Reading Comprehension

The best known and probably the most common type of ocean-floor valIey can properly
be called the submarine canyon. These formations have an extraordinary resemblance to river-cut
land canyons. In addition to their V-shaped cross sections, their floors slope outward as
continuously as do land canyons. They have many entering tributaries that form the dendritic
(branching) pattern characteristic of land canyons. Their steep walls frequently have rock
outcrops, although a sediment cover is more common than in land canyons, and most of the sea
canyons have similar winding courses.

The vertical dimensions of submarine canyons are surprising. Most of them have
walls .thousands of metres high, and the highest, in the Bahamas, rises almost five kilometres
(three miles) from the canyon floor - dwarfing, by comparison, the walls of the Grand Canyon that
are only about 1.6 kilometres (one mile) high. Some canyons have been traced for slightly more
than 320 kilometres (200 miles) in length, but most extend less than 48 kilometres (30 miles).
Usually they can be traced as far as the base of the steep part of the continental slopes, often more
than 1.6 kilometres in depth. Their width varies in the same manner as that of land valleys. A
narrow gorge off La Jolla, California, is as deep as it is wide, but the'more typical canyons have
widths of many kilometres. A five-kilo metre-deep canyon in the Bahamas, for example is 37
kilometres (23 miles) wide at its deepest point. By comparison, the Grand Canyon is about 19
kilometres (12 miles) wide. In both cases, the average slope is small but photographs show
vertical rock walls in the Bahama Canyon, and the Grand Canyon has vertical walls interspersed
with terraces and pyramidal buttes (flat-topped) and steep-sided hills. The seaward gradients of the
canyon floors are generally steeper than those of land canyons. The average 'floor slope is about
57 metres per kilometre (300 feet per mile), but the numerous canyons that closely approach the
coastline have high gradients at their heads, sometimes as great as 45°. The qradients almost
always decrease in the outer portions.

The appearance of the canyons has been ascertained in recent years both by lowering
cameras to the bottom and by observation from deep-diving vehicles. The dives, which have
penetrated todepths of more than 2,100 metres (roughly 7,000 feet) within a canyon, have been
particularly useful tn describing physical features. They have indicated that vertical oreven
overhanging walls
are commonplace, and that canyon walls often are grooved or polished as if they had been
smoothed by a glacier. The floors, while generally covered with cobbles and other marked
surfaces, have been shown by remote camera pictures to occur at depths of more than three
kilometres (two miles). The floors may vary considerably in gradient,
ranging from a gentle slope to a steep drop-off, with the latter often occurring where boulders,
fallen from the walls, have allowed sediments to build up above this obstruction.

All of the preceding features suggest that canyons are subject to active marine processes
and are
by no means mere remnants of long past erosional processes. Further evidence that conditions are
far from static comes from repeated soundings taken along the same ranqes at the canyon heads. It
has been known since the mid-20th century that the profiles sometimes undergo radical changes.
Apparently depth increases very suddenly, but shoaling occurs at a more gradual pace. This
sudden deepening has broken cables - notably off the Congo, where a canyon extends seaward for
193 kilometres (120 miles). Piers and jetties built into submarine canyon heads have collapsed
from the sudden removal of sediment on
which they were resting.
The nature of the rocks on the canyon walls has been determined by dredging and by observation
from deep diving vehicles. Most of it has proved to be relatively soft and hence rather easily
eroded, but there are some canyons that have been cut through very hard rock, even quartzite.
Granite walls have been found in several places, and one vertical granite cliff was discovered in a
vehicle dive to 1,265 metres(4.150 feet) off the tip of Baja California. There, both walls of the
canyon were granite; in some areas only one of the walls is hard rock, whereas the other wall is
relatively soft
1. The feature more common to submarine canyons than to land canyons is
(1) entering tributaries. (2) V - shaped cross-section.
(3) sediment cover on rock crops. (4) outward sloping floor. (5) branching pattern.
2. Observation by lowering cameras and deep Giving verucies neiped In
(1) ascertaining the appearance of canyons.
(2) describing the physical features of the canyons. (3) counting the dendritic tributaries.
(4) only (1) and (2) statements. (5) none of the above.

3. Steep drop-off of canyon floors often occurs when

(1) sediments accumulate over boulders displaced from the canyon walls.
(2) cobbles of floors are moved away by ocean currents.
(3) overhanging walls give that appearance. (4) terraces are formed. (5) gradients vary.

4. By "active marine processes", the author means those processes influenced by

(1) marine life. (2) active sea flora. (3) only sea fauna.
(4) dynamic forces of ocean. (5) ocean current.

5. The word "shoaling" in this context means

(1) 'swarms of fishes found in the canyons. (2) shallowing of the steep gradient.
(3) shovelling of the canyons. (4) further deepening of the canyon floor. (5) erosion.

6. Dredging and observation from deep diving vehicles indicated that

(1) the walls of the canyons are either grooved or: polished.
(2) the gradient of the canyons floor may vary considerably.
(3) the walls of the canyons are vertical or even overhanging.
(4) the floors may be covered with cobbles. (5) ali the above statements.

7. The collapse of piers and jetties built into the submarine canyon heads indicate that
(1) the dynamic forces of the ocean remove the base on which piers and jetties are built.
(2) the sea water erodes the material of piers and jetties.
(3) the depth of canyon suddenly increases.
(4) these canyons are remnant of previous erosional processes.
(5) conditions are not static.

8. The highest vertical dimension of the canyon wall measures

(1) 6 kms. (2) 1.6 kms. (3) 3 miles. (4) 1 mile. (5) 57 metres.

9.The canyon which is about 19 kms wide at its deepest point is

(1) the canyon in the Congo. (2) the Grand. Canyon.
(3) the canyon in the Bahamas. (4) the Baja California. (5) a submarine canyon.

10.The length to which most of the submarine canyons extend is approximately

(1) 193 kms. (2) 4,150 ft. (3) 48 kms. (4) 200 miles. (5) 12 miles.

EXERCISE - 2

Meats generally consist of about 20 percent protein, 20 percent fat, and 60 percent
water; the amount of fat present in a particular portion of meat varies greatly, not only with the
kind of meat - port, beef, lamb, etc. - but also with its quality; the "energy value" varies in direct
proportion with the fat content. Meat is valuable for its protein, which is of high biological value.
Meat also is an excellent source of B vitamins, including thiamine, one of the most important
vitamins. Pork is the best source of thiamine, liver is next, and skeletal muscle, from any meat
source, is third. Liver is an excellent source of riboflavin, another B vitamin that combines with
protein in the body to form important oxidative enzymes. All meats supply niacin, which helps to
build and maintain a healthy skin, nervous system, and digestive system. Meat also provides other
essential B vitamins, such as pyridoxine, involved in amino acid metabolism, and vitamin B12,
needed for formation of red blood cells. Meat is also a good source of the essential minerals iron,
phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and magnesium.

Aquatic organisms are consumed in almost every area of the world. The muscular tissue of fishes
consists of 13 - 20 percent protein; varying amounts of fat, ranging from under one to over 20
percent; and 60 - 82 percent water, varying inversely with fat content Exact proportions vary
among different species, and seasonal and feeding variations result in differences among
individuals of the same species. The proteins and fats of both fishes and shell fishes are readily
digested and compare favourably in food value with other meats.

The composition of the diet affects nutritive content, as well as flavour, of the flesh of fish. For
example, only eels and related species deposit vitamin A in their flesh; it is not adequately
synthesized by other species. However, fish liver contains vitamin A as a result of the passing of
this nutrient along the food chain, the sequence in which each organism uses the next lower
member as food. The halibut, for example, Yields rich quantities of this vitamin, because it feeds
mainly on Sebastes species, redfish found in the deep waters of the North Atlantic that has great
quantities of vitamin A in its liver oil. The nutrient originates earlier in the food chain, starting
with the drifting plant life called phytoplankton.

In many developing countries, the diet is low in fats, minerals, and vitamins. When fish is among
the staple foods in these areas, the fatty species are preferred. In addition to supplying needed fat,
such fish also provide the fat- soluble A. D, and E vitamins. The flesh of marine fish also supplies
such essential minerals as iodine, fluorine, and calcium, providing two to three times the amount
of fluorine obtained from the meat of land animals .

The precise role of the milk components- protein, fat, lactose or carbohydrate, and minerals - in
human nutrition is still incompletely understood. But these essential elements of a balanced diet
are combined in the proportions and amounts needed for the growth of infants and children and
for the dietary well-being of an adult Indeed, the milk of each species is a complete food for its
young. One pint of summer milk contributes about 90 percent of the calcium, 30 to 40 percent of
the riboflavin, 25 to 30 percent of the protein, 10 to 20 percent of the calories and vitamins A and
B, and up to 10 percent of the iron and vitamin D needed by an adult Although milk supplies a
higher proportion of the daily neecs of a five-year old child for calories, protein, vitamins A, B1,
and B2' the contribution of the calcium needs is reduced to about 70 percent because of the higher
calcium requirements of a child.

Milk protein is of high nutritional value, since it contains all the essential amino acids; i.e. :those
that cannot be synthesized in quantity. Eighty-two percent of milk protein is casein and 18
percent whey protein. The nutritional response to casein or to whey protein is quite uniform, and
these proteins, especially casein, are used as a protein reference standard in feeding experiments
Because cow's milk contains proportionally more casein and less lactose than human milk, it is
usually recommended that, for babies' formulas, water and lactose be added to cow's milk.

The nutritional value of milk fat is still unclear. It is the most complex of the natural fats,
containing at least 142 fatty acids. Its composition varies widely, depending upon such factors as
the cow's intake of unsaturated fatty acids and the levels of dietary fat, protein, and roughage
eaten. Considerable research has been done on the possible involvement of milk fat in
cardiovascular disease in man but no conclusions can yet be drawn as to what effects this or other
fats may have on this ailment.

Lactose, or milk sugar, is a product of mammalian metabolism secreted in milk for nourishment of
the young. Its exact nutritional function is not known, but its role in a number of metabolic
processes has been studied. Lactose is hydrolysed in the body to glucose and galactose. Glucose is
absorbed directly. Galactose is considered a dietary essential because of its occurrence in
cerebrosides and mucopolys accharides. A deficiency of these is thought possibly to lead to
diseases of structural and nervous tissue in later life. There is increasing evidence that a lactose
intolerance produces mild or even severe digestive disturbances and diarrhoea. Symptoms have
been produced in individuals, most often of non-Caucasian races, by feeding 50 grams of lactose
in
water or even in' milk or Whey. It is not known whether the
intolerance is genetic or whether it has been acquired by long omission of milk from the diet.
Intolerance appears to be caused by the absence of the enzyme lactase in the intestine.

There are interrelationships between milk minerals and other food nutrients that are still
not
clear. Many minerals are involved in maintaining the balance of mineral ions in body fluids, in
regulating the metabolism of enzymes, in keeping an acid-base balance, and in facilitating
membrane transfer of essential compounds. The mineral content of milk includes calcium and
phosphorous adequate for normal skeletal development. Milk contains all of the vitamins known
to be required by man. The vitamin C present in milk is destroyed by heating (pasteurization),
which in many countries is required to prevent the milk from spreading bacterial and other
infections. Infants fed solely on boiled milk are likely to develop scurvy unless given fruit juice or
other sources of ascorbic acid. Ergosterol in milk may be converted to vitamin D by irradiation of
the milk. Milk contains the fat-soluble vitamin A and carotene, its precursor, but the amount
varies considerably with the food of the lactating animal. Since green food is the main source of
this vitamin in the diet of cows, summer milk usually has more than winter milk. Some
commercial producers have fortified milk with the addition of vitamins and sometimes of iron.
Eggs have a deservedly high reputation as a food. The white is protein and the yolk is rich both in
protein and vitamin A. Eggs also provide calcium and iron; egg yolk, however, has a high
cholesterol content.

11. Regarding the nutritional value of milk-fat, the statement which is NOT true is:
(1) It is the most complex of the natural fats.
(2) Excessive consumption of milk by adults leads to cardio vascular disease in them during old
age.
(3) The corriposjtion of milk fat does not remain uniform.
(4) It has at least 142 fatty acids.
(5) Several researches have been done to ascertain the role of milk fats in diseases.

12. The substance supplied by meat which helps to build and maintain a healthy skin, nervous
and digestive systems is
(1) niacin. (2) riboflavin. (3)• thiamine. (4) B12. (5) essential B vitamins.

13.Which of the following statements is true?

(1) Irrespective of the source of meat, the fat content remains the same.
(2) Riboflavin present in liver combines with protein in the body to form important
oxidative enzymes,
(3) Pyridoxine is needed for formation of red blood cells.
(4) Vitamin B12 is involved in amino acid metabolism.
(5) Meat is Jacking in essential minerals like iron.

14. The presence of vitamin A in the fish liver indicates that

(1) the vitamin is being synthesized in its flesh.
(2) seasonal and feeding variations can affect the nutritional content of the fish.
(3) it is being assimilated in the body of the fish.
(4) it is feeding on the species that contains this vitamin.
(5) It is not eel or varieties related to it.

15. In the case of fish,

(1) the fat content and the water content in its flesh are negatively correlated.
(2) the nutrient content is affected by the composition of its diet.
(3) the marine variety has higher amounts of certain essential minerals when compared to the
meat of land animals.
(4) the protein and fats in it are easily digestible by humans.
(5) all the above hold good.

16. The deficiency of galactose may affect

(1) cerebrosides and mucopolysaccharides thereby leading to diseases of structural and nervous
tissues.
(2) hydrolysis of lactose. (3) bone-formation.
(4) cardiovascular condition. (5) the absorption of glucose by the body.

17. Mild or severe digestive disturbances and diarrhoea may occur due to
(1) genetic intolerance. (2) absence of the enzyme lactase in the intestine.
(3) long omission of milk in the diet. (4) structural disorders.
(5) one's racial make up.

18.Many of the milk minerals are involved in

(1) maintaining the balance of mineral ions in body-fluids.
(2) keeping acid-base balance. (3) facilitating membrane transfer of essential compounds.
(4) normal skeletal development. (5) all the above functions.

19. Infants solely fed on boiled milk are likely to develop scurvy because
(1) the predisposing factors that cause scurvy are present in boiled milk.
(2) boiledmilk is not a balanced diet.
(3) vitamin - C, which is necessary to prevent scurvy, is destroyed by pasteurization.
(4) boiling encourages certain germs to grow in the milk.
(5) it does not contain ascorbic acid.

20.Pick the odd man out.

(1) The egg yolk has high contents of protein, Vitamin A and Cholesterol.
(2) Lactose is produced through the metabolic activity in mammals
(3) Pasteurization of milk kills the spread of certain infection through it.
(4) The mineral content of milk may not support proper skeletal development.
(5) Milk is a balanced diet for both the young and the old

EXERCISE - 3

Density currents are currents that are kept in motion by the force of gravity acting on a relatively
small density difference caused by variations in salinity, temperature, or sediment concentration.
As noted above, salinity and temperature variations produce stratification in oceans. Below the
surface layer, which is disturbed by waves and is lighter than the deeper waters because it is
warmer or less saline, the oceans are composed of layers of water that have distinctive chemical
and physical characteristics, which move more or less independently of each other and which do
not lose their individuality by mixing even after they have flowed for hundreds of kilometres
from their point of origin.

An example of this type of density current. or stratified flow. is provided by the water of the
Mediterranean Sea as it flows through the Strait of Gibraltar out into the Atlantic. Because the
Mediterranean Sea is enclosed In a basin that is relatively small compared with the ocean basins
and because it is located in a relatively and climate. evaporation exceeds the supply of fresh water
from rivers. The result is that the Mediterranean contains water that IS both warmer and more
saline than normal deep-sea water, the temperature ranging from 12 7 to 14.5°C and the salinity
from 38.4 to 39.0 parts per thousand. Because of these characteristics, the Mediterranean water is
considerably denser than the water in the upper parts of the North Atlantic, which has a salinity
of about 36 parts per thousand and a temperature of about 13° C The density contrast causes the
lighter Atlantic water to flow into the Mediterranean in the upper part of the Strait of Gibraltar
(down to a depth of about 200 metres [660 feet]) and the denser Mediterranean water to flow out
into the Atlantic in the lower part of the strait (from about 200 metres to the top of the sill
separating the Mediterranean from the Atlantic, at a depth of 320 metres [1,050 feet]). Because
the strait is only 20 kilometres (12 miles) wide, both inflow and outflow achieve relatively high
speeds. Near the surface the inflow may have speeds as high as two metres (6.6 feet) per second
and the outflow reaches speeds of over one metre (3.3 feet) per second at a depth of about 275
metres (900 feet). One result of the high current speeds in the strait is to cause a considerable
amount of mixing, which reduces the salinity of the out flowing Mediterranean water to about 37
parts per thousand. The outflowing water sinks to a depth of about 1.500 metres ormore, where it
encounters colder, denser Atlantic water. It then spreads out as a layer of more saline water
between two Atlantic water masses.
Density currents caused by suspended sediment concentrations in the oceans are called turbidity
currents. They appear to be relatively short-lived, transient phenomena that occur at great depths.
Turbidity currents are thought to be caused by the slumping of sediment that has piled up at the
top of the continental slope, particularly at the heads of submarine canyons. Slumping of large
masses of sediment creates a dense sediment - water mixture, or Slurry, that then flows down the
canyon to spread out over the ocean floor and deposit a layer of sand in deep water. Repeated
deposition forms submarine fans, . which are analogous to the alluvial fans found at the mouths of
many river canyons. Sedimentary rocks that are thought to have originated from ancient turbidity
currents are called turbidites.

Although large-scale turbidity underflows have never been directly observed in the oceans, there
is much evidence supporting their occurrence. This evidence may be briefly summarized: (1)
Telegraph cables have been broken in the deep sea in a sequence that Indicates some disturbanceat
the bottom moving from shallow to deep water at speeds of the order of 10 to 40 knots (11 to 46
miles per hour). The trigger for this phenomenon is commonly, though not exclusively, an
earthquake near the edge of the continental slope. The only disturbance that seems capable of
being transmitted downslope at the required speed is a large turbidity current. The best known
example of such a series of cable breaks took place in the North Atlantic following the 1929
earthquake under the Grand Banks of Newfoundland but other examples have been described
from the Magdalena River Delta (Colombia), the Congo Delta, the Mediterranean Sea north of
Orleans ville and south of the Straits of Messina, and Kandavu Passage, Fiji. (2) Cores taken from
the sea bottom in the area downslope from cable breaks reveal layers of sand interbedded with
normal deep-sea pelagic or hemipelagic oozes (sediments formed in the deep sea by quiet settling
of fine particles). In the case of the cable breaks south of the Grand Banks, a large diameter core
taken from the axis of a submarine canyon in the continental slope contained one centimetre
(about 0.5 inch) of grey clay underlain by at least 20 centimetres (eight inches) of grey pebble and
cobble gravel. Cores farther south showed a graded layer, about one metre thick, of coarse silt and
fine sand. The presence of these gravel and sand layers is consistent with the hypothesis that they
were deposited by the turbidity current that
broke the cables. (3) Coring has revealed layers of fine-grained sand or coarse silt at many other
localities in the abyssal plains of the oceans. These layers are generally moderately well sorted and
contain microfossils characteristic of shallow water that are also size sorted. In some cases the
layers are laminated and arranged in a definite sequence. It is clear that the sand forming these
layers has been moved down from shallow water, and in many cases the only plausible
mechanism appears to be a turbidity current. (4) At the base of many submarine canyons there are
very large submarine fans. Deep- sea channels on the fan surfaces extend for many tens of
kilometres and have depths of over a hundred metres and Widths of a kilometre or more.
Submarine levees are a prominent feature. and these project above the surrounding fan surface to
elevations of 50 metres (160 feet) or more. The gross charactenstics of such channels suggest that
they were formed by a combination of erosion and deposition by turbidity currents. (5) Thick
deposits of interbedded graded sandstones and fine-grained shales are common in geological
record. In some cases there is good fossil evidence that the shales were deposited in relatively
deep water, perhaps as much as several thousand metres deep. Relatively deepwater deposition is
also suggested by the absence of sedimentary structures characteristic of shallow water. The
Interbedded sandstones, however, contain shallow-water fossils that are sorted by size, have a
sharp basal contact with the shale below and a transitional contact with the shale above. and
display a characteristic sequence of sedimentary structures. The structures include erosional
marks made originally on the mud surface but now preserved as casts on the base of the sandstone
bed (sole marks) and internal structures including some or all of the following: massive graded
unit, parallel lamination, ripple cross-lamination or convolute larnmatron, and an upper unit of
parallel lamination.
The combination of textural structural features can be explained by deposition from a current that
slightly erodes the bottom and then deposits sand that becomes finer grained as the velocity
gradually wanes. The properties inferred from these' ancient sandstone deposits are consistent
with the properties of turbidity currents inferred from laboratory experiments

21.The difference in characteristics between the upper and the deeper layers of oceans is due
to the
(1) lower salinity of the upper layer. (2) lower temperature of the upper layer.
(3) lighter density of the upper layer. (4) higher stratification of the upper layer.
(5) higher temperature of the lower layers

22.The Mediterranean Sea water is both warmer and more saline than normal sea water because
(1) of the nature of water. (2) of the larger basin in which it is enclosed.
(3) the rate of evaporation exceeds the supply of fresh water from rivers.
(4) of the semi-arid climate surrounding it. (5) of the water from the Atlantic flowing into it.

23.In the case of turbidity currents, density difference arises due to the presence of
(1) sedimentary rocks (2) submarine canyons. (3) turbidities.
(4) submarine fans. (5) suspended sediment.

24.The result of high current speeds in the strait is

(1) flowing of more water into the Atlantic. (2) the increase in salinity of the Atlantic water.
(3) the eroding of the banks of the strait. (4) the reduction of the salinity of the outflowing
Mediterranean water. (5) increasing the salinity of the water in the Mediterranean sea.

25.One of the following is a predisposmq factor for density currents to move (1) gravifational
force. (2) density difference. (3) stratifications found in oceans.
(4) hot arid climate. (5) varying salinity.

26.The breaking of telegraph cables in the deep sea is due to

(1) earthquake. (2) density currents. (3) turbidity 'currents.
(4) earthquake triggered twbidity currents. (5) movement of ships ",nd submarines.

27.Which of the following is not an evidence supporting the occurrence of large scale turbidity
under flows?
(1) Telegraph cables being broken in the deep Sea. (2) The existence of submarine levees.
(3) Ancient sand stone deposits in relatively deep water.
(4) Presence of turbidites. (5) Presence of gravel and .sand layers.

28. The cores taken from the sea bottom in the area downslope from cable breaks show
(1) fine grained sand alone. (2) sediments formed in deep sea.
(3) normal deep sea oozes. (4) pebbles and gravel.
(5) normal deep sea oozes and sandwiching layers of sand.

29.Deep sea channels are believed to have been formed by

(1) sub marine canyons. (2) deepsea fans. (3) erosions.
(4) a combination of erosion and deposition by turbidity currents (5) depositions

30.The passage does not explain

(1) why the distinctive layers of water do not lose their individual identity.
(2) how the properties inferred from the ancient sand stone deposits match with those observed
under lab expenments.
(3) how the density currents arise. (4) how dense sediment is created.
(5) evidence for the occurrence of turbidity underflows
EXERCISE - 4

The first Indian political organization to call for complete independence from British rule was the
Ghadar (or Gadar) Party, organized in 1913 by Indian immigrants in California. The Ghadar
movement was remarkable for many reasons. Although Sikhs from Punjab made up the majority
of its founding members, the movement was completely devoid of any trace of regional or
religious chauvinism. Its platform was uncompromisingly secular and called for a total rejection of
any form of caste discrimination. And unlike the Congress, its membership was primarily drawn
from the working class and poor peasantry. Sikhs, Muslims and Hindus of all castes (including
Dalits) were welcomed into the movement without bias or discrimination.
The literature of the Ghadar Party was also the clearest in describing the depth of misery that the
common people of India experienced under British rule. They were also amongst the first to
anticipate the outbreak of the First World War, Correctly sensing that it was an opportunity for
the Indian people to liberate themselves from the yolk of colonial rule, they called for a mass
movement for total independence. In their widely distributed poster, "Jang Da Hoka" (Declaration
of War) they warned of the danger of Indian soldiers being drawn into the British war effort in
the First World War.
Unfortunately, the Congress failed to take advantage of this tremendous opportunity and leaders,
like Gandhi went as far as campaigning for the British War effort, calling upon Indians to enroll
in the British Army. This treacherous and sycophantic policy of Gandhi not only drew biting
criticism from Ghadar activists, but opposition from other quarters also emerged.
At a time when Gandhi was still addressing "War Recruitment Melas", Dr. Tuljaram Khilnani of
Nawabshah publicly campaigned against War Loan Bonds Sindh was then part of Bombay
Presidency and the Sindh Congress, part of Bombay Provincial Congress committee. When
Gandhi sought election to the AICC from Bombay PCC, the delegates from Sindh opposed his
election in view of his support to the British war effort.
The Congress was a relatively conservative organization at this time and drew stinging criticism
from the Ghadarites. Rejecting the notion that freedom could be won by participating in the
oppressive bureaucracy of the British or by pleading with the British for reforms or self-rule, the
Ghadarites believed that only a militant mass movement that involved workers and peasants and
all other sections of Indian society on a non-sectarian basis could succeed. They envisaged an
India that would not only be free from exploitation by the British but would also be free from
hunger, homelessness and disease. In their vision of India, there would be no place for religious
superstition or any socially sanctioned inequities.
Although the Ghadar movement started in California, chapters were established all over the
world and by 1916, a million copies of their weekly pamphlet were published and circulated, As
the movement grew in strength, there were plans to set up' cells of the Ghadar party all over India
and thousands of young volunteers attempted to return home and initiate local chapters wherever
they could. The British, realizing the dangers posed by this extremely radical movement moved
quickly and closed in on the revolutionaries. Hundreds were charged for sedition in the five
Lahore Conspiracy Cases. According to one estimate, a total of 145 Ghadarites were hanged, and
308 were given sentences longer than 14 years. Several were sentenced to hard labour in the
notorious prison known as Kala Pani in the Andamans.

The Ghadarites were especially successful in winning over Indian soldiers in the British Army and
enticing them to revolt. Soldiers in the Hongkong regiments were arrested and court-martialled
for distributing Ghadar pamphlets and sent back to lndia and imprisoned. Two Singapore
re~iments rebelled in Penang, but the rebellion was brutally crushed. In Rangoon in January
1915, the 130t Baluchi regiment revolted. Two hundred soldiers of this regiment were
courtmartialled. Four soldiers were hanged, 69 were given life imprisonment and 126 were given
rigorous imprisonment for varying terms. Pani::Jit Sohan Lal Pathak, one of the outstanding
leaders of the Ghadar Party was hanged on February 10, 1916 in Mandalay jail for inciting
rebellion against the British rule. The Party was also active amongst Indian soldiers in Iraq and
Iran. As a result of their work, the is" Lancers, stationed in Basra revolted and 64 soldiers were
court- martialled. Similarly, the za" Punjabi and 22"d Pahari regiments also revolted.
But in spite of the tremendous repression unleashed by the British against the Ghadarites, the
British were unable to stop a mass wave of revolutionary unrest in 1919. The closinq months of
1918 and the first months of 1919 saw the opening of a strike movement on a scale never seen
before. The Bombay mill strike extended to 125,000 workers. In spite of the Rowlatt Act of 1919
that sought to extend the provisions of martial law, a wave of mass demonstrations, strikes, and
civil unrest confronted the British authorities. The British rulers were taken by surprise by the
courageous resistance of the workers and the official government report for the year noted with
alarmed amazement how Hindus and Muslims had resisted their power unitedly. Unsurprisingly,
the British responded with extraordinary measures of repression.
General Dyer's Jallianwala Bagh massacre followed the strike wave, when an unarmed crowd of
10,000 Baisakhi celebrators was mercilessly attacked with over 1600 rounds of ammunition. Yet,
Gandhi continued to advocate cooperation with the British in December 1919, even as the
resistance of ordinary Indians continued. The first six months of 1920 saw an even greater level of
mass resistance, with no less than 200 strikes taking place involving 1.5 million workers. It was in
response to this rising mass revolutionary tide that the leadership of the Congress was forced to
confront it's conservatism and give a somewhat more militant face to it's programme. The
"nonviolent non-cooperation" movement was thus launched under the stewardship of Congress
leaders
like LajpatRai, Motilal Nehru and Gandhi.

31.According to the passage

1.Leaders like Gandhi campaigned for the British war effort calling upon Indians to enroll in the
British army.
II. Sikhs from Punjab made up the majority of the founding members of the Ghadar Party.
(1) I is true (2) Both I and II are true. (3) Neither I nor II is true.
(4) Only II is true. (5) Neither of the statements is dealt with in the passage.

32.Which of the following is false according to the passage?

(1) 200 soldiers of the 130th Baluchi regiment were court martialled for revolting.
(2) Two Singapore regiments rebelled in Penang.
(3) The 15 Lancers stationed in Basra revolted and 84 soldiers were court martialled.
(4) 22"d Pahari regiment also revolted. (5) 200 soldiers were court-martialled.

33.According to the passage, which of the following was responsible for the shedding of 1
conservatism by the Congress?
(1) Mass resistance in the first six months of 1920. (2) Rowaltt Act
(3) Jallianwala Bagh massacre (4) The Ghadarites (5) None of these

34.According to the passage, the Congress is criticised by the Ghadarites for

(1) being conservative and practising caste based discrimination.
(2) drawing its membership from the middle and upper classes only.
(3) for not responding appropriately to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
(4) for believing that freedom could be won by participating in the offensive bureaucracy of the
British or by pleading with the British for reforms or self-rule.
(5) not freeing the masses from hunger homelessness and disease.

35.Who among the following was the one of the outstanding leaders of the Ghader Party?
(1) Dr. Tuljaram Khilnani (2) Pandit Sohanlal Pathak (3) Lajpat Rai
(4) Behari mal Ghader (5) Motilal Nehru

36.As understood from the passage,

(1) The Ghader Party discriminated against Dalits vis-a-vis other members.
(2) Gandhi's election to the AICC was opposed by the delegates from Sindh because of Gandhi's
support to the British war effort.
(3) The British Government did not react harshly to the attempts of the Ghadar Party to expand
in India.
(4) All of the above statements are true. (5) None of the above statements is true.
37.Which of the following is true about the revolutionary unrest of 1919?
(1) It extended to 125,000 workers.
(2) I nspite of the Rowlatt Act of 1919 that sought to extend the provisions of martial law, a wave
of mass demonstrations and civil unrest confronted the British authorities.
(3) This was preceded by the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
(4) Both (1) and (2). (5) The unrest of 1919 had several precedents.

38.Which of the following inferences can be drawn from the passage?

(1) The Congress, a conservative organisation, was forced to adopt a more revolutionary agenda
because of the success of the Ghader Party in inducing revolutionary unrest. .
(2) The Ghader Party was successful as long as its activities were restricted to outside India but
failed when it tried to expand its activities in India.
(3) The sycophantic and treacherous policies of the Congress in supporting the Brit.sh war effort
strengthened the Ghadar Party in India.
(5) All of the above. (5) None of the above.

EXERCISE - 5

Finally, there is Smith on what would now be called public policy - on what stimulates economic
growth. Not all of his views on this are original; he is in the dent of such notable predecessors in
the attack on mercantile thought as the highly intelligent Sir William Petty (162'3-1687). He also
draws on the essays of his great Edinburgh friend David Hume (1711-1776). But many of his
views are the product of his own observation, his common sense and his already noted pleasure in
undoing established belief.
His strongest recommendation on public policy urges the freedom of internal and international
trade. Much, quite possibly too much, of his reasoning derives from his fascination with the
division of labour in the pin factory. Only if there is freedom for barter and trade can some
workers specialize on pins, others devote themselves to other requisites and all come together for
the exchange that satisfies the individual's several needs. If freedom of trade does not exist, each
worker must concentrate incompetently on making his own pins; the economies from
specialization are gone. From this Smith concludes that the wider the trading area the greater the
opportunity for specialization - for the division of labour - and the greater the efficiency or as
would now be said, the productivity of labour. The division of labour is limited in another of
Smith's famous conclusions by the size of the market. Thus, the case for the widest possible area
of
free trade leading to the greatest possible efficiency of labour.
That the application of power and machinery to production, even in Smith's day, might have been
a far greater source of efficiency than the specialized application of workers to a task is more than
probable. And it has certainly been the case since. To this day nonetheless Smith's division of
labour remains a totemic source of efficiency, a cliche in all discussion of international trade
policy.

Smith's case for free trade extends to a direct assault on the mercantilist view of gold and silver as
the foundation of national wealth and to the belief that trade restrictions can enhance the stock of
precious metals. In the very opening words of Wealth of Nations, Smith proclaims that it is not its
silver or gold that measures a nation's wealth. It is "the annual labour of every nation [that] is the
fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniences of life." Wealth is
enhanced by “the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which its [the nation's] labour is generally
applied; and secondly, by the proportion between the number of those who are employed in
useful labour and that of those who are not so employed."
These, then, are the matters that public policy must address; if they are addressed successfully,
prices will be low, supplies of marketable products abundant. Gold and silver will come in from
abroad to purchase the products and the supply of precious metals will take care of itself. Other
countries cannot prevent their people from so sending their gold and silver. 'n what would be a
recurring discovery as regards exchange control he observes, "All the sanguinary laws of Spain
and Portugal are not able to keep their gold and silver at home." And in a characteristic Smithian
thought, he reminds those motivated by a fear that money may become scarce that no complaint
IS more common than that of a scarcity of money. Money like wine must always be scarce with
those who have neither wherewithal to buy it nor credit to borrow it. In a companion gesture to
the Quantity Theory of Money he observes, "It is not by the importation of gold and silver that
the discovery of America has enriched Europe. By the abundance of the American mines those
metals have become cheaper." Smith IS not however, rigidly dogmatic on the matter of free trade,
he would allow tariffs for Industries essen-tial for defence and possibly in retaliation for
tariff'abuse abroad, and he would be gradual in withdrawing support to protected enterprises and
their workers. But not much else. "It is the maxim of every prudent master of a family never to
attempt to make at home what it will cost him more to make than to buy .... What is prudence in
the conduct of every private family, can scarce be folly in that of a great kingdom."

As Smith was averse to restraints on International trade, so also he was opposed to those on
domestic commerce and with colonies. In an age when restrictive preferences, privileges and state
grants of monopoly were commonplace, he opposed them all. He also opposed private
combinations of producers and workers, although in a characteristic aside, he noted that there
were more laws against combinations by the sellers of labour than against the similar practice by
the merchants and manufacturers who employed them. He was not, however, entirely optimistic
as to the possibility of contending with private combination. The impulse to such association was
strong. In another deathless passage, he observes that people of the same trade seldom meet
together even for merriment and diversion but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the
public or in some contrivance to. raise prices. It is impossible, he went on to say "to prevent such
meetings, by any law which either could be executed or would be consistent with liberty and
justice. But though the law cannot hinder people of the same trade from sometimes assembling
together it ought to do nothing to facilitate such assemblies much less to render them necessary."

39.According to Smith, the wealth of a nation is enhanced by

(1) the specialisation of tasks. (2) restricting flow of precious metals.
(3) the skill and dexterity and the judgement with which its labour is applied.
(4) all of the above. (5) none of the above

40.According to the passage, which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I Smith urges freedom of internal and international trade as a public policy.
II. Smith would not allow any trade tariffs and protectionism.
III. What holds true for a family may not be so for a nation.
(1) Only I is true. (2) Only 11 is true (3) I and II are true.
(4) II and III are true. (5) None of the above is true.

41.Which of the following statements is correct?

I.According to Smith, association of people of same trade can be prevented by prohibiting those
people from meeting.
II. Adam smith was not averse to restraints on domestic commerce and with colonies.
III. Smith was in favour of restrictive preferences, privileges and state grant of monopolies.
(1) Only I (2) Only II (3) Only III (4) I and III (5) None.

42.The views expressed by Smith in the passage

(1) are entirely his.
(2) are partly drawn from the works of Sir William Petty and David Hume.
(3) did not find any supporters.
(4) are the product of his common sense, observation and pleasure in undoing the established
belief.
(6) are out dated.

43.According to the passage,

I. application of power and machinery lead to higher efficiency.
I. division of labour resulting in its specialisation is limited by the size of market.
III. Smith attributed the prosperity of Europe to the abundance in America.
(1) Only I is true. (2) Only II is true. (3) Only III is true.
(4) All the statements are true. (5) None of the statements is true.

44.Low prices and abundant supply of marketable product comes from

(1) imports. (2) exports. (3) right policies of the government.
(4) trade in some products. (5) ensuring specialization

EXERCISE - 6

It was the buzz of boardrooms: power lunches and anxious phone calls from the freeway. It was
debated by stockbrokers, real estate agents, Hollywood producers and media Bigfeet. Mid-level
executives who wouldn't leave home without a phone in their pocket - or at their ear - were
putting off calls or finding other ways to make them. Sales of cellular radio telephones - which
had been growing at a sizzling 20% to 70% a year for the past decade - were temporarily put on
hold.
Do cellular phone? really cause brain tumours? The safety of the ultimate yuppie accessory was
called into question by the news in the US that two prominent executives had been stricken by
brain cancer (though the connection to phone use is unclear) and by a well-publicized lawsuit in
which a Florida man charged that his wife's fatal brain tumour was caused by her cellular phone.
It was not the kind of evidence that would De accepted by the New England Journal of Medicine,
but it struck a nerve. American viewers tuned In to hear 'David Reynard, the Flonda Widower,
tell the story of his wife's death to Larry King, Bryant Gumbel, Faith Daniels and dozens of radio
talk-show hosts. Sally Atwater, the Widow of late Republican political guru Lee Atwater, got half
a dozen calls from reporters asking whether her husband's brain tumour was linked to his
constant cellular-phone use (she could not say). "It seems like yet another technology that is out
to get us." said NBC'S chief White House correspondent, Andrea Mitchell, who became addicted
to her cellular phone while covering the 1992 election.
Even Wall Street took notice, knocking a couple of points off McCaw Cellular, Contel Cellular
and Motorola the day after Reynard's appearance on the Larry King Live show, and then
extending the sell-off through much of last week. The Cellular Telecommunications Industry
Association was finally forced to respond; announcing that it woulo fund new studies and ask the
government to review the findings.
The phone flap is the latest in a series of scares linking everyday electrical objects (hair dryers,
electric razors, electric blankets, home computers) to one dreaded disease or another. Most of the
concern has focused on the low-frequency end of the spectrum: the electromagnetic fields
surrounding power lines, electric motors and video-display terminals. Cellular phones occupy
another part of the spectrum. They send their signals using very small bursts of high-frequency
electromagnetic waves or microwaves.

The low and high-frequency controversies have one thing in common. In each case, the
electromagnetic waves are too weak to affect human tissue in any well-understood mechanism.
They are not known to disrupt living cells or alter DNA the way X-rays and ultraviolet radiation
do. If these fields do indeed cause cancer, it is by a mechanism yet to be uncovered.
Despite the panic, the case against cellular phones is nowhere near as strong as the ones mounted
against electric power lines, electric blankets or even hand held police radars. Dozens of highway
patrol men have come forward to complain of tumours of the eye, the cheek or the testicles (from
jamming radar guns between their legs). And there is a growing body of evidence showing that
living near power lines can quadruple the risk of contracting childhood leukaemia.
Since 1982, 10 million cellular phones have been sold in the U.S and so tar there have been only a
few anecdotal reports of brain cancers among users. Giverr the gestation period for most cancers,
it may be some time before the true effects emerge.
No one really understands the long-term health consequences of holding a microwave
transmitter-next to your brain because nobody has thoroughly studied them. To ease fears,
Motorola held a press conference recently and claimed that "thousands of studies" had proved
their cellular telephones safe. But when asked to name three studies that showed the phones do
not cause tumours, a company spokesman could cite only one 1 O-year old report and two others
with ambiguous results. "If that's the best they can do, they're in deep trouble." said Louis Siesin
publisher of Microwave News (a newsletter that has devoted extensive coverage to the risks of
electromagnetic radiation).
Siesin recommends that cellular telephone owners practice what he calls prudent avoidance. "If
you can use an ordinary phone, do." If mobility is required, he suggests either a trunk-mounted
car phone as a two-piece cellular model that separates the hand-held receiver from the microwave
transmitter (So called cordless portable phones use a different frequency and far less power and
they have not been associated with any adverse health effects). Before consumers buy into a
pervasive network of cellular phones, they might well demand some answers about the
controversy that is already in the news.

45.If the case against the cell phone, as the culprit behind brain tumour in the users, is proved,
(1) extensive research needs to be done by the cellular industry association. .
(2) the mechanism, if any; through which the electro 'magnetic waves affect the human tissue
needs to be discovered.
(3) the functioning of cell phones in low frequency fields needs to be studied.
(4) the patients history of disease needs to be well documented.
(5) cell phones would be taken off the market.

46.According to the passage,

I.Studies have proved that child leukaemia is more possible in people residing close
to power lines
II. The case against cellular phones is as strong as the case against X-rays.
III. Police handheld radars are considered worse than cell phones.
(1) Only I is correct (2) Only II is correct (3) I and II are correct
(4) I and III are correct (5) All the three statements are incorrect

47.Which of the following statements is NOT true?

(1) Recent news on bad effects of cellular. phones pushed down the sales.
(2) The manufacturers of the cellular telephones took a beating in the share market.
(3) The case against cellular phones has proved that brain tumours is more probable in cellular
phone users.
(4) The time from which the cellular phones are in operation is not sufficient for all the negative
effects to come out.
(6) Cell phones usehigh-frequency electromagnetic waves.

48.Larry King is probably

(1) a prominent personality of a popular TV Channel.
(2) the representative of the Republican party. (3) a very famous criminal lawyer in U.S.A
(4) an anti-cellular phone forum. (5) the C.E.O of a cell phone manufacturing company.

49.The controversy over cellular phones resulted in

(1) the cellular telecom industry association agreeing to fund new studies.
(2) the apparent reduction in use of cellular phone by existing users.
(3) adversely affecting the sale of cellular phones.
(4) The share value of the cell phone companies fell in the stock market.
(5) all of the above.

50.The advice given by Siesin is

(1) not to use cell phones at all when not mobile.
(2) to cutdown the usage rate of cell phones if land line is accessible.
(3) to use cordless portable phones at all times.
(4) to opt for a two-piece telephone set for homes.
(5) to demand the truth from cell phone manufacturers.