Isopodos Marinos de Chile (Incompleto)
Isopodos Marinos de Chile (Incompleto)
Isopodos Marinos de Chile (Incompleto)
REPORTS
OF
42.
LUND
C.W.K. GLEERUP
Contribution from the Lamont Geological Observatory, No. 431
LUND
HAKAN OHISSOKS B0K.TBYCKRKI
Introduction
Historic resume
Our early knowledge of the marine isopod fauna came mainly from expeditions
to the Magellan region, e.g. the "Alert" ( M I E E S , 1881), the "Romanche" (DOLLFUS,
1891), the "Gazelle" (STUDEE, 1884) the "Novara" ( H E L L E R , 1865), and the U.S.
Exploring Expedition ( D A N A , 1852). Their reports, as far as the Chilean fauna was
concerned, were, naturally, fragmentary. Because of the large percentage of subpolar
species in the Chilean fauna the reports of various expeditions and studies on the
insular fauna are important. Most significant are the results of the Swedish South
Polar Expedition (NORDENSTAM, 1933) and the German South Polar Expedition
(VANHOFFEN, 1914). Curiously American south polar expeditions, even those of
recent date, have added little to the knowledge of the fauna.
Prior to this report around 35 species including synonyms and animals of dubious
validity were known from Chile. Roughly one-half, or fourteen of them were found
in the Lund University Chile Expedition collections. The following is a listing of the
probably valid species previously reported from Chile. Those represented in the
"LUCE" collections are marked with an asterisk.
Twenty-five currently valid genera had been previously reported from Chile.
Only seven were not represented in the L.U.C.E. collections; Antarcturus, Astacilla,
Idothea, Meinertia, Notidotea, Paranihura, and Rocinela. The genera Idothea, Roci-
nela, and Meinertia are probably contaminants of the fauna being transported t o
there from elsewhere. The genus Sphaeroma (not mentioned above) is probably a
case of misidentification being based only on old species described by DANA and
NICOLET. Notidotea and Paranihura were reported from central Chile; whereas,
Antarcturus and Astacilla characterize the Magellan region.
The L.U.C.E. collections contained 34 genera. Fifteen are recorded as new to the
fauna b u t only one of which is described as a new genus. The number of species
now amounts t o 71, or about two times as many as were known previously and
roughly one-half of which are described as new species. Clearly, the additions to
the fauna through the efforts of the L.U.C.E. collections are highly significant.
All specimens on which this report is based will be sent to the Swedish State
Museum (S.S.M. abbreviation) in Stockholm where the types of new species are t o
be kept.
Acknowledgments
The writer is first indebted to the leaders of the expedition for the privilege and
honor of examining the specimens, and, second, to the Charles P . Berolzheimer
Foundation Inc., New York, for a grant of money of sufficient size to permit the
employment of an artist to 'ink in" the pencilled sketches and arrange the plates
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine Isopods 5
Table 1. Average monthly sea surface temperatures along the Chilean coast-line, from H.O.
pub. 225, 1944.
MONTHS
J F M A M J J A S O M D
Degrees
South 1.1 21 21 21 20 IS 17 17 17 16 17 18 18 Warm
Latitude 20 21 21 21 20 IS 17 17 1(5 16 17 18 18 Temperate
25 21 21 22 18 17 17 10 15 15 15 17 18 (17—21}
30 18 18 18 16 t€ 16 14 14 13 14 16 16
35 16 17 16 Ifi 13 13 13 12 12 13 14 16 Cold
40 16 16 16 13 13 12 12 11 11 12 13 14 • Temperate
45 13 ia 13 12 11 11 11 9 8 11 11 13 (12—16)
m 11 ii 11 8 S 8 7 7 7 8 8 s Subpolar
.55 7 8 8 7 6 6 4 3 5 7 6 6 (6—11}
B. Cold temperate region: This is located between 25° S and 45° S and is a region
in which the most frequent average monthly temperatures lie between 12 and
16° C.
C. Magellan or subpolar region: This is located between 45° S and 55° S where
average monthly temperatures are most frequently between 6 and 11° C.
EKMA>-'S Peru fauna extends from the warm region into the cold temperate region
and his antiboreal region includes the subpolar and much of the cold temperate
region above.
Generic considerations
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Chilean Genera 2
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1. Aega X
2. Amphoridea X X X
3. Antarcturus* X X X X
4. Astacilla* X X
5. Antias X
6. Austrosignum X X
7. Cassidinopsis X X
8. Chaetilia X X
9. Cirolana X
10. Cleantis X X X X
11. Cymodocella X X X X
12. Dynamenella X X X X
13. Dynamenopsis X
14. Edotea X X X X
15. Euvallentinia X X
16. Excirolana X
17. Exosphaeroma X
18. Gnathia X
19. Iais X X X X X
20. laniropsis X
21. Iathrippa X X X X
22. Idothea* X
23. Isocladus X X
24. Jaeropsis X
25. Janthopais X X X
26. Limnoria X
27. Lironeoa X
28. Macroehiridothea X X
29. Meinertia* X
30. Munna (M.) X
31. Munna (TJ.) X
32. Neastacilla X X
33. Neojaera X X
34. Kotidotea* X X
35. Paradynamenopsta X X
36. Paramunna X X X
37. Paranthura* X
38. Pleurosignum X X
39. Rocinela* X
40. Serolis X X X X X
41. Tridentella X |
Total 19 6 16 3 0 0 7 9 | 5 13 0 5 2
Of these, two are endemic only to South America, namely, Chaetilia and Macro-
ckiridothea. One genus, Paradynamenopsis, ia new and appears also to be endemic
to South America.
Twin genera: Genera endemic to the southern hemisphere which have comparable
genera in the northern hemisphere are Pleurosignum-Pleurogonium, Isocladus-Zuzara,
Macrockiridotkea-Mesidothea or possibly Chiridothea; Neqjaera-Jaera, andNeastacilla-
Astacilla, Antarcturus-Arctur us. These are all antitropical rather than bipolar twins
except possibly for Antarcturus and Arcturus.
Bipolarity: No bipolar genus is known from the Chilean fauna (see above).
Antarctic or polar affinities: Only five, or 22 percent of the Chilean genera, exclu-
ding new and worldwide genera, are found also in the Antarctic Continent. These
are Serolis, Neojaera (auct Austrofilius), Cymodocella, latkrippa, Pleurosignum, and
Antarcturus. Only one of these, Pleurosignum, is exclusively Chilean-Antarctic.
Subpolar Islands: Genera endemic to the southern hemisphere and common to
one or more subpolar island and also Chile are numerous, amounting to 60 percent
of those Chilean genera. These genera are Austrosignum, Cassidinopsis, Cymodocella,
Dynamenella, Euvallentinia, Iathrippa, Janihopsis, Neastacilla, Neojaera, Serolis,
and Antarcturus.
Peruvian Region and Juan Fernandez Islands: Not one genus endemic to the
southern hemisphere is known yet from the virtually unknown Peruvian region.
This applies also to the much better known marine isopod fauna of the Juan Fer-
nandez Islands off Chile.
South Africa: The Chilean fauna and that of the colder part of South Africa are
markedly similar. The genera in common are of two types: a), antitropical genera
(4) and b), subpolar insular genera (6), Ten, or 45 percent of the Chilean genera,
exclusive of worldwide genera, are found in both places. These genera are: Ampho-
roidea, Cleantis, Cymodocella, Dynamenella, Iais, Isocladus, Janthopsis, Paramunna,
Neojaera (auct. Austrofilius), and Antarcturus.
Australia-New Zealand: Like the South African fauna the Chilean fauna is related
to the Australian-New Zealand fauna through two types of genera, a) antitropical
(4) and b), subpolar insular genera (2) which are found in both places. These genera
are Amphoroidea, Cleantis, Edotea, latkrippa, Iais, and Serolis. These amount to
27 percent of the Chilean genera which are endemic to the southern hemisphere.
The Chilean fauna is most closely related to a generally circumsubpolar fauna
surrounding the Antarctic. The fauna has a much lower percentage of polar genera.
Antitropical and circumsubpolar genera establish the affinities which exist between
the fauna of South Africa, Australia-New Zealand and California. The genera common
to California, Norway and Chile are antitropical, or worldwide genera.
The Chilean marine isopod fauna shows no unusual relationships with the Peruvian
or the fauna of the Juan Fernandez Islands.
Only two genera and possibly a third new one, or about 15 percent of the Chilean
genera which are endemic to the southern hemisphere are endemic to South
America.
10 Robert James Menzies
Species distribution
Sixty-one species excluding varieties were in the L.U.C.E. collections (Table 3). To
this may be added seven species from the Magellan region and some others which
had been reported previously but were not in the L.U.C.E. collections (Table 4).
These include Cymodocella tuhicauda, Chaetilia ovata, Excirolana ehilensis, Gnathia
antarctica, Idothea metallica, Jaeropsis curvicomis, Meinertta gaudichaudi, Paranthura
porteri, Serolis paradoxa, and Serolis gaudichaudi.
General distribution
50-55
45-50
© in © ©
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1. Paramunna kerguelensis X
2. Munna (M.) ehilensis X
3. Munna (M.) hmdae X
4. Paramunna subtriangulata X
5. Austrosignum globifrons X
6. Neastacilla magellanica X
7. Macrochiridothea miehaelseni X
8. Antareturus americanus X
9. Astaeilla diomedea X
10. Edotea tuberculata X
11. Edotea magellanica X
12. Iathrippa longicauda X
13. Macrochiridothea kruimeli X
14. Rocinela australis X
15. Notidotea rotundicauda X
16. Euvallentinia darwini X
17. Cassidinopsis emarginata X
18. Iathrippa multidens X
19. Iais pubeseens X X X
20. Pleurosignum chilense X X
21. Ianiropsis ehilensis X X
22. Iathrippa ehilensis X X
23. Serolis (f.) schythei X X
24. Exosphaeroma studeri X
25. Dynamenella acuticauda X X X
26. Exosphaeroma gigas X X
27. Edotea dahli X X X
28. Dynamenella eatoni X X X X X
29. Munna (U.) nana f. ("a") X X X X
30, Exosphaeroma lanceolata X X X
31. Edotea transversa X
32. Cirolana urostylis X
33. Aega semicarinata X
34. Tridentella laevicephalax X
35. Janthopsis laevis X
36. Paramunna simplex X
37. Austrosignum latifrons X
38. Antias mawsoni X
39. Pleurosignum magnum X X X
40. Jaeropsis intermedius X
41. Macrochiridothea stebbingi X
42. Aega magnifica X X
43. Isocladus sp. X
44. Munna (U.) schauinslandi X
12 Robert James Menzies
Table 4.
| Cold Temperate
Warm Temperate Subpolar
SPECIES © O © © lO
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Chile and Falkland Islands: Slightly less than 15 percent of the Chilean species,
or 12 of the total extend to the Falkland Islands as well. They certainly would be
expected to occur in Patagonia and many do.
Antitropical species: Only one species, Ianiropsis tridens is antitropical in distribu-
tion. This species is known from California and Chile.
Chile and South Africa: Eight species, or about 10 percent of the Chilean species
occur in South Africa as well. These are:
These species are all very "old" species nomenclaturally and may actually involve
one or more different species.
Chile and Antarctic: Close to 10 percent or seven of the species are common to
the Antarctic and Chile. Two of them are found at the Falkland Islands as well.
Peruvian affinities: Only one species, the parasitic Meinertia gaudichaudi is believed
to be common to Chile and Peru. This species was not in the L.U.C.E. collections.
Australian affinities: Three species are common to Chile and Australia, These are:
1. Exosphaeroma gigas 3. Lironeca raynaudi
2. Cirolana concinna
Circumsubpolar species: Chilean species also found at one or more subpolar islands
are six in number. They will probably be found to be truly circumsubpolar. These are:
1. Paramunna kerguelensis 4. Iais pubescens
2. Paramunna subtriangulata 5. Dynamenella eatoni
3. lathrippa longicauda 6. Aega semicarinata
The following is a list of the species of marine isopods which have been reported
to occur in Peru, This list is probably far under the actual representation and clearly
indicates the inadequacy of our knowledge regarding the marine isopod fauna of
Peru.
Meinertia gaudichaudi Asotana formosa S. & M.,
(M. EDWARDS), RICHARDSON, 1910 NIERSTRASZ, 1931
Sphaeroma peruvianum Sphaeroma laevigatum PHILLIPPI,
RICHARDSON, RICHARDSON, 1910 NIERSTRASZ, 1931
Orbimorphus constrictus Sphaeroma propinquum NICOLET,
RICHARDSON, RICHARDSON, 1910 NIERSTRASZ, 1931 ( = Exosphaeroma
Anilocra laevis MIERS, RICHARDSON, gigas (LEACH)
1910 Sphaeroma gayi NICOLET,
Cymothoa oestrum ( L I N N E ) NIERSTRASZ, 1931 ( = Exosphaeroma
RICHARDSON,1910 lanceolata W H I T E )
An additional sixteen species are found in the Magellan region and in locations
northward. These species are found in the cold temperate region as well. They are:
Warm temperate fauna ("Peruvian"): Only two species are found restricted to the
warm temperate region. These species are Gleantis chilensis and laniropsis tridens.
Nine species are found there additionally, and they are:
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine Isopods 15
Juan Fernandez Islands: Only one species, JEga semicarinata, a fish parasite,
is common to Chile and the J u a n Fernandez Islands. The species, like the genera,
show scarcely any affinity with the Fernandez Islands fauna.
About 10 species were not included in the above enumerations due to the fact
t h a t the data regarding them was too scanty to permit a discussion of their distribu-
tion.
Ecology
The Chilean coast-line affords a variety of habitats. The majority of the intertidal
species were collected from exposed rocky beach, fewer were collected from exposed
sandbeach locations. Fewer intertidal species were collected from sheltered rocky
beach localities and still fewer from sheltered sandy beach stations. The Chilean
intertidal marine fauna is composed in the main of species inhabiting the exposed
wave-swept rocky beaches.
Exposed rocky beach: The marine isopods inhabiting the exposed rock beaches of
Chile amount to 37, or over half of all species collected. These are:
Sheltered rocky beach. Four of the species found at exposed rocky beach localities
are also found at the sheltered rocky beach localities these are:
Additionally one species was found only at the sheltered rocky beach localities.
This was Munna (U.) schauinslandi
Exposed sand beach: The species found at the sandy beaches of exposed locations
are five in number:
Protected sand beach: The species Chaetilia paucidens, Excirolana hirsuticauda and
Girolana concinna were the only ones found at this habitat.
Depth distribution: Twenty-three species were found a t depths below the intertidal
and were never captured from the intertidal.
0—10 meters: Here were seven species, Euvallentinia darwini and Antias mawsoni,
Isocladus calcarea, Exospkaeroma lanceolata, Amphoridea typa, Iani-
ropsis chilensis, Munna nana f. {"a").
10—20 meters: Five species were found in this depth range. They are: Aega magnifica,
Gleantis chilensis, Onathia vanhoffeni, Cirolana chilensis, and Serolis
schythei.
20—40 meters: Sixteen species were found between this depth range. They are:
40—80 meters: Nine species were found between these depths: Aega magnifica,
Pleurosignum magnum, Girolana chilensis, Gnathia vanhoffeni, Jan-
thopsis laevis, Edotea dahli, Pleurosignum chilense, lathrippa
chilensis, and Serolis schythei,
80—100 meters: Nine species were found here, Austrosignum, latifrons, Girolana
albinota, Janthopsis laevis, Jaeropsis intermedius, Edotea dahli,
Edotea transversa, Munna (U.) nana f. typica, Paramunna sim-
plex, and lathrippa chilensis.
Belov- 100 m: Two species were found below 100 meters. These were lathrippa
chilensis, and Jaeropsis bidens.
Eurybathyal species. Ten intertidal species also were found at significant subtidal
depths. These were:
2
18 Robert James Menzies
St. M 3. Seno Reloncavi, Canal Tenglo, Isla Tenglo, northern shore, opposite Puerto Montt
harbour, 41°29'15" S, 72°57'50" W; tidal belt, very sheltered; Band and gravel with mud and
small stones; hand sampling; macro- and micro-fauna samples from stones, algae and mud;
November 29, 1948. Cirolana cuncinna, Isodadus calcarea, Paradynamenopsis lundae.
St. M 6. Canal Chaoao, Bahia de Aneud, Playa Brava, between Punta San Antonio and
Punta Colorada, 4l°51'35" S, 73°49'20" W; tidal belt, extremely exposed; rooks and boulders;
hand sampling; November 16 and 19, 1948 and February 2, 1949. lais pubescens, Isocladus
calcarea, Exosphaeroma lanceolata.
St. M 7. Canal Chacao, Golfo de Quetalmahue, SW of Punta Bangui, 41°50'40" S, 73°57'10" W;
depth 2—5 m; wooden frames with concrete for oyster cultures; hand samphng; November 17,
1948. Isocladus calcarea, Exosphaeroma lanceolata.
St. M 8. Canal Chacao, Golfo de Quetalmahue, Isla Pullinque, N of Punta Rangui, 41°50'12" S,
73°56'57" W; tidal belt, sheltered, rocks, hand sampling; November 17, 1948. Isocladus calcarea.
St. M 9. Canal Chacao, Bahia de Ancud, Peninsula Lacui, Punta Ahui, southern shore,
41°49'54" S, 73°51'46" W; tidal belt, rather exposed; rocks, boulders and stones; hand sampling;
November 17, 1948; samples from under stones. Isocladus calcarea; Exosphaeroma lanceolata;
Micro fauna samples from algae. Paradynamenopsis lundae.
St. M 10. Canal Chacao, Bahia de Ancud, Punta El Morro, 41°52'42" S, 73°50'46" W; tidal
belt, very exposed; rocks and stones; hand sampling; micro-famia samples from algae and under
stones; November 18, 1948 and March 2, 1949. Exospliaeroma lanceolata, Isocladus calcarea,
Paradynamenopsis lundae.
St. M 11. Canal Chacao, Bahia de Ancud, Lechagua, 41 c 53'03" S, 73°51'18" W; tidal belt,
very exposed; sand beach with rather fine sand; hand sampling; November 18, 1948. Isocladus
calcarea, Exosphaeroma lanceolata.
St. M13. Seno Reloncavi, Canal Tenglo, between Isla Tenglo ("Quinta Hoffman") and
Angelm6 (ship-yard " I r a r a r " ) , 41°29'16" S, 72°58'10"W; depth 0—6 m, very sheltered;
stones, gravel and sand with mud; brood trawl; November 30, 1948. Isocladus calcarea, Ampho-
roidea typa.
St. M 14. Seno Reloncavi, the bay off Puerto Montt, between Isla Tenglo and Punta Pilluco,
41°30'05" S, 72°56'22" W; depth 225 m; small stones and boulders in fine sand; Agassiz trawl;
position and depth somewhat uncertain; December 1, 1948. lathrippa chilensis, Gnathia van-
hofjeni.
St. M 16. Seno Reloncavi, Piedra Azul, NW of Punta Quillaipe, 41°31'30" S, 72°48'15" W
(the position indicates the centre of the trawling area); depth, 40—55 m; sand and small atones;
December 4, 1948. Lironeca raynaudi. — Depth 30 m; hard, grey, coarse sand; circular dredge,
Agassiz trawl and Van Veen grab; December 14, 1948. Cirolana chilensis.
St. M 20. Golfo de Ancud, northern part, Estero Huito, central part, 41°43 W S, 73°10T5" W;
20 Robert James Menzies
depth 15 m; very fine sand mixed with mud; triangular dredge, circular dredge, Agassiz trawl;
December 15, 1948. Aega magnijica, Cirolana chilensis.
St. M 21. Golfo de Ancud, northern part, Canal Calbuco, between Punta Meimen and P u n t a
Pinto, 41°48'50" S, 73°09'40" W; depth 25 m; small stones; triangular dredge and Agassiz trawl;
December 15, 1948. Edotea dahli, Aega magnijica.
St. M 22. Golfo de Ancud, northern part, Isla Quenu, Punta Pinto, western side, 41°49'15" S,
73°10'15" W; tidal belt, rather exposed; boulders and stones in sand; hand sampling; December
16, 1948 and May 11, 1949, Isocladus calcarea, Paradynamenopsis lundae.
St. M 23. Golfo de Ancud, northern part, Isla Quenu, Punta Pinto, northern side, 41°49'10" S,
73°10' W; tidal belt, rather sheltered; boulders and stones in sand; hand sampling; December
16, 1948, Isocladus calcarea.
St. M 24. Seno Reloncavi, S of Isla Guar, W of Bajo Pucarl, 41°44'25" S, 72°55'45" W;
about 70 m; sand with shells; Agassiz trawl; December 16, 1948. Iathrippa chilensis, Serolis
(S.) schythei.
St. M 27. Golfo de Ancud, northern part, between Isla Quenu and Isla Chidguapi, 41°49'40" S,
73°08' W; depth 45 m; coarse sand with shells; triangular dredge and Agassiz trawl; May 3,
1949. Edotea dahli, Aega magnifica, Gnathia vanhoffeni.
St. M 29. Seno Reloncavi, Estero Reloncavi, inner part. Bahia Ralun, E of Punta Direcei6n;
41°24'30" S, 72°19'45" W; depth 35—40 m; very fine, elay-like sand; triangular dredge, rectan-
gular dredge and Agassiz trawl; January 4, 1949. Cirolana chilensis.
St. M 30. Seno Reloncavi, Estero Reloncavi, inner part. Bahia Ralun, Banco Petrohue,
41°24' S, 72°19'20" W; tidal belt, very sheltered, old tree trunks with barnacles; hand sampling;
J a n u a r y 5, 1949. Munna {U.) schauinslandi.
St. M 33. Canal Chacao, Bahia de Ancud, Punta San Antonio, 41 D 51'33" S, 73°50'14" W;
tidal belt, extremely exposed; rocks; hand sampling; micro-fauna sample from algae; January
3, 1949. Exospliaeroma lanceoktta, Paradynamenopsis lundae.
St. M 37. Seno Reloncavi, Punta Pilluco, 41°30'06" S, 72°53'57" W; tidal belt, rather exposed;
boulders in sand, some beds of hard clay; hand sampling; micro-fauna samples from algae;
March, 1949. Isocladus calcarea, Paradynamenopsis lundae.
St. M 39. Seno Reloncavi, the bay E of the church on Isla Quellin, 41 o 52'30" S, 72=53'50" W ;
depth 25 m; bottom unknown; dip net; January 22, 1949. Cirolana chilensis.
St. M 40. Seno Reloncavi, N. of Isla Quellin, 41'50' S, 72 c 55' W; depth 100 m; small stones,
probably on hard sand; triangular dredge, Agassiz trawl; January 23, 1949. Munna (U.) nana,
Paramunna simplex. Austrosignum latifrons, Jaeropsis intermedins, Iathrippa chilensis, Jan-
thopsis laevis, Edotea dahli, Edotea transversa.
St. M 41. Golfo de Ancud, eastern and southern part, ESE of Isla Tac, 42°26'40" S, 72°59' W;
depth 250—300 in; sand and clay with small stones and shells; triangular dredge; January 23,
1949. Jaeropsis bidens, Iathrippa chilensis.
St. M 42. Golfo de Ancud, western part, Paso Tenaun, S of Punta Tenaun, 42°20'50" S, 73°22'
W; about 50 m depth; hard bottom; triangular dredge; micro-fauna samples from algae and
Spongiae; January 24, 1949. Pleurosignum chilense, Iathrippa chilensis, Janthopsis laevis,
Gnathia vanhoffeni.
St. M 43. Golfo de Ancud, western part, between Quemchi and Isla Caucauhue, W of Punta
Quelar, 40°08'20" S, 73°28'20" W, 30—40 m depth; coarse sand, small stones, and a few boulders;
triangular dredge; January 24, 1949. Gnathia vanhoffeni.
St. M 47. Seno Reloncavi, Paso Maillen, between Punta Panitao and Punta Puchegui,
41°33'45" S, 73°02'05" W; depth about 22 m; coarse sand with Chaetopierus tubes, small stones
with calcareous algae; triangular dredge; micro-fauna samples; January 25, 1949. Iathrippa
chilensis, laniropsis chilensis.
St. M 49. Seno Reloncavi, Isla Guar, bay on the western side, 41Q40'55" S, 73° W; tidal belt,
rather sheltered; stones, shell-sand; hand sampling; miero-fauna samples from sand and algae;
February 6, 1949. Munna (U.) schauinslandi.
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine Isopods 21
St. M 52. Islas Guaitecas, Puerto Melinka, 43°53'45" S, 73°44'30" W; tidal belt, rather ex-
posed; rocks, stones and sand; hand sampling; February 14, 1949. Antias dimorphis,Limnoria
(P.) chilensis.
St. M 55. Canal Chacao, Bahia de Aneud, between Punta San Antonio and Punta Colorada,
41°51'30* S, 73°49'40" W; tidal belt, extremely exposed; rocks with rock pools; hand sampling;
January 25—27, 1949 and March 7, 1949. Dynamenella eatoni, Isocladus calcarea.
St. M 56. Canal Chacao, Peninsula Laqui, Punta Corona, norheastem point, 40°47' S, 73°
53'07" W; tidal belt, extremely exposed; flat rocks with small holes and very shallow rock pools;
hand sampling; February 26, 28, 1949. Jaeropsia bidens, Isocladus calcarea, Exospkaeroma
lance,oktta, Dynamenella eatoni, Dynamenella tuberculata, Dynamenella acuticauda, Cymodocella
foveolata, Amphoroidea typa, Dynamenopsis bakeri.
St. M 57. Canal Chacao, Bahia de Ancud, Pemnsual Lacui, Punta Ahui, 41°49'51" S, 73°
51'46" W; tidal belt, very exposed; rocks with rock pools; hand sampling; March 1, 1949. Dyna-
menella eatoni, Amphoroidea typa.
St. M 59. Seno Reloncavi, Canal Tenglo, Isla Tenglo, western point, 41°30'45" S, 73°00'13" W;
tidal belt, rather exposed; upper part with beds of hard clay, lower parts with boulders and
stones in mud; hand sampling; March 13—14, 1949, Paradynamenopsis lundae.
St. M GO. Seno Reloncavi, Isla Tenglo, the bay on the south side, 41°30'15" S, 72°58'50" W;
tidal belt, rather exposed; sand; hand sampling; macro- and micro-fauna samples; March 25,
29, 1949. Cirolana concinna, Excirolana hirsuticauda, Isocladus calcarea.
St. M 64. Golfo Corcovado, lightbuoy Vettor Pisani, 42°46'20" S, 73°28' W; depth 0—10 m;
very exposed; buoy and accumulator, cable and anchor; hand sampling; had been at its station
for one year after last cleaning and painting; February 17, 1949. Ianiropsis chilensis.
St. M 69. Boca (Paso) del Guafo, Isla Guafo, Punta Weather, 43°33'30" S, 74°49'30" W;
tidal belt, extremely exposed; rocks; hand sampling; February 19, 1949. Dynamenella acuticauda.
St. M 70. Boca (Paso) del Guafo, Isla Guafo, the anchorage E of Punta weather, 43°33' S,
74 J 49'W; depth 25 m; rather coarse sand with some stones; circular dredge; February 19,
1949. Macrochirodothea setifer, Serolis (S.) plana, Cirolana urostylis.
St. M 71. Archipielago do los Chonos, Canal Moraleda, Cayo Blanco, 44°48'20" S, 73°35' W;
tidal belt, very exposed; steep rocks; hand sampling; micro-fauna samples; February 21, 1949.
Dynamenella eatoni.
St. M 72. Archipielago do los Chonos, Canal Moraleda, El Morro, 45°07'40" S, 73°40'40" W;
tidal belt, exposed; steep rocks with roek pools; hand sampling; February 21, 1949. lais pub-
escens, Dynamenella eatoni, Paradynamenopsis lundae.
St. M 73. Archipielago de los Chonos, Canal Errazuriz, "Islote Elena", (Faro Islote Diego),
45D39'20" S, 73°52' W; tidal belt, rather exposed; rather steep rocks; hand sampling; micro-
fauna samples; February 22, 1949. Paradynamenopsis lundae. — Depth 3—5 m; small stones,
sand and gravel, some detritus; circular dredge; micro-fauna samples; February 22, 1949.
Isocladus calcarea.
St. M 74. Archipielago de los Chonos, Canal Moraleda, Puerto Lagunas, 45°17' S, 73°45' W;
depth 5—7 m; stones with algae and Mytilidae; hand sampling with diver; February 22, 1949.
Amphoroidea typa.
St. M 75. Archipielago de los Chonos, Canal Moraleda, Pefion Blanco, 44°24' S, 73°34' W;
tidal belt, very exposed; rather steep rocks with roek pools; hand sampling; February 24, 1949.
Munna (U.) nana, Antias laevifrons, -Ianiropsis perplexus, Dynamenella eatoni, Paradynamenopsis
lundae.
St. M 77. Archipielago de los Chonos, Canal Moraleda, Islotes Locos, 43°59'20" S, 73°27' W;
tidal belt, extremely exposed; rocks; hand sampling, micro-fauna samples; February 25, 1949.
Ianiropsis perplexus.
St. M 78. Archipielago de los Chonos, Canal Perez Norte, Roca Negra, 44°07' S, 73°47' W;
tidal belt, very exposed; rocks with roek pools; hand sampling; micro-fauna samples from algae;
February 26, 1949. Cymodocella foveloata.
22 Robert James Menzies
St. M 82. Seno Reloncavi, Estero Reloncavi, central part. Bahia Sotomo, 41 c 38'30" S, 72°
22'47" W; tidal belt, rather sheltered; rocks; hand sampling; March 31, 1949. Paradynamenopsis
lundae.
St. M 86. Seno Reloncavi, Estero Reloncavi. Inner part. W of Relonhue, 41°28'4CT S, 72°
19'25" W; depth 100 m; sand with a little mud and some stones; triangular dredge; March 31,
1949. Cirolana albinota.
St. M 88. Seno Reloncavi, Estero Reloncavi. Inner part. Bahia Ralun, between Cayo Xahuel-
giiapi and Punta Veriles, 41°24'30*' S, 72°18'58" W; depth 12 m; coarse sand, tree trunks and
leaves from terrestrial plants; circular dredge; April 1, 1949. Cirolana chilensis.
St. M 91. Seno Reloncavi, Ensenada de Guatral, SW of Punta Guatral, 41°43' S, 73°03'15" W;
tidal belt, rather sheltered; boulders and stones on sand; h and sampling; April 13, 1949. Isocladus
calcarea, Paradynamenopsis lundae.
St.M94. Canal Chacao, W of Rocas Amazonas, 41°46'30" S, 73°45'45" W; depth 40 m;
small stones; triangular dredge, rectangular dredge; May 4, 1949. Antias mawsoni, Janiropsis
chilensis, Isocladus sp.
St. M 95. Canal Chacao, Golfo de Quetalmahud, SW of Punta Aucan, 41°51' S, 73°57'10" W;
depth 6—7 m; muddy sand covered with dead algae; shells; triangular and rectangular dredge;
May 4, 1949. Ianiropsis chilensis.
St. M 98. Canal Chacao, Bahia de Ancud, SE of Punta Ahui, 4r50'10" S, 73°51'20' 7 W;
depth 8 m; small stones with algae; triangular and rectangular dredge; May 5, 1949. Munna
(U.) nana, Antias mawsoni, Ianiropsis chilensis.
St. M 104. Golfo de Ancud, northern part, SE of Punta Tres Cruzes, XE of Punta Piedras,
41°&Q'30* S, 73°28'30" W; depth 50—60 m; stones and clinkers; triangular dredge; May 5, 1949.
Edotea dahli.
St. M 107. Golfo de Ancud, northern part, X of Punta Barranco at Isla Abtao, 41t>47'18" S,
73°20'55" W; depth 60 m; coarse sand with mud and some dead algae; triangular dredge and
Agassiz trawl; May 5, 1949. Cirolana chilensis.
St. M 108. Golfo de Ancud, northern part, Canal San Antonio, inner part, 41°44'10" S,
73°15'15" W; depth 15 m; coarse shell and dead algae; triangular dredge; May 6, 1949. Serolis
(S.) schythei.
St. MHO. Golfo de Ancud, northern part, SE of Bajo Corvio, 41°50'45" S, 73°12'10"W;
depth 24 m; stones with calcareous algae; triangular dredge; May 6, 1949. Aega semicarinata,
Tridentella laevicephalax.
St. M 112. Estrecho de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, X of the town Punta Arenas, 53"08' S,
70 = 51' W; tidal belt, exposed (shelter kelp); sand; hand sampling; micro-fauna samples; May 1,
1949. Edotea dahli, Macrochiridothea michaelseni, Exosphaeroma lanceolata.
St. M 113. Estrecho de Magallanes, Punta Santa Maria, near Agua Fresca, 53°22' S, 70°57' Wj
tidal belt, exposed, (shelter, kelp); sand, gravel, and muddy clay, covered with boulders, hand
sampling; May 2, 1949. lais pubescens, Exosphaeroma gigas, Dynamenella eatoni.
St. M 114. Estrecho de Magallanes, Punta Santa Maria, near Agua Fresca, 53°22' S, 70°57' W;
holdfasts of kelp, thrown up on the shore during gale; May 2, 1949. lathrippa chilensis, Euval-
lentinia darwinii.
St. M 115. Estrecho de Magallanes, near the estuary of Rio los Ciervos, S of Punta Arenas,
53°11'S, 70°55'W; tidal belt, exposed (shelter; kelp); gravel and clay, mixed with mud and
covered with boulders; hand sampling; May 3, 1949. Munna {M.) chileyisis, Munna (M.) lundae,
Munna (U.) nana, Paramunna subtriangulata, Paramunna Icerguelensis, Austrosignum globifrons,
Pleurosignum chilense, Antias mawsoni, lathrippa chilensis, lathrippa multidens, lais pubescens,
Ianiropsis chilensis, Neastacilla magellanica, Exosphaeroma studeri, Exosphaeroma gigas, Dyna-
menella acuticauda, Cassidinopsis emarginata.
St. M120. Bahia San Vicente, the Ramuntcho bay, SE of Punta Gualpen, 36°44'54" S,
73°11'02" W; tidal belt, exposed; hard rocks and boulders. Between the lower boulders coarse
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine Isopods 23
sand; hand sampling; June 8, 1949. Cirolana robusta, Exosphaeroma gigas, Dynamenella eatoni,
Amphoroidea typa, Paradynamenopsis lundae.
St. M 121. Bahia San Vicente, Punta Liles just W of San Vicente, 36°43'36* S, 73°08'10* W;
tidal belt, rather exposed; rocks with small rock pools; boulders; June 9, 1949, Paradynamenopsis
lundae. — Micro-fauna samples from algae. lAmnoria (P.) chilensis.
St. M 122. Golfo de Arauco, Bahia de Lota, small promontories SE of Punta Fuerto Viejo,
37D06'17" S, 73°09'15" W; tidal belt, extremely exposed; hard rocks and boulders in coarse
sand; hand sampling; June 10, 1949. Dynamenella eatoni, Amphoroidea typa. — Micro-fauna
samples from algae; June 10, 1949. Paradynamenopsis lundae.
St. M 123. Montemar (N of Valparaiso), Estacion de biologfa marina, 32°57'24* S, 71°33'25" W;
tidal belt, exposure varying in different parts of the station; rocks with rock pools; hand sampling;
September 17, 19, 21, 1948; October 5, 14, 15, 16, 1948; June 15, 1949. Antias mawsoni, Antias
laevifrons, Jaeropsis btdens, Neojaera elongatus, Edotea dahli, Isocladus calcarea, Dynamenella
tuberculata, Cymodocella joevolata, Amphoroidea typa, Paradynamenopsis lundae. — Micro-fauna
samples from algae; September 15, October 17, 1948; December 14—16, 1948. Munna {U.)
nana, Antias laevifrons, Cymodocella foevolata, Dynamenella eatoni.
St. M V2i. Bahia Herradura de Guayacan, northern part, SW of the factory "Melon", W of
Guayacan, 29°57'55* S, 71°22'17" W; tidal belt, rather sheltered; hard rocks; hand sampling;
June 21, 1949. Dynamenella tuberculata, Dynamenopsis bakeri, Paradynamenopsis lundae.
St. M 127. Peninsula Coquimbo, headland S of Roea Pelieanos, N of Coquimbo ("Fuerte"),
29°55'56' S, 71°22'08" W; tidal belt, very exposed; yellow rocks; hand sampling; June 24, 1949.
Dynamenella tuberculata, Amphoroidea typa, Dynamenopsis bakeri, Paradynamenopsis lundae.
— Micro-fauna sample from algae; June 24, 1949. Jaeropsis bidens.
St. M 131. Iquique, southern part of the town, 20°13'10" S, 70°10'19' W; tidal belt, extremely
exposed; red rocks with rock pools; hand sampling; July 1, 4, 6, 1949. laniropsis tridens, Dyna-
menopsis bakeri. — Micro-fauna sample from algae; July 4, 1949. Munna [V.) nana (var. "a"),
Jaeropsis bidens, Neojaera elongatus, laniropsis tridens, Cymodocella foveolata.
St. M 133. Iquique, the harbour, 20°12'30" S, 7O°10'19" W; tidal belt, very sheltered; roeks
and boulders; hand sampling; July 2, 1949. Dynamenopsis bakeri.
St. M 134. Punta Negra, N of Iquique, 20°H'13' , 'S, 70°09'15" W; tidal belt, extremely ex-
posed; sand beach; hand sampling, July 3, 1949. Exosphaeroma lanceolata.
St. M 135. Cavancha, S of Iquique, 20°14'07" S, 70°10'05' W; tidal belt, exposure varying
in different parts of the station; rocks with rock pools; hand sampling; July 5, 1949. Jaeropsis
bidens, Neojaera elongatus, Dynamenopsis bakeri.
St. M 142. Seno Reloncavi, the bay off Puerto Montt, E of Isla Tenglo, 41°30'15" S, 72°
57'50" W; depth abt. 35 m; coarse sand; triangular dredge; July 14, 1949. Austrosignum grande.
St. M 145. Seno Reloncavi, Bahia Chincui, 41°32' S, 73°01'3O W; depth 70—80 m; fine, soft,
grey sand with small stones; triangular dredge and Agassiz trawl; July 16, 1949. Onathia van-
hoffeni.
St. M 147. Seno Reloncavi, S of Punta San Pedro at Isla Maillen, 41°35'40" S, 72°58'15" W;
depth 40—45 m; coarse sand; triangular dredge; July 16, 1949. Pleurosignum magnum.
St. M 14S. Seno Reloncavi, S of Punta San Pedro at Isla Maillen 41°35'35" S, 72°58'20" W;
depth 20—25 m; coarse sand; triangular dredge; July 16, 1948. Pleurosignum magnum, Macro-
chiridothea stebbingi, Onathia vanhbfjeni.
St. M 152. Montemar (N of Valparaiso), "Estacion de biologla marina", 32°57'24" S, 71°33'
25" W (position not exact); tidal belt, rather sheltered; small sand beach with rather fine sand;
hand sampling; September 14, 15, 16 and 25, 1948; Chaetilia paucidens, Excirolana hirsuticauda.
St. M 153. Bahia San Vicente, the Ramuntcho bay, SE of Punta Gualpen, 36°44'58* S,
73°11'02" W; tidal belt, exposed; sand beach with coarse sand; hand sampling; June 8, 1949.
Excirolana hirsuticauda.
St. M 156. Tocopilla, off the power plant S of the town, 22°05' S, 70° 13' W (position not
exact); depth about 13 m; hard bottom; triangular dredge; January 5, 1949. Cleantis chilensis.
24 Robert James Menzies
St. M 158. Tocopilla, at the rubbish dumps, 22°05' S, 70°13' W (position not exact); tidal
belt, extremely exposed; rocks and boulders, hand sampling; January 5, 8, 1949. Dynamenopsis
bakeri.
St. M 159. The Antofagasta area, Antofagasta, at the cold storage plant, 23°39' S, 70 c 25' W
(position not exact); tidal belt, extremely exposed; rocks; January 3, 1949. Dynamenopsis bakeri.
Goljo de Ancud, Punta Chulao. From the dorsal side of a fish called "congrio Colorado", about
1 m long, 10 kg. Depth about 180 m; March 8, 1949. Lironeca raynaudi.
Oolfo de Ancud, S of Isla Quellin. From skates. July 1949. Aega magnified, Aega semicarinata.
Systematica
In the general features of classification I am following, with modification, t h e
scheme proposed by MONOD (1922). MONOD (op. cit.) recognized the necessity of
separating the tanaids from the isopods and made the further important change of
separating the gnathiids (=Decempedes) from the remainder of the isopods which
he calls the Quatuordecempedes b u t which might just as well be called the Tetracera,
a name used by LATEEILLE in 1804 for similar isopods. His separation of the anthurids
from the isopods is not followed. These are instead made one of the Subtribes of
the Flabellifera, the Anthuridea. In Table 4 is shown the classification as proposed
by several different students. In the first column is shown the classification used
in this study. When the remainder of the Chilean isopods are studied it may be
necessary to further modify the scheme. For the moment it is considered only a
convenient classification and is not intended to imply particular morphologic or
especially phylogenetic relationships.
* Tylidae of Oniscoidea have opercular plates similar to those of Valvifera but are terrestrial,
not aquatic.
** Considered in the report.
Robert James Menzies
m
Table 4. CLASSIFICATION OF THE ISOPODA
Order: Chelifera Order I. Chelifera Order I. Tanaids Order: Anisopoda Order: Tanaidacea
Order: Isopoda No equivalent Order II. Isopoda Order: Isopoda Order: Euiso-
Genuina poda KOSSMAN,
Richardson inch 1880
the Chelifera as
the first order
of the Isopoda
Subord: Tetra-
cera Latreille
1804 or Suborder: Sect. I I . Genuina
Quatuordecem- Quatuordeeem-
pedes MONOD pedes
Tribe 1. Asellota Ord. 4. Asellota Fam. 34. Asellina Subord: Asellota Norma lia
Munnop- Asellota
sidae
Tribe 4. Epicari- Ord. 5. Epiearidea Fam. 11. Bopy- Subord: Epicari- Normalia
dea ridae dea Epiearidea
11. Crypto -
nisidae
Suborder Quatuordecempedes
TRIBE 1. ASELLOTA
1. Male first pair of pleopods coupled along midline, consist of an elongate sympod,
lacking rami.
Second male pleopods coupled with first pairs.
First pair of female pleopods lacking; second fused along midline to form a large
operculum covering remaining pleopoda Subtribe: Paraselloidea*
1. Male first pair of pleopods consist of a short sympod and a short ramus, neither
coupled with second pair. First pair of pleopods of female small, not covering
completely the remaining pleopods 2
2. Sympods of male first pleopods free. First pair of pleopods of female with sympod
and a single ramus Subtribe: Aselloidea
2, Sympods of male first pleopods fused. First pair of pleopods of female fused to
form a small operculum Subtribe: Stenetrioidea
another in the development of coxal plates and in the structure of the peraeopods.
Each of these genera in my opinion differs enough from one another to estabhsh it
as the type of distinct families. NORDENSTAM'S (1933) Jaeropsini is elevated to
familial rank and I concur with NORDBNSTAM about its uniqueness.
13. Dactyls of peraeopods 2 — 7 inclusive with one or two terminal claws but never
three 14
14. Molar process of mandible reduced to short setiferous tubercle Nannoniscidae
14. Molar process normal, expanded apically and truncated, grinding 15
15. Coxal plates present 16
15. Coxal plates absent Echinotkambemidae
16. Body not markedly elongated 17
16. Body length exceeds four times its width Thambemidae
17. Pleon with one somite Ianirellidae
17. Pleon with two somites 18
18. Coxal plates spiniform Schistosomicide
18. Coxal plates rounded Abyssianiridae
Family Munnidae
Type genus: Munna K K O Y E K , 1839.
Diagnosis: Molar process of mandible normal in structure, strongly developed
with a truncated, denticulate grinding apex. Uropoda lack peduncle. All peraeopods
bear at least one apical claw. The first pair of peraeopods is generally subchelate,
the others being unmodified walking appendages. Second antenna usually has a
small scale.
Composition: According to NOKDENSTAM (1933) the Family contains six genera;
Munna K K O Y E E , Echinomunna V A N H O F F E N , Paramunna G. 0 . SAKS, Austrosignum
HODGSON, Notoxenus H O D G S O N and Coulmannia HODGSON.
The validity of the genera Echinomunna V A N H O F F E N and Notoxenus H O D G S O N
may be subject to serious question.
Whether the coxa] plates, described for Notoxenus by HODGSON (1910), are visible
in dorsal view or not is a matter for speculation. H O D G S O N (1910) does not say.
NOKDENSTAM (1933) indicates they are not visible in dorsal view. HODGSON'S figures
are too unreliable to discern from them.
There is no certainty as to the delimitation of coxal plates in VANHOFFEN'S (1914)
Echinomunna although NOKDENSTAM assumes they are as in Munna. However,
because V A N H O F F E N seldom noted the coxal plates of Munna it is altogether possible
t h a t Echinomunna has none. These questions cannot be answered without specimens
a t one's disposal.
List of species
Spt '.cies Author, date Locality
1. Munna (Munna ) boecki KR0YER, 1839 ST. Europe
33 55
2. minuta H. J. H A N S E N , 1916 N. Europe
35 53
3. halei MENZIES, 1952 California
JJ JJ
4. groenlandica HANSEN, 1916 Greenland
5J 35
5. acanthifera HANSEN, 1916 N. Atlantic
6. » JJ
affinis NORDENSTAM, 1933 S. Atlantic
JJ JJ
7. antarctica (PFEFFER, 1881) Antarctic
JJ 3;
8. neglecta MONOD, 1931 Antarctic
55 JJ
9. limicola G. 0 . SARS, 1868 N. Europe
10. » M
neozealanica CHILTON, 1892 N. Zealand
and Antarctic
JJ JJ
11. maculata BEDDARD,1885 Antarctic
JJ JJ
12. spitzbergenensis GlJRJANOVA, 1930 Arctic
55 35
13. amholdi GURJANOVA, 1933 Artie
14. •'. JJ
bituberculata NORDENSTAM, 1933 Antarctic
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine Isopods 33
Figvire 1. Munna (Munna) chilensis, new species, specimens about 1.2 mm in length. A, toto
paratype male; B, first antenna; C, maxilliped; D, gnathopod; E, male second pleopod;
F, male first pleopods; G, apices of male first pleopods; H, outer lateral border of male first
pleopod; I, male third pleopod; J, male fifth pleopod; K, male fourth pleopod; L, seventh
peraeopod; M, right mandible; N, female operculum; O, uropod.
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine Isopods 35
Except for M. (M.) spitzbergenensis GURJANOVA, the first antennae of which have
six articles only, all remaining species have 8 or more articles, being unlike M.
(M.) chilensis which has seven. The species is generally related to M. (M.) limicola
G. O. SAKS, a northern European species and to M. (M.) affinis, M. (M.) antarctica,
and M. (M.) bituberculata from the Antarctic. However, the species appears to be
most closely related to Munna (M.) neglecta MONOD (1931). Although that species
is described as having a first antenna composed of eight articles, NORDENSTAM
(1933) describes one having only seven articles. Also, the male first pleopoda are
less expanded laterally in this species than they are in M. (M.) neglecta, and the
preocular lobes and the frontal margin have stout setae lacking in M. (M.) neglecta.
The similarities between ckilensis and lundae are discussed below.
List of species
Name Author, date Locality
1. Munna (Neomunna) stephenseni (GTTRJANOVA, 1933) Artie
2, JJ
» chromatocephala (MENZIES, 1952) California
3. » » subneglecta (GTJKJANOVA, 1936) N. Pacific
4. H
» avatshensis (GURJANOVA, 1936) N. Pacific
5. " S!
hr&yeri GOODSIR (of G. O. SARS, N. Atlantic
1897)
» » palmata (LLLLJEBORG, 1851) N. Atlantic
6.
7. » SJ
fabrici K R 0 Y E R (of H A N S E N , nee,
G. 0 . SARS, 1897) N . Atlantic
coeca (GURJANOVA, 1930) Arctic
List of species
Name Author, date Locality
1. Munna (Uromunna) ubiquita (MENZIES, 1952) California
a 77
2. ocarina (MILLER, 1941) Hawaii
77 JJ
3. nana (NORDENSTAM, 1933) Antarctic
>7 17
4. mediterranea (PlERANTONI, 1916) Mediterranean
77 77
5. petiti (AMAR, 1948) Mediterranean
J3 77
6. schauinslandi (G. 0 . SARS, 1905) Antarctic
Figure 2. Munna (Munna) lundae, new species, Holotype male, length 1.2 mm, width 0.5 mm.
A, toto; B, apex of pleotelson; C, first antenna; D, apices of male first pleopods; E, seventh
peraeopod; F, gnathopod; G, apex female operculum.
38 Robert James Menzies
Figure 3. Munna (Uromunna) scliauinslandi (G. 0 . SABS). A, male toto about 1.0 mm long;
B, apex of pleon, male; C, fourth pleopod, male; D, male first pleopod; E, male second pleopod;
F , third male pleopod; G, female operculum; H, male fifth pleopod; I, male gnathopod;
J, apex of seventh peraeopod of male; K, male maxiliiped; L, male first antenna; M, male
seventh peraeopod.
40 Robert James Menzies
Figure 4. Munna (Uromunna) nana (NOBDENSTAM) forma, typica. A, male toto, about 1 mm
length; B, pleotelson, male; C, first antenna, male; D, first antenna, male; E , male third
pleopod; F, male gnathopod; G, male uropods; H, male second pleopod; I, male maxilliped;
J, seventh male peraeopod; K, female operculum; L, apex male first pleopods; M, male first
pleopods; N, first pleopods, male, 0 , cephalon male, P , male fourth pleopod; Q, male seventh
peraeopod. Note regenerating sixth peraeopod in regeneration's capsule.
42 Robert James Menzies
Figure 5. Munna [Uromunna) nana (NORDENSTAM) forma "a". A, male second pleopod;
B, male first pieopods; C, peduncle of second antenna; D, dactyl of seventh peraeopod showing
absence of denticles along superior claw; E, first antenna.
44 Robert James Menzies
Figure 7
Synonyms: Paramunna kerguelensis VANHOFFEN, 1914, p. 574—575, abb. 105.
D i a g n o s i s : Frontal margin entire, evenly and slightly convex. Lateral borders
of peraeonal somites 1—4 and 6 each with a single bristle. First antenna with six
articles; second article longest, terminal article longer than penultimate. Maxillipeds
with two coupling hooks. Mandibular palp apparently lacking. Each first male
pleopod with three setae at apex. Posterior border of pleotelson with a characteristic
fringe of 18 setae, lateral borders each with large denticles.
A d d i t i o n a l d e s c r i p t i v e n o t e s : With exceptions noted above the mouth
parts and pleopods are as described for M. subtriangulata (Fig. 6). The teeth and
bristles of the gnathopod (Fig. 7D) are probably characteristic.
M e a s u r e m e n t s : Male, length 0.78 mm, width 0.36 mm.
M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d : Southern Chile, St. M 115, 3 males, no females.
D i s t r i b u t i o n : Known previously from Kerguelen Island (VANHOFFEN, 1914).
I t probably is an Antarctic circumpolar species. I t was not found in the collections
from central or northern Chile.
A f f i n i t i e s : In the lack of a pointed rostrum and in the presence of a dentate
pleotelson this species resembles P. gaussi VANHOFFEN, P. gaini (RICHARDSON).
I t differs from P. gaussi and P. gaini in having fewer and larger spines on the pleotel-
son.
Figure 7. Paramunna kerguelensis VANHOFFEN, male. A, toto, length 0.8 mm; B , apex of first
pleopods; C, uropoda; D, gnathopod; E , seventh peraeopod.
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine laopoda 49
Figure 8. Paramunna simplex, new species. Female. A, toto, 1.4 mm long; B, third pleopod;
C, mandible; D, gnathopod; E , maxiUiped; F, uropod and lateral margin of pleotelaon; G, firat
antenna; H, operculum.
4
50 Robert James Menzies
Figure 9. Austroaignum latifrons, n. sp., A, toto, female eotype, 1.2 mm long; B, uropods;
C, apex of operculum; D, gnathopod; E, left mandible; F , first antenna.
52 Robert James Menzies
Figure 10. Austrosignum, globifrons, n. sp. A, toto, male paratype, length 1.0 mm. B, first
antenna; C, second pleopod; D, gnathopod; E, apex of pleotelson; F, male first pleopods;
G, uropods.
54 Robert James Menzies
Figure 11. Auatrosignum grande HODGSON, A, holotype male in toto. B, uropoda; C, apex of
sympod of male first pleopod.
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematics of the Chilean Marine Isopods 55
Family Pleurogonidae
T y p e g e n u s : Pleurogonium G. 0 . SARS, 1863.
D i a g n o s i s : Molar process of mandible reduced to narrow point which bears a
few setae a t its apex. Lacinia present on left mandible. Uropoda lacking peduncle.
Except for gnathopod, all peraeopods simple walking legs. Antennae shorter than
body length. Peraeopods bear a t least one claw on dactyl. Second antenna without
a scale. Last two articles of maxillipedal palp narrower than first three.
C o m p o s i t i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n : This family contains at least three genera:
Pleurogonium G. O. SARS which is known from the Arctic and from off California
and from the Antarctic, Pleurosignum VANHOFFEN and Antennulosignum N O R D E N -
STAM, both known solely from the Antarctic.
Figure 12
S y n o n y m s : Pleurosignum magnum VANHOFFEN, 1914, p . 577—578 — NOKDENSTAM, 1933,
pp. 246—248, fig. 68.
D i a g n o s i s : Cephalon with front convex, evenly rounded. First antenna with
six articles, first two articles subequal in length, third one-half the length of second,
third, fourth, fifth and sixth subequal in length. Lateral margins pleotelson with
11 — 12 stout setae anterior to uropods and 8 stouter setae posterior to uropods,
apex pointed. Dactyl of gnathopod with inferior margin provided with five sharp
denticles, propod with two characteristic recurved two-pointed setae.
A d d i t i o n a l d e s c r i p t i v e n o t e s : Gnathopodal setae characteristic.
M e a s u r e m e n t s : Female length 1.5 mm, width 0.75 mm. VANHOFFEN (1914)
cites one gravid female being 1.5 mm long.
M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d : Southern Chile, St. M 147, three females, St. M 148, one.
D i s t r i b u t i o n : The species was previously known from the East Antarctic
(VANHOFFEN, 1914, "Gauss" Station and the Falkland Islands a t Port William and
Burwood Bank (NOBDENSTAM, 1933, p . 248). This is the first record of the species
from Chile.
Figure 12. Pleurosignum magnum, VANHOFFEN, Female, 1.5 mm long; A, pleotelson; B, apex
operculum; C, gnathopod; D, ocular peduncle and antennae.
58 Robert James Menziee
Figure 13. Pleurosignum chilense, n. sp. A, holotype male toto length 0.87 mm; B, third
pleopod; C, maxilliped; D, gnathopod; E, apex pleotelson; F , male first pleopoda; G, uropods;
H, left mandible; I, right mandible; J, Beoond male pleopod.
T h e Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine iHopods 59
Family Antiasidae
T y p e g e n u s : Antias RICHARDSON, 1906.
D i a g n o s i s : Articles of maxillipedal palp all narrow, similar in width and one-
half the width of endite. Dactyl of seventh peraeopod with two short claws, not
three. Mandibular molar process normal, expanded apically with a grinding edge.
All peraeonal somites of similar width, none twice as long as wide. XJropoda with a
peduncle. Peraeopods except for gnathopods, all of similar structure.
C o m p o s i t i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n : This family contains two genera Antias
RICHARDSON, and Kuphomunna BARNARD. The former is known from the North
Pacific and the South Atlantic; whereas the latter is known only from South Africa.
MILTON A. M I L L E R (in letter) reports the genus Antias from Bermuda, hence one
must conclude that it is a cosmopolitan genus having, however, its most pronounced
representation in t h e South Atlantic.
Eight species of Antias are now known (MENZIES and M I L L E R , 1955) and a key
to the species has been already given by those authors. The following is a list of the
species.
Antias mawsoni H A L E
Figure 14
Synonyms: Antias mawsoni HALE, 1937, pp. 29—30, fig. 10.
D i a g n o s i s : Frontal border of cephalon convex, evenly rounded. First antenna
with five articles, terminal antenna longest. Uropodal rami two in number, as long
as or longer than peduncle, endopod about two times length of exopod. Lateral
borders of pleotelson with two stout setae; posterior margin with two minute setae.
Body with few marginal setae.
A d d i t i o n a l d e s c r i p t i v e n o t e s : Mandibular palp triarticulate. Maxilliped
with three coupling hooks. Flagellum of second antenna with nine articles and a
prominent scale. Margins of coxal plates with long two-pointed setae.
M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d : Central Chile, St. M123, one male, Southern Chile,
St. M 98, one young female, St. M 94, one male, St. M 115 one male.
M e a s u r e m e n t s : Length female 1.6 mm (HALE, 1937, p. 30).
A f f i n i t i e s : This species appears most closely related to Antias hispidus V A N -
HOFFEN from the Antarctic. I t differs from that species principally in a lesser number
of setae in the body and lateral margins of the pleotelson. H A L E ' S (1937), specimen
had one less bristle on the pleotelson. Otherwise it is very similar to the specimens
described here.
D i s t r i b u t i o n : This species was first collected a t the main base of the "Australian
Antarctic Expedition" in depths of 3—5 fathoms ( H A L E , 1937, pp. 29—30). These
collections extend its range to Southern Chile. I t is probably an Antarctic circum-
polar species.
Figure 14. Antiaa mawsoni HALE, female, length 1.0 mm. A, pleotelaon; B, first antenna;
C, uropod; D, peduncle second antenna; E, cephalon.
62 Robert James Menzies
Figure 15. Antias laevifrons, n. sp. A, toto, female holotype, length 1.3 mm; B, uropod;
C, gnathopod.
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine Iaopods 63
Family Jaeropsidae
T y p e g e n u s : Jaeropsis KOEHLBB, 1885.
D i a g n o s i s : (Family and genus) Molar process reduced, elongated, and no grin-
ding edge present. Palp of maxilliped with narrow similar articles all less than one-
half the width of endite. All peraeonal somites of similar width, wider t h a n long.
Uropoda with peduncle. Peraeopods with a t least two dactylar claws, all similar
in general structure, none adapted for swimming (e.g., paddle-like).
C o m p o s i t i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n : This family contains only one genus, hence
the familial diagnosis equals the generic diagnosis, Jaeropsis. I t is known from the
04 Robert James Menzies
principal oceans of the world, excspt the Arctic Ocean. The greatest number of
species are found from the Antarctic region.
Figure 16. Antias dimorphis, n. sp., male holotype, 2.0 mm long. A, toto; B, gnathopod;
C, first antenna; D, first pleopods; E, seventh peraeopod.
S
66 Robert James Menziea
From the Chilean collections two species were found. One is almost certainly
Jaeropsis intermedins NORDENSTAM, which was previously known from Argentina
and the Falkland Islands. The other species I am describing as new.
Figure 51 C - E
S y n o n y m s : Jaera curvicornis NrcoLET, 1849, p . 263, pi. 3, fig. 10.
Jaeropsis curvicornis (NICOLET), BABNABD, 1914, p . 224 and synonyms.
Jaeropsis patagoniensis RICHARDSON, 1909, pp. 421—422, H A L E , 1637, p p . 22—23.
Figure 17. Jaeropsis intermedius NOKDENSTAM. Gravid female, length 2.7 mm. A, cephalon;
B, lateral border of pleotelson; C, first antenna; D, rostrum.
68 Robert James Menzies
Figure 18. Jaeropsis bidens, n. sp. Holotype male, length 2.6 mm. A, toto; B, left mandible
C, palp of mandible; D, first peraeopod; E, second pleopod; F , dactyl of seventh peraeopod
G, uropod; H, first antenna; I, maxilliped; J, lateral margin pleotelson; K, flagellum of second
antenna.
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine Isopods 69
Family laniridae
D i a g n o s i s : Paraselloidea with none of the peraeopods modified for swimming.
Dactyls with claws, two on first peraeopod, three on other peraeopods. Pleon con-
sisting of two somites, first narrow and inconspicuous, second shield-shaped and
large. Uropoda subterminal or terminal, with peduncle, generally biramous. Mandi-
bular molar process normal, strong, truncated at grinding apex. Coxal plates visible
in dorsal view on most peraeonal somites. Maxillipedal palp with last two articles
markedly narrower than first three; first three wide, over one-half the width of
endite. Second antenna with a distinct squama.
This family has for a long time been a catch-all for any genus roughly fitting its
charcteristics. Because of this its composition has shifted depending upon the
investigator's knowledge. The most recent listing of its genera is found in NIERSTRASZ
(1941, pp. 282—288) who cites 16 genera.
The genera Acanthaspidia STEBBING, Jolanthe B E D D A R D , Janthopsis, JaereHa
RICHARDSON, Janirella RICHARDSON, Trichopleon B E D D A R D , Pseudoinaira BARNARD,
Protojanira BARNARD, and Microprotus RICHARDSON certainly do not belong to the
laniridae because in those genera the pleotelson is composed of only one somite,
not two. lanirella was placed in a new family by M E N Z I E S (1956) and in this paper
Janthopsis and Acanthaspidia which are possible synonyms are similarly placed in
the Ianirellidae. The number of genera comprising the laniridae can thus be reduced
to eleven; with one genus, Ectias RICHARDSON, only tentatively assigned to it due
to the fact t h a t too few of its anatomical features are known to insure adequate
placement.
Figure 19. lathrippa chilensis, n. ap. A, toto, male; B, rostrum; C, gnathopod; D, setae at
apex of maxillipedal endite; E , maxilliped; F , setae of maxilla; G, uropod; H, apex of first
male pleopods; I, first male pleopods; J, second male pleopod; K, lateral border pleotelson.
72 Eobert James Menzies
with three coupling hooks. Pre-apical angle of first male pleopod rounded, lacking
serrations.
M e a s u r e m e n t s : Holotype male length 6.0 mm, width 1.5 mm.
T y p e l o c a l i t y a n d t y p e s : Southern Chile, Seno Reloncavi, the bay off
Puerto Montt, between Isla Tenglo and Punta Pilluco, 1 December 1948, 225 meters,
small stones and boulders in fine sand, St. M 14, holotype male, allotype and one
female paratype.
D i s t r i b u t i o n : Southern Chile, St. M 40, two females, one gravid; St. M 47,
one specimen, St. M 41, three specimens; St. M 42, one male, three females, three
juveniles, St. M 24, one young, St. M 114, one young; St. M 115, one young.
A f f i n i t i e s : This species differs from those previously described in the large
number of stout setae on the margin of the pleotelson and the fact that the pre-
apical angles of the male first pleopoda are rounded and not denticulate. Its closest
relation appears to be J. multidens (see below).
Figure 51 F - G
Synonyms: lanira (lathrippa) longicauda CHILTON, NORDENSTAM, 1933, pp. 173—176 and
synonyms, also.
lathrippa longicauda (CHILTON), HURLEY, 1957, pp. 17—18, figs. 92—107.
Janira capensis BARNARD, 1914, pp. 220—221, pi. XXB.
D i a g n o s i s : lathrippa without stout two-pointed setae on lateral margins of
pleotelson; instead, the setae present are fine, simple setae. Maxilliped with three
coupling hooks.
This species has been described in varying degrees of detail by NORDENSTAM,
1933, H U H L E Y , 1957 and RICHARDSON, 1910.
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine Isopods 73
Figure 20. lathrippa multidens, n. sp. A, maxilliped; B, third pleopod; C, first male pleopods;
D, pre-apical angle of firat male pleopod; E, lateral border of pleotelson; F , rostrum; G, second
male pleopod.
74 Robert James Menzies
Figure 21 — 22
S y n o n y m s : Iais pubescens (DANA), MENZIES and BARNARD, 19S1, p p . 138—141.
Figure 21. lais pubescens (DANA). A, toto, adult female; B, maxilliped; 0, apex of male first
pleopoda; D, left mandible (after MBNZIES and BAKNABD, 1951).
Figure 22. lais pubesoena (DANA.). A, second male pleopod; B, male fourth pleopod; C, uropod
and apex of pleotelson; D, third male pleopod; E , dactyl of first peraeopod, female; F , aper-
culum, female; G, first antenna; H, dactyl of seventh peraeopod, female*(after MENZIES and
BARNARD, 1951).
Figure 23. Neojaera elongaius n. sp., allotype, 2.1 nun long. A, toto; B, lateral margin head;
C, second male pleopod; D, first male pleopod; E, apex seventh peraeopod; F , apex first
peraeopod; G, lateral border pleotelaon; H , first antenna.
78 Robert James Menzies
Figure 24. laniropsis tridens MENZTBS. A, toto; B, second male pleopod; C, first male pleopod;
D, lateral border of pleotelson; E, first antenna; F, pleotelson; G, seventh peraeopod. Figures
A, B, E—-G, after MENZTES 1952; C—D based upon Chilean specimens.
80 Robert James Menziea
length of 4th. Uropoda exceed onehalf the pleotelson length. Postero-lateral border
of pleotelson with four stout setae. Body pigmented with brown speckles. Male first
pleopod with postero-lateral angle abruptly curved. Margin of each with 16 setae.
M e a s u r e m e n t s : Holotype male, length 2.6 mm, width 0.70 mm, figured allotype
length 1.35 mm, width 0.45 mm.
T y p e l o c a l i t y a n d t y p e s : Southern Chile, Archipielago de los Chonos, Canal
Moraleda, Islotes Locos, 25 February 1949, tidal belt, rocks, exposed, microfauna
samples; St. M 77, holotype, allotype, eight paratypes.
D i s t r i b u t i o n : Known only from Southern Chile at the Canal Moraleda area;
type locality and St. M 75, nine specimens.
A f f i n i t i e s : I n pigmentation and the absence of spines on the pleotelson this
species appears to be close to laniropsis minuta MENZIES (MENZIES, 1952). I t differs
from that species in having the postero-lateral angle of the male first pleopod
abruptly bent and in having the 3—4 articles of the first antenna subequal and not
dissimilar in length.
Family Ianirellidae
T y p e g e n u s : Ianirella BONNIER, 1896, MENZIES (1956).
D i a g n o s i s : Paraselloidea with free head. None of the peraeonal somites fused,
all subequal in length. Mandibles normal, molar process expanded at truncated
apex. Antennae shorter than body. First antenna shorter than second antenna.
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine Isopoda 81
Figure 25. laniropsis perplexus, n. sp.; A, toto, male; B, lateral border of pleotelson; C, male
first pleopod.
<i
82 Robert James Menzies
Figure 26. Ianiropais chilensis n. sp. A, toto; B, right mandible; C, first peraeopod; D, maxil-
liped; E, seventh peraeopod; F, second maxilla; O, maxiliipedal epipod; H, first antenna;
I, uropod; J, male first pleopod.
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine Isopods 83
All peraeopods simple; a t least t h e last six are unmodified walking legs. Dactyls of
last six peraeopods with only two claws. Pleon consisting of one somite only. Uropoda
with peduncle, bi- or uniramous, terminal-ventral insertion of peduncle {modified
from M E N Z I E S , 1956).
C o m p o s i t i o n : When first instituted, this family by definition could contain
only Ianirella. The above diagnosis has been made more liberal and it is now appar-
ent t h a t the family contains in addition t o Ianirella the following genera and perhaps
others:
Janthopsis B E D D A R D
Acanthaspidia S T E B B I N G
Rachura RICHARDSON
Jolanthe BEDDARD
Iolella RICHARDSON (sensu stricto)
Microprot-as RICHARDSON
The presence or absence of dorsally visible coxal plates divides these into two
groups:
Group A, with coxal plates Group B, without coxal plates
Microprotus Janthopsis
Ianirella Iolella
Rachura
Acanthaspidia
Jolanthe
apically with 9 plumose setae. Uropodal rami shorter than peduncle. Eyes large,
bulging, and dorsally situated. Maxilliped with three coupling hooks.
M e a s u r e m e n t s : Holotype female, length 5.0 mm, width 2.0 mm.
T y p e l o c a l i t y a n d t y p e s : Southern Chile, seno Reloncavi, N . of Isla Quellin,
23 January 1949, 100 meters, small stones, probably on hard sand, micro-fauna
samples; St. M 40, holotype female, paratype female.
M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d : Southern Chile, Golfo de Ancud, St. M 42, two specimens.
D i s t r i b u t i o n : Chile.
A f f i n i t i e s : This species shows no close affinities with previously described
forms. I t differs markedly from most in its having eyes and in the lack of spines or
elevations on the dorsal surface of the body.
TRIBE 2. VALVIFERA
1. Uropoda uniramous 2
1. Uropoda biramous 6
2. First antenna less than one-half the length of second antenna
Idothea metallica Bosc
2. First and second antennae about equal in length; first slightly shorter 3
3. Body with deep transverse grooves, pleon with three distinct somites
Edotea transversa n. sp.
3. Body lacking deep transverse grooves 4
4. Pleonal sutures obvious laterally for only two somites
Edotea magellanica CUNNINGHAM
4. Pleonal sutures obvious laterally for only one somite 5
5. Frontal lamina bifid Edotea tuberculata GITERIN-MENEVILLE
5. Frontal lamina pointed Edotea dahli n. sp.
6. All peraeopods simple, none subchelate 7
6. Some peraeopods subchelate 13
7. First four pairs of peraeopoda directed towards mouth and provided with
plumose setae 8
7. First four peraeopods similar to last three, not provided with plumose setae 11
8. Fourth peraeonal somite over two times the length of third 9
8. Fourth peraeonal somite only as long as third
Antarcturus arnericanus (BEDDARD)
9. Lateral parts of first peraeonal somite expanded downward or not expanded
downward 10
10. Expanded downward Astacilla diomsdea B E N E D I C T
10. Not expanded downward Neastacilla magellanica (OHXIN)
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine Isopods 85
Figure 27. Janthopsis laevis, n. sp., holotype female. A, toto; B, last pleopod; C, apex of
pleotelson; D, apex second antenna; E, incisor and Iaeinia left mandible; F, first maxilla;
G, seventh peraeopod; H, right mandible; I, last pleopod; J, cephalon; K, maxilliped; L, right
mandible; M, second maxilla; N, third pleopod; 0 , first antenna; P, first peraeopod; Q, lateral
border of pleotelson; R, maxillipedal endite.
86 Robert James Menzies
11. Coxal plates marked off in peraeonal somites 2—7 inclusive. Flagellum of
second antenna multiarticulate with subequal articles
Notidotea rotundicauda (CHILTON)
11. Coxal plates marked off on peraeonal somites 2—7 inclusive. Flagellum of
second antenna with an elongate proximal article and a few minute terminal
articles 12
12. Apex of pleotelson truncated Cleantis linearis DANA
12. Apex of pleotelson rounded Cleanthis chilensis n. sp.
13. First three pairs of peraeopoda sub chelate, others ambulatory, none as long
as body 14
13. First five pairs of peraeopoda subchelate, last two ambulatory, sixth as long as
body Chaetilia paucidens n. sp.
14. Lacking eyes and dorsal body tubercles Macrochiridothea michaelsoni O H L I N
14. Bearing eyes, with or without dorsal body tuberculcations 15
15. With sharp tuberculations on dorsum of body Macrochiridothea stebbingi OHLIN
15. Without sharp dorsal tuberculations 16
16. Apex of pleotelson with median spine-like projection
Macrochiridothea setifer n. sp.
16. Apex of pleotelson without median spine-like projection
Macrochiridothea kruimeli NIERSTRASZ
Family Arciuridae
T y p e g e n u s : Arcturus Latreille.
D i a g n o s i s : Valvifera with elongate subcylindrical body. First antenna shorter
than second antenna; flagellum with single article. First four pairs of peraeopods
elongated provided with ciliated setae and directed toward the mouth. Last three
peraeopods short, stout, adapted toward clinging and lack plumose setae. Pleonal
somites variously coalesced. First peraeonal somite often coalesced with cephalon.
Uropoda generally biramous (modified after RICHAKDSON, 1905).
This family contains several genera. Only one, Neastacilla, was represented in
the L.U.C.E. collections.
at the anterior end, as in nodosa; ... the segments posterior to the fourth are longer
than the first three and are successively narrower. The abdomen is constricted at
the base and has sub-parallel sides; from the slight posterolateral protruberance it
narrows rapidly to the apex ... all the articles of the antennal peduncles have a
narrow ring of black a t the distal ends, except the fifth" (modified from B E N E D I C T ,
1898, pp. 50—51).
T y p e l o c a l i t y : "Straits of Magellan, 17 fathoms, St. 2774 "Albatross"; a single
gravid female" (BENEDICT, op. cit.).
Antarcturus americanus ( B E D D A R D )
Figure 51 A—B
S y n o n y m s : Arcturus americanus BEDDABD, 1886, pp. 104—105, pi. X X I I I , figs. 5—8.
Antarcturus americanus (BEDDABD), Nordenstam, 1933, p . 135.
D i a g n o s i s : Antarcturus with head lacking spines but having tubercles or granula-
tions. Pleotelson with acute subapical spines. Dorsum of peraeonal somites one to
seven each with one pair of short erect spines (STEPHENSEN, 1947, p. 20).
This species was not in the L.U.C.E. collection. I t was reported from the Magellan
region by O H L I N and B E D D A R D , vis. NORDENSTAM, 1933, p. 138.
Family Idotheidae
T y p e g e n u s : Idothea Fabricius.
D i a g n o s i s : Valvifera with body generally somewhat depressed or strongly
depressed. First pair of antennae often shorter than second pair, flagellum with single
long article and a few or no minute apical articles. First pair of peraeopods usually
stout and similar to other pairs of peraeopods. Pleonal somites variously coalesced.
First peraeonal somite always distinct from cephalon. Uropoda usually uniramous
(modified after RICHARDSON, 1905).
Figure 28, Neastactlla magellanica (OHLIN). A, whole animal, lateral view; B, pleotelson,
dorsal view; C, frontal border of eephalon; T>, inner surface uropod; E, apical articles second
antenna; F, last peraeopod; G, apical articles first peraeopod. Figured specimen about one mm
in length.
90 Robert James Menziea
Figure 29. Edotea dahli, new species, holotype male. A, whole animal; B, maxilliped; C, first
antenna; D, appendix masculinum; E,uropod; F, first peraeopod; G, penes; H, second antenna.
Length figured specimen 5.2 mm.
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine Isopods 93
the Golfo de Ancud between Isla Quenu and Isla Chidguapi, St. M 27, one juvenile,
May 3, 1949, coarse sand with shells, 45 meters; from S.E. of P u n t a Tres Cruzes,
ISLE, of P u n t a Piedras, St. M 104, May 5, 1949, one male, 50—60 meters; St. M 40,
Seno Reloncavi, 1 specimen, J a n u a r y 23, 1949, small stones probably on hard sand,
100 meters; a n d from Central Chile at Montemar, St. M 123, March 10, 1949, t w o
females; Southern Chile, Estrecho de Magallanes, N . of town P u n t a Arenas, St. M
112, one female, sand.
A f f i n i t i e s : The species seems closely related to Edotea bilobata NORDENSTAM
from t h e Falkland Islands. I t differs from t h a t species in having the lobes of t h e
cephalon much less pronounced and the pleon less pointed. The epimeral areas of
the peraeon are also more pointed. I n bilobata they are contiguous on lateral margin.
Figure 30. Edotea transversa, new species, female holotype. A, whole animal; B, second antenna;
C, first antenna; E>, appendix masculinum; E, first peraeopod; F , penes. Length measured
specimen 11.0 mm.
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine Isopods 95
NOBDENSTAM (op. cit.) has discussed the various Antarctic species. NIERSTRASZ
(1941) lists 16 species. One of these, C occidentalis RICHARDSON is the young of
Idothea urotoma, according to M E N Z I E S (1950). The genus appears to have a n anti-
tropical distribution. No purely tropical species are known.
Figure 31. Cleantia chilensis, new species. A, whole animal, type; B, cephalon; C, first antenna;
D, second antenna; E , first peraeopod; F, uropod; G, seventh peraeopod. Specimen 11 m m
in length.
7
Robert James Menzies
w
NOKDENSTAM (op. cit.) reports the maxillipedal palp in this subfamily to have
three articles. I t has four, with the small first article being generally overlooked.
Two genera were found in the L.U.C.E. collections, Macrochiridothea O H L I N and
Chaetilia D A N A . The coxal plate morphology is the same in both genera.
Figure 32. Macrochiridothea michaelseni OHLIJT. A, whole animal; B, second antenna; C, uropod,
D, first antenna; E, first antenna; F, seventh peraeopod; G, maxilliped; H, gnathopod;
I, apex pleotelson.
100 Robert James Menzies
Figure 33. Macrochiridothea stebbingi OHLIN. A, whole animal; B, second peraeopod; C, apex
pleotelson; D, first antenna; E, seventh peraeopod.
gnathopod-like, second and third subehelate. Fourth pair lacks dactyl, five to seven
with minute dactyl bearing a long terminal seta.
M e a s u r e m e n t s : Female, 7 mm long (OHLIJT, op. cit.).
T y p e l o c a l i t y a n d t y p e s : Types were collected from Tierra del Fuego between
Isla Nueva and Navarino a t 30 fathoms, February 1, 1896 ( O H L I N , 1901).
M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d : Specimens in the L.U.C.E. collection came from St. M
148, southern Chile.
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine Isopods 101
D i a g n o s i s : The eyes are very small and contain a little pigment. The antenna
is considerably longer than the antennule and its flagellum consists of fifteen joints,
the first of which is the longest. The maxilliped has four joints to the palp. (SHEPPARD,
1957, p p . 172 — 173).
T y p e l o c a l i t y : P u n t a Arenas, Chile.
D i s t r i b u t i o n : Magellan region and Falkland Islands, (SHEPPARD, 1957, p . 173).
This species not found in the L.U.C.E. collections.
102 Robert James Menzies
Figure 34. Macrochiridothea setifer, new species. A, whole animal; B , first antenna; C, apex
pleotelson.
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine Isopods 103
TRIBE 3. FLABELLIFERA
Here the Flabellifera is considered to have three subtribes, the Anthuroidea, the
Seroloidea and the Cirolanoidea (auct. Cymothoidea of other authors).
The typical flabelliferan has seven peraeonal somites and six pleonal somites
104 Robert James Menzies
Figure 35. Chaetilia paucidens, new species. A, whole animal; B , maxilliped; C, seventh
peraeopod; D, third peraeopod; E.apexpleotelson; F, gnathopod; G, first antenna; H, uropod.
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematica of the Chilean Marine Isopods 105
inclusive of the pleotelson which bears uropoda. Also five pairs of pleopoda and
seven pairs of peraeopods are present. The mouth parts are normal, having mandibles
with a well developed molar process, lacinia mobilis (left) setae row, and triarticulate
palp. The first maxillae bear three lobes and the second two lobes. The maxilliped
has an epipod and a palp with five articles. The eyes are dorsal when present. How-
ever, there are exceptions to each characteristic listed above. For example, uropods
are lacking from Anuropus; mandibular molar process lacks in Limnoria. The lobes
of the maxillae are reduced or absent in the cymothoid genera, and the number
of articles to the maxillipedal palp is similarly reduced. Sphaeromids have less than
six free peraeonal somites and serolids have less t h a n seven peraeonal somites b u t
retain their seven pairs of peraeopods and five pairs of pleopods. Except in Limnoria
and in many sphaeromids the uropoda are flattened.
The flabelliferan forms the stem from which other isopod types can be derived
and it is only with extreme difficulty t h a t they may be characterized from the other
Isopoda. Only the fact t h a t the uropoda are more lateral in their insertion than
terminal serves to distinguish the flabellifera from the asellota; the fact that the
uropoda do not inflex under the pleon to form an opercular covering of the pleopoda
serves to distinguish it from the Valvifera. These are tenuous items on which to
base a classification of a group; however, such is the the situation today.
As was indicated, we see the flabellifera are far from being a homogenous group.
The following key serves to distinguish the three major subtribes:
17. Coxal plate of seventh peraeonal somite not acutely produced, extending only
to margin of first pleural somite Cirolana chilensis n. sp.
18. Rami of uropoda acutely pointed . . . . Cirolana urostylis n. sp.
18. Rami of uropoda blunt 19
19. Coxal plate of seventh peraeonal somite with blunt margin
Girolana robusta n. sp.
19. Coxal plate of seventh peraeonal somite pointed at posterolateral margin . . . .
Cirolana concinna HALE
20. Pleopods four to five with exopods pelucid, thin; endopods thick and fleshy
with deep transverse folds 21
20. Pleopods four to five with both rami thick and fleshy with deep transverse
folds 25
21. Last somite of male peraeon with a long mesial process 22
21. L a s t somite of male peraeon without long mesial process 23
22. Uropodal rami rounded, not crenulated a t margin Isocladus sp.
22. Uropodal rami truncated, often with crenulated margin
Isocladus calearea (DANA)
23. Dorsum of pleotelson smooth 24
23. Dorsum of pleotelson tuberculate and rugose
Exosphaeroma studeri VANHOFFEN
24. Apex of pleotelson broadly rounded, uropodal rami pointed :
Exosphaeroma gigas LEACH
24. Apex of pleotelson more pointed than rounded, uropodal rami rounded
Exosphaeroma lanceolata ( W H I T E )
25. Exopod of pleopod three two jointed 26
25. Exopod of pleopod three not jointed 30
26. Basal articles of antennulae expanded, plate-like, extending beyond margin of
cephalon Amphoroidea typa M I L H E - E D W A R D S
26. Basal articles of antennulae not greatly expanded, not plate-like 27
27. Lateral margins of pleotelson bent downwards to form a tube
Cymodocella foveolata n. sp.
27. Lateral margins of pleotelson not bent downwards to form a tube. Distal margin
of pleotelson notched in both sexes 28
28. Apex of uropodal rami pointed Dynamenella tuberculata n. sp.
28. Apex of uropodal rami blunt 29
29. Uropodal rami not reaching to posterior margin of pleotelson
Dynamenella acuticauda n. sp.
29. Uropodal rami reaching to posterior margin of pleotelson
Dynamenella eatoni (MIERS)
30. Apex of pleotelson with chordate foramen Dynamenopsis bakeri n . sp.
30. Apex of pleotelson incised b u t lacking chordate foramen 31
31. Apex of pleotelson feebly incised, swollen ridge above incision in dorsum of
pleotelson Paradynamenopsis lundae n. sp. (dwarf & giant phases)
108 Robert James Menzies
Subtribe Anthuroidea
This subtribe contains flabelliferans in which the individual peraeonal somites
are longer than wide and in which the uropodal exopods arch medially over the
pleotelson.
None was represented in the L.U.C.E. collections. One species Paranthura porteri
B O O N E is known previously from the Peruvian fauna.
Subtribe Seroloidea
Family Serolidae
T y p e g e n u s : Serolis LEACH.
Earlier modern workers have been content to consider the genus Serolis a family
of the Flabellifera. The homogeneity of the group and lack of transitional forms
suggests t h a t this is incorrect. The operculiform 4—5 pairs of pleopoda which are
unlike the preceding three pairs is unique and not duplicated by any other flabelli-
feran. Because of this and because the cephalon is fused medially with the first
peraeonal somite I am of t h e opinion t h a t t h e Serolidae should belong to a category
higher than the family and equivalent to the Anthuroidea. Accordingly, Serolis is
considered as belonging to a tribe, the Seroloidea, The family Serolidae remains
with its single genus Serolis.
D i a g n o s i s : Flabellifera with the 4—5 pairs of pleopoda large and operculiform,
pleopods one to three normal, smaller than 4—5. Cephalon united medially with
first peraeonal somite. Body strongly depressed, much wider than high (thick).
Uropoda small, normal, subapical, not arching over pleotelson.
first abdominal segment in its entire length. Second joint of palp of maxilliped
cordate (modified after NORDENSTAM, 1933).
D i a g n o s i s : Head of greatest width across the eyes. Coxal plates marked off
by dorsal sutures on the second t o fifth peraeon segments. Epimeral angles of the
second to sixth segments of peraeon all successively extending beyond the epimeral
angles of the preceding segments. Epimera of second abdominal segment extending
further back than the posterior angles of the epimera of the fifth peraeon segment,
but not as far back as those of the sixth peraeon segment. Pleotelson with three
diverging longitudinal ridges. Posterio-lateral angles of pleotelson prolonged into
retro verted points. First maxillae with inner lobes expanded distally. Outer lappet
of the outer lobe of second maxilla provided with two apical setae, inner lappet
of the same lobe with six or seven. Maxilliped with a vestigial fourth joint, Basipodite
of the first three pairs of pleopods with proximal part of the inner margin slightly
convex and devoid of setae, Endopodite of fourth pleopod bifid (from NORDENSTAM,
op. cit.).
T y p e l o c a l i t y : Region of Magellan Straits (NORDENSTAM, 1933, p . 55).
110 Robert James Menzies
Figure 36, A—B, Lironeca raynavdi M.-Enw., A, in toto, male; B, lateral border gravid female,
C, Serolis plana DANA, D, Serolis schythei LUTKEN.
The Zoogeography, Ecology, and Systematics of the Chilean Marine Isopods 111