AMBO UNIVERSITY WALISO CAMPUS

SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

INSTIUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATICS
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Course Title:- Advanced Computer Network
Prepared By:- Meskelo Shuma
Submitted to:- Dr.Lubak M.
December 2022
Waliso Campus,Waliso
 PRESENTATION CONTENT
 P2P NETWORKS (eg-networks like Bittorent)
 BROADBAND INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES

 Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, and

RPR
 Power Over the Ethernet(POE)

 Network simulation tools

 INTRODUCTION
 Technology advancement in the fields of fiber optics, computing
systems, computer applications, data communications and
internetworking has been linked closely to the development of
networks that have the capability of operating at gigabit speeds. The
capability of today's fiber optic signaling equipment to transmit
several gigabits per second over long distances with very low error
rates through optical fiber has convinced the researchers that gigabit
networks are technologically feasible.
 Further, technology has realized a tremendous increase in the power
and bandwidth of many parts of computing systems today at an
affordable price. This is demonstrated by the existence of fast CPUs
(for acronyms, fast memory, and high-speed buses in desktop
computers, workstations, and servers.
This seminar or presentation discusses the basic concepts of
 P2P Networks (eg-networks like Bittorent)
 Broadband Internet Technologies
 Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, and RPR
 Power Over the Ethernet(POE)
 Network simulation tools
It also presents the recent development of network technologies and
products. Finally, current network technologies available depending
on the above topics are discussed.
1. P2P NETWORKS (EG.NETWORKS LIKE BITTORENT)
 Bittorrent is a communication protocol for
peer-to-peer file sharing (P2P), which
enables users to distribute data and
electronic files over the Internet in a
decentralized manner. To send or receive
files, users use a Bittorrent client on their
Internet-connected computer.
 Bittorrent is a peer-to-peer (P2P) file-
sharing protocol that allows your device to
communicate and share files with others in the
network in a decentralized manner. This means
files can be shared without relying on a main
server to provide the data.
 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
Advantages
 Highly Efficient
 Makes sharing easier
 Prevents tampered or broken files from being shared
 Ability to download and upload large files in a shorter
amount of time
 Free uploading and downloading
Disadvantage
 If the seeder leaves the swarm too early, no one is able to use
the file
 Seeder can only seed one or two files at a time
 The computer's performance drops drastically while using the
program
 Old or unpopular files are hard to find
 Torrent files are too flaky due to excessive popularity
 2. BROADBAND INTERNET
TECHNOLOGIES
 Broadband is a term common to all who use the internet on their
phones as well as Wi-Fi services in their houses. It is a
household term, and most of us know the description of
broadband and the way it works. Broadband services cover a
wide bandwidth and have several signals to be followed and
transmitted within their spectrum. We can say that broadband is
the service that provides high-speed internet access that
transfers data. Software is used in the broadband device to
access the internet. It is a single channel technology, and there
are different types of broadband.
 Broadband is a high speed connection to the internet.
 It is easier faster to use than the traditional telephone and
modem as information can be sent and downloaded much
quicker.
 The Broadband speed is measured in megabits per second(Mbps)
 The file sizes are measured in megabits or gigabits.
 TYPES OF BROADBAND
Broadband is classified based on the high-speed
transmission technologies being used in the
communication network.
1. Digital Subscriber Line
Digital data is transmitted over the normal telephone
lines in DSL. This type of transmission technology uses
wires to transmit data faster than traditional methods.
The transmission speed is at the rate of a hundred kbps
to Mbps in a second. It depends on how far the telephone
company is situated from your business or home,
wherever you use the service. They provide two types of
services to businesses: high rate and very high rate
digital subscriber line. DSL transmission can be divided
into two types.
 TYPES OF DSL
Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line(ADSL)
This connection is preferred by individuals who require lots of
data but do not send much data. Residential consumers are
the backbone of ADSL. Faster data is provided in the
downstream when compared with upstream data, and hence
this is an advantage for residential consumers. Also, voice
call services provided here will not disrupt other services in
the same line, such as traditional phone services or the
normal phone calls. This is the common service used for
internet access.
Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line(SDSL)
Businesses mostly prefer this service as the data is provided at
the same speed both upstream and downstream. It works
opposite ASDL because here, download speeds and upload
speeds are the same. Standardization has not yet happened
in this service, and thus it works only with a single vendor.
 TYPES OF BROADBAND
2. Cable Modem
The coaxial cables that provide entertainment to the users via
TV sets are used to provide broadband in the cable modem.
The transmission speed is 1.5 Mbps and more than this. Two
connections are made in this modem, one to the device and
one to the cable wall outlet. ISP is not needed in this service
as the broadband connection can be used by switching on the
device. Also, it provides a TV connection as well even though
the broadband service is used. The speeds are on par with
DSL, and the cable network plays a role in the transmission
speed.
3. Fibre
Electric signals are converted to light, and this light helps in
the transmission of data through glass fibres. These fibres
have a diameter compared to that of human hair. The data
transmission is faster than the DSL and cable modem. This
fibre can also provide voice and video service on demand. The
speed depends on the configuration and the bandwidth in
use. Telecommunications offer fibre technology for voice,
video, and internet services.
 TYPES OF BROADBAND
4. Wireless
A radio link is used to connect the user’s device with the
service provider’s connection, and it is either fixed or
mobile. An antenna is needed for wireless connection,
and it is used where DSL and cable usage would be
costly. Longer range directional equipment is used, and
a line of sight is needed between transmitter and
receiver for the fixed devices. A licensed and unlicensed
spectrum is used to provide services. WLANs are used to
provide this broadband service, and mostly the last mile
reach within the institution or business is provided with
the help of WLAN. Public internet access is provided
with the help of unlicensed devices.
 TYPES OF BROADBAND
5. Satellite devices
This is mostly used to provide services in remote areas
where other modes of communication are difficult. As
satellite devices provide voice and video services, they
can be used to provide broadband connections as well.
Here owing to other factors in speed, a major concern is
with the climate. Line of sight of the orbit is also a
matter of concern. Hence the speed is less when
compared to DSL and cable. The upload and download
speeds are different, where the download speed is 500
kbps, and the upload speed is about 80 kbps. But when
compared with dial-up access, they are faster.
 TYPES OF BROADBAND
6. Broadband over Power line
The broadband connection is offered in low and medium
electric voltage distribution, and the speed is similar to
that of DSL and cable modem. Separate power
connections are not required as the broadband services
can be taken from the existing electric connections. This
is a new technology and is used only in very few places.
As the power lines are built everywhere, it is easy to use
the broadband connection as it does not require separate
facilities.
 ADVANTAGES OF BROADBAND
o It is always the speed consideration when comparing
broadband with a dial-up connection. Broadband is
faster and has a wider bandwidth. Online gaming and
downloading of movies are possible only with
broadband.
 The phone connection is not affected and works well
even while using broadband access. It is transmitted
through the same network and works well.
 A dial-up number is not required, and the service is
always available whenever needed.
 With the change of technology, broadband has changed
the face of internet connection, and all the services of
the internet are readily available now.
 Unlimited access is another advantage, and the
connection is never interrupted. The price is not
calculated based on the time duration but based on the
speed and the amount of data used.
 APPLICATION OF BROADBAND
1. Personal Services
 High speed internet access

 Multi media

2. Government Public services

 E-Governance, E-education

 Tele-Medicine

3. Commercial Services
 E-commerce, Corporate internet

 Video conferencing

4. Video and Entertainment services

 Broadcast TV, Video on demand

 Interactive gaming

 Music on demand

 Online radio
 3. Gigabit Ethernet,10 Gigabit Ethernet and RPR
3. 1. Gigabit Ethernet
• Gigabit Ethernet is a version of the Ethernet technology broadly used
in local area networks (LANs) for transmitting Ethernet frames at 1
Gbps. It is used as a backbone in many networks, particularly those of
large organizations. Gigabit Ethernet is an extension to the preceding
10 Mbps and 100 Mbps 802.3 Ethernet standards. It supports 1,000
Mbps bandwidth while maintaining full compatibility with the
installed base of around 100 million Ethernet nodes.
• Ethernet is a physical and data link layer technology for LAN. Higher
level network protocols like IP/TCP use Ethernet as their
transmission medium .
• The first generation Ethernet supported a maximum data rate of
10Mbps.Later,the second generation fast Ethernet standard increased
this maximum data rate to 100Mbps.
• Now the latest third generation ,Gigabit Ethernet provides a data rate
of 1000Mbps and was developed in June 1998.
• Its compatible with the existing Ethernet, as it uses the same
CSMA/CD and MAC Protocols.
 Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet offers the following benefits over regular 10
to 100 Mbps Ethernet:-
• Transmission rate is 100 times greater
• Reduces bottleneck problems and enhances bandwidth
capacity, resulting in superior performance
• Offers full-duplex capacity that can provide virtually
doubled bandwidth
• Offers cumulative bandwidth for faster speed by
employing gigabit server adapters and switches
• Quality of service (QoS) features reduced latency problems
and offers better video and audio services
• Highly affordable to own
• Compatible with existing installed Ethernet nodes
• Transfers a large amount of data quickly
 3. 2. 10Gigabit Ethernet
• 10-Gigabit Ethernet is basically the faster-speed version of
Ethernet. Ethernet essential for internet, latest, it finds its
application in LAN,MAN,WAN and SAN.
• Provides high speed and reliable network.
• Provides low installation and Maintenance cost.
• The 10Gigabit Ethernet uses two separate encoding steps.
• The encoded data provides synchronization, efficient use
of bandwidth and an improved signal-to-noise ratio
characteristics.
• All 10Gbe Ethernet varieties are use optical fiber media.
• 10 Gigabit Ethernet is very necessary for today’s network
and is viable now.
• It’s the back bone of the today’s network due to its
enhanced features.
 10Gigabit Ethernet Architectures
• 10Gigabit Ethernet uses two separate encoding steps
• The encoded data provides synchronization, efficient
usage of bandwidth and improved signal to noise ratio
characteristics.
• All 10Gbevarieties use optical fibre media.
Difference between Gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet 10 Gigabit Ethernet
CSMA/CD + Full duplex Full duplex only

Leveraged Fibre channel PMDs New optical PMDs

Reused 8B/10Bcoding New coding schemes 64B/66B
Optical/Copper media Optical media only
Support LAN to 5Km Support LAN to 40Km
 10 Gigabit Ethernet….
Advantages of 10Gigabit Ethernet
 It offers a low-cost solution to solve the demands for
bandwidth.
There is no need for packet fragmentation,
reassembling, or address translation, eliminating the
need for routers that are much slower than switches.
Allow faster switching.
The quality of services may be provided in the higher
layers.
 RPR(Resilient Packet Ring)
• RPR is standardized by IEEE 802.17 and is a protocol
for the transmission of data through fiber-optic ring
networks. It works in the MAC layer of the OSI model.
It is packet-based and is built on creating efficiency of
IP services and ethernet.
• With the deployment of resilient packet rings, the
network has better utilization of bandwidth,
throughput, higher deployment speed, optimization of
operational cost and equipment. RPR was developed
because the traditional ethernet cannot handle or offer
business-class reliability. Also, it cannot deal with
latency adequately and the quality of services for voice
packets.
 Basics of Resilient Packet Ring (RPR)
A resilient packet ring station is established where fiber
installation is done in a ringway. It has developed from
Ethernet and SONET that were previously installed. It is
generally a media access control packet that helps in
numerical multiplexing over spatial reuse infrastructure.
The spatial reuse infrastructure allows continued
utilization of freed space to maximize the traffic being
carried across. It meets the packet-based metropolitan
area network requirements.
Nodes are used for effective bandwidth communication
through wrapping and steering. During steering, in case of
nodes damage, traffic is directed to the last node before the
damaged one. If any of the lines break, the ring is changed
so that either of the rings becomes a return node. This
way, the architecture has a shorter recovery time and
hence less downtime.
Traffic queues and class of service in Resilience
Packet Ring
• In computer networking, a queue is when data packets are
aligned in a sequence or in order awaiting to be transmitted.
Queues consist of several packets and are transmitted based on
a predefined network algorithm. Such algorithms include First
In First Out or Last In First Out, among others.
• The traffic present in this RPR technology is associated with
a class of service, which is categorized into classes A, B, and C.
They signify high, medium, and low traffic simultaneously.
• Class A is a virtual circuit bandwidth that offers support to low
latency applications such as video. Class B is a combination of
the bandwidth for the virtual circuit as well as the intensity of
the burst that is higher than the CIR. Class C is the most
effective effort traffic that is highly flexible as it integrates any
available bandwidth supporting the access traffic of the
internet.
 Adopted types of transmission media

What is transmission media?

In networking, a transmission media is any channel
that is used to transfer information or packets from
point A (source) to another point B (destination). The
main aim of communication media is to carry data in
the form of bits over a network. Transmission media
can also be referred to as paths that exist between the
sender and receiver in data communication.
Transmission media are considered as layer one
components in the Open System Interconnection
(OSI) model.
 Applications of Packet Ring Technology

Resilient packet ring is a fairly new technology that is

being adopted fast and widely. The network
architecture is commonly applied in the following
ways:
• National SONET, metropolitan, and ethernet carrier
networks
• This architecture is normally incorporated into the
SONET networks so that they can gain the ability to
transfer packets. This is because, the technology, RPR,
offers the network statistical multiplexing that is fault-
tolerant
4. Power Over the Ethernet
• Power over Ethernet (PoE) is a technology for
implementing wired Ethernet local area networks
(LANs) that enables the electrical current necessary for
operating each device to be carried by Ethernet data
cables instead of standard electrical power cords and
wiring.
• Used both in smart home applications and business
premises, PoE uses cheaper Ethernet cabling, which
can transport both power and data, instead of electrical
wiring, which supplies power only and requires
separate wiring for data. Because PoE transports both
power and data over Ethernet cable, less wiring is
necessary, and electrical wiring can remain intact.
 How does PoE work?
• For PoE to work, the electrical current must go into
an Ethernet data cable at the power supply end and
come out at the device end. With Ethernet, the
power current can be kept separate from the data
signal so neither interferes with the other. Current
enters the Ethernet cable via a component called
an injector. If the device at the other end of the
cable is PoE-compatible, it will function properly
without modification. If it is not PoE-compatible, a
component called a picker, or tap, must be installed
to extract the current from the cable. This picked-
off current is routed to the power jack.
 What devices use PoE?
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) and several vendors have attempted to address
the power issue, but interoperability problems have
persisted.
• POE supports the following devices that consume 30
watts (W) of power or less:
• Internet Protocol, Voice over IP and video telephones;
• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, or
WiMAX, and wireless AP devices or nodes;
• pan, tilt and zoom robotic cameras;
• remote computer terminals, computer monitors,
laptops, thin client computers and large computer
display screens;
• liquid crystal display screens and large TVs;
• door access systems and video signing displays; and
• network audio.
 What devices use PoE?
IEEE released IEEE 802.3bt, a new PoE standard
also known as high-power PoE or PoE+. It
accommodates use of four-wire pairs with Cat5 or
Cat6 cable, which supports individual devices that
require as much as 90 to 100 W of power. Devices
this standard supports include the following:
• light-emitting diode lighting
• security card readers
• high-performance wireless APs
• intercoms
• Video Conferencing
• video surveillance cameras
 PoE benefits
The advantages of PoE include the following:
• Ease of installation. There are no worries about
hooking into electrical system outlets.
• Cost savings. Ethernet can carry both power and data
signals.
• Safety. PoE automatically stops power current flows if
there is a service interruption.
• Data speed. PoE can now deliver data at 1 gigabit per
second (Gbps) -- 10/100/1,000 megabits per second --
using Cat5 and Cat6 cables. The IEEE 802.3bz PoE
standard delivers speeds of 2.5 Gbps to 5 Gbps over 100
meters (m).
• Security. POE devices attached to networks with high-
level security enjoy the same security protection as
other network assets.
 PoE drawbacks
• Outages. A single PoE connection usually connects to
multiple devices. If there is one failure in the stream of
devices, all the devices go down.
• Power limits. Devices supported under the 2003 PoE
standard are limited to 30 W. Devices requiring higher
wattage must comply with PoE release IEEE 802.3bz.
• Higher switch costs. While PoE provides cost
savings by combining power and data signals, PoE
switches cost more than ordinary switches.
• Distance limits. PoE power transmission is limited to
100 m unless PoE extenders or other methods are used
to supply power.
• Security. If network security is lacking, bad actors
who want to penetrate PoE devices attached to these
networks will have an easier time gaining access.
 5. Network Simulations
Network simulation is one kind of method in the
research of a Computer Network where a software
program forms the performance of a network by
analyzing the relations between the various
network entities such as links, Nswitched,
routers, Nodes, access points. The network
performance, different applications, services &
supports can be monitored in an analysis lab.
Different features of the surroundings can also be
changed in a controlled way to evaluate how the
network or protocols would perform beneath
different conditions.
Lists of Network Simulation Tools
• GNS3 (Graphical Network System)
• Cisco Packet Tracer
• Putty
• Secure CRT
• Microsoft Visio
• PRTG Network Monitor
• WIRESHARK
• EVE-NG
• Network Simulator -NS3
• SNMP Agent Simulator
GNS3 (Graphical Network System)
Graphical Network System 3 (GNS 3) is Network Simulation/Emulation
Tool & Software, and it is a kind of Virtual Network in a Suitcase. GNS3
can simulate the complex network and scenarios and supports the
combination of virtual and real network devices. GNS3 is one of the best
network simulation tools to build, design, configure, and test your
network scenarios in a completely risk-free virtual environment. GNS3
network simulation tool is available for Windows, Linux & Mac.
 Cisco Packet Tracer
Cisco Packet Tracer is a dominant network simulation tool built by Cisco
Systems. You can make a simple or complex network inside the Packet
tracer to create, plan, configure, and test your network scenarios in a
completely virtual ecosystem. This Network Simulation tool allows users
to create network topologies and imitate those in modern computer
networks. Packet Tracer is one of the most famous Networks Simulation
software among networking aspirants and beginners. It is used actively
during the Cisco CCNA Certification Training.
 Putty
PUTTY is a completely free and open-source terminal
emulator, serial console, and network file transfer
application. It supports several network protocols, including
SCP, SSH, Telnet, login, and raw socket connection.
 Secure CRT
Secure CRT presents the capability to create an SSH connection with
a dynamic port forwarding configuration that can be used as a SOCKS
proxy to reach all machines in a remote network (behind the gateway).
Using an SSH SOCKS proxy, any application that is SOCKS 4 or 5
compatible (including other sessions established with Secure CRT) will
be able to have their connections forwarded through this SSH SOCKS
proxy and on to the desired destination.
 Microsoft Visio
Microsoft Visio is a diagramming and vector graphics application build by
Microsoft. Using Visio application, one can develop Network
Architecture diagrams, Low-Level Design (LLD), and High-Level Design
(HLD). Microsoft Visio is an excellent diagramming application that lets
you work visually to build all sorts of diagrams and is industry-leading
with over 12 million users. Visio makes it easier to define network
designs, document best practices, visualize the future state of
transformative initiatives, and stay on top of operational insights in your
company.
 PRTG Network Monitor
PRTG is a network monitoring tool that supports you in ensuring that your
computer systems are working easily and that there are no interruptions
and outages. Network monitoring is also essential to increase the
efficiency of your network by knowing bandwidth and resource
consumption. With over 200,000 active installations, PRTG Network
Monitor is Paessler’s powerful and widely-used network monitoring
software.
 WIRESHARK
Wireshark is a free and open-source packet analyzer. Wireshark
development project, started by Gerald Combs in 1998, is today’s
world’s foremost and widely-used network protocol analyzer. It is used
for network troubleshooting, interpretation, review, protocol
development, and education. Wireshark will also help you see what’s
happening on your network at a microscopic level.
 EVE-Emulated Virtual Environment
• EVE is an excellent Network Virtual Environment Tool & Software. It is
one of the favorite Emulated Virtual Environment For Network, Security
and DevOps Professionals. Using EVE, you can emulate almost every
kind of Network or Security Appliance and build, plan, configure, and
test your complex network scenarios in a completely risk-free virtual
environment in your machine.
 Network Simulator -NS3
NS is a name for a series of discrete event network simulators,
specifically ns-1, ns-2, and ns-3. The Network Simulator – NS-3 is a
discrete event simulator targeted at networking research. Network
Simulator -NS3 tool provides substantial support for simulation of TCP,
routing, and multicast protocols over wired and wireless (local and
satellite) networks. It is publicly available for research, development,
and use.
 SNMP Agent Simulator by iReasoning
• SNMP Agent Simulator by iReasoning is a Java-based application that
can simulate SNMPv1/v2c/v3 agents. This application can run on all the
platforms with Java Virtual Machine installed, such as Unix, Linux,
Windows, etc. It enables you to develop, test, and train SNMP
management applications without buying and managing costly
hardware devices.
 Conculusion
In conclusion, a network is two or more computers
connected together using a telecommunication
system for the purpose of communicating and
sharing resources. Without having a network,
Companies would not be able to share resources
and increase productivity more effectively. The
WAN network allowed companies to use the
Internet over large areas. This provided the
company to have meetings overseas by video
conferencing and sharing data over the network. As
you can see, Networks have many benefits to the
end user. Weather your Network is Wired or
Wireless, Networks are an important part of
technology
Thank you!!!