freeing this nation from the
bondage of poverty.

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4. Extemporaneous Speech – a planned and Lesson 10
prepared speech. PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING
Preparing a Successful Extemporaneous Speech The Prewriting Stage
a. You may explore other main points, but 1. Audience analysis – entails looking into the
always refer back to your thesis. profile of your target audience.
b. State the central idea of your  Demography – age range, male-female ratio,
extemporaneous speech in one declarative educational background and affiliations or
sentence. degree program taken, nationality, economic
c. Map out the supporting points in an outline. status, academic or corporate designations.
d. In the introduction, make sure you:  Situation – time, venue, occasion, and size.
 Grab the attention of the audience with a  Psychology – values, beliefs, attitudes,
striking one-liner. preferences, cultural and racial ideologies,
 Give a short background by explaining and needs.
why they have to listen. 2. Purpose – to inform, to entertain, or to persuade.
 State your thesis.  Informative speech – provides a clear
e. Develop at least three main points and understanding of the concept or idea
check each of them with these questions: presented by the speaker.
 Does each point have one single idea?  Entertaining speech – provides amusement.
 Does each point reiterate the thesis  Persuasive speech – provides well-argued
statement? ideas that can influence their own beliefs
 Does each point prepare the discussion of and decisions.
the next main point? General purpose Specific purpose
f. Make sure that each main point has enough To inform students about the
examples, testimonies, statistics, or cases. To inform definition and relevance of
g. Reinforce your introduction by coming up information literacy today
with a closing attention-getter that is related To entertain students with
to your opening. Restate your thesis or review interesting observations of
To entertain
your main points. people who lack information
literacy
To persuade students to
To persuade develop information literacy
skills

3. Topic – focal point of the speech, which can be

determined once you have decided the purpose.
4. Narrowing down a topic – making your main
idea more specific and focused.
5. Data gathering – stage where you collect ideas,
information, sources, and references relevant or
related to your specific topic.

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The Writing Stage Lesson 11
6. Writing patterns – structures that will help you PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH
organize the ideas related to your topic.
DELIVERY
 Biographical – descriptions of your life or of
 How they approach their audience
a person.
 Formal, informal, personal, etc.
 Categorical/Topical – related categories
supporting the topic.  How they connect with their audience
 Causal – cause-effect relationships.  Using eye contact, body movements, and
facial expressions
 Chronological – the idea in time.
 How they present themselves
7. Outline – hierarchical list that shows the
relationship of ideas.  Stage presence: how they look, stand, walk,
8. Body of the speech – explanations or any details use nonverbal cues, act on the stage
that can help deliver the purpose and explain the  How they use their voice
main idea of speech.  Volume, pitch, speed, pauses, vocal variety,
 Present practical examples and pronunciation
 Show statistics
Guidelines for Effective Speech Delivery
 Present comparisons
1. Use a conversational style more often.
 Share ideas from the experts
2. Look your audience members in the eye.
9. Introduction – the foundation of speech.
3. Remember to adjust your volume to the size
 Connect real-life experience to your subject.
of the audience and the venue.
 Start with a strong quote
4. Vary your rate or speed.
 Tell a personal story to illustrate your point. 5. Master your voice and find your pitch level.
10. Conclusion – restates the main idea of speech, 6. Use pauses when you emphasize the most
provides a summary, emphasizes the message, important words, phrases, or sentences.
and calls for action. 7. Pronounce and enunciate words correctly.
 Begin with a restatement of your message. 8. Avoid fillers that substitute actual words in
 Use memorable lines from songs or stories your speech because these words are
familiar to audience. distracting.
 Ask questions that can make your audience 9. Start speech by standing straight.
reflect 10. Use precise movements.
11. Avoid having a poker face or a highly
The Rewriting Stage animated face.
11. Revision – involves making major changes to a 12. Dress properly and appropriately.
document's content, structure, and/or 13. Observe ethics.
organization. 14. Breathe in and out to relax before your speech.
12. Rehearsing – gives an opportunity to identify
what works and what does not work for you and
for your target audience.