Pak Study

Name: Ghulam Dastgeer Subhani

Reg#: L1F21BSCS0784
Section: B(4)
Teacher: Bushra Jabeen

Assignment # 1
 Pakistan China Relation Recent Development

Chinese-Pakistani relations or Sino-Pakistani relations, refers to the bilateral

relations between China and Pakistan. Formal relations were established in 1950 when
the Dominion of Pakistan was among the first countries to end official diplomatic relations with
the Republic of China (Taiwan) and recognize the People's Republic of China (PRC) government
on Mainland China. Since then, both countries have placed considerable importance on the
maintenance of an extremely close and supportive special relationship and the two countries have
regularly exchanged high-level visits resulting in a variety of agreements. The PRC has
provided economic, military, and technical assistance to Pakistan, and each country considers the
other a close strategic ally.
Bilateral relations have evolved from an initial Chinese policy of neutrality to a partnership with a
smaller but militarily powerful Pakistan. Diplomatic relations were established in 1950, boundary
issues resolved in 1963, military assistance began in 1966, a strategic alliance was formed in 1972,
and economic co-operation began in 1979. China has become Pakistan's largest supplier of arms
and its third-largest trading partner. Recently, both nations have decided to cooperate in
improving Pakistan's civil nuclear power sector.
Maintaining close relations with China is a central part of Pakistan's foreign policy. In 1986,
President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq visited China to improve diplomatic relations, and Pakistan was
one of only two countries, alongside Cuba, to offer crucial support to the PRC after the Tiananmen
Square protests of 1989. China and Pakistan also share close military relations, with China
supplying a range of modern armaments to the Pakistani defence forces. China supports Pakistan's
stance on Kashmir, while Pakistan supports China on the issues of Xinjiang,Tibet, and Taiwan.
Military cooperation has deepened, with joint projects producing armaments ranging from fighter jets
to guided missile frigates.
Chinese cooperation with Pakistan has reached economic high points, with substantial Chinese
investment in Pakistani infrastructural expansion including the Pakistani deep-water port at Gwadar.
Both countries have an ongoing free trade agreement.
According to China's custom statistics the bilateral trade volume for the calendar year 2017 crossed
the US$20 billion mark for the first time. In 2017 China's exports to Pakistan grew by 5.9% to reach
$18.25 billion whereas Pakistan's exports to China fell by 4.1% to $1.83 billion.
Pakistan has served as China's main bridge to the Islamic world, and also played an important role
in bridging the communication gap between the PRC and the West by facilitating U.S. President
Richard Nixon's historic 1972 visit to China. The relations between Pakistan and China have been
described by Pakistan's ambassador to China as "higher than the mountains, deeper than the
oceans, stronger than steel, dearer than eyesight, sweeter than honey, and so on." According
to Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Pakistan is China's biggest arms buyer,
counting for nearly 47% of Chinese arms exports. According to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, 75%
of Pakistanis view China's influence positively with only 15% expressing a negative view. In the Indo-
Pacific region, Chinese people hold the third most positive opinions of Pakistan's influence in the
world, behind Indonesia and Pakistan itself.
IR scholars have observed that despite the PRC and Pakistan being "highly divergent societies and
polities with conflicting views on central global issues", the two states have nevertheless forged a
dynamic relationship over several decades – something which supports the idea
that realpolitik motivates foreign policies in the international system. Amin writes that relations
between China and Pakistan "represents a striking and paradigmatic example of how state power
considerations, rather than culture, ideology, economic interest or composition of ruling elites, can
determine foreign policy behaviour as conceptualised by the neo-realist school of International
Relations (IR) theory.
Relations prior to the founding of the modern states of
Pakistan and the PRC
Buddhist monks from the area of what is now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan were involved
in the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to Han dynasty China. The Han dynasty's Protectorate of
the Western Regions bordered the Kushan Empire. Faxian travelled in what is now modern-day
Pakistan.
During World War II, the Hui Muslim imam Da Pusheng toured the Middle East and South Asia to
confront Japanese propagandists in Muslim countries and denounce their invasion to the Islamic
world. Misinformation on the war was spread in the Islamic Middle Eastern nations by Japanese
agents. In response, at the World Islamic Congress in Hejaz, Imam Du openly confronted fake
Muslim Japanese agents and exposed them as non-Muslims. Japan's history of imperialism was
explained by Du to his fellow Muslims. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the future founder of Pakistan, met
with Imam Du. The Chinese Muslim's anti-Japanese war effort received a pledge of support from
Jinnah. The Hindu leaders Tagore and Gandhi and Muslim Jinnah both discussed the war with the
Chinese Muslim delegation under Ma Fuliang while in Turkey President İsmet İnönü also met the
delegation. Gandhi and Jinnah met with the Hui Ma Fuliang and his delegation as they denounced
Japan.

Economic relations

Pakistan has been one of China's major trade partners.[

Recently though, economic trade between Pakistan and China is increasing, and a free trade
agreement has been signed. Military and technological transactions continue to dominate the
economic relationship between the two nations, and China has pledged to increase their investment
in Pakistan's economy and infrastructure.]As in seventy years the People's Republic of China moved
to the center of the world stage, became the world's largest economy (by purchasing power parity
rating) in 2014, it has also helped Pakistan by bringing in more of its expertise and investment. The
Chinese economic boom has not only helped Pakistan in a way but also ushered new era of
development in the country especially after signing of multi-billion CPEC agreement.
In 2011 China Kingho Group cancelled a $19 billion mining deal because of security concerns.
On 26 April, China Mobile announced $1 billion of investment in Pakistan in telecommunication
infrastructure and training of its officials within a period of three years.The announcement came a
day after China Mobile subsidy Zong emerged as the highest bidder in the 3G auction, claiming a
10 MHz 3G-band licence, qualifying for the 4G licence.
On 22 April 2015, according to China Daily, China released its first overseas investment project
under the Belt and Road Initiative for developing a hydropower station near Jhelum.

China–Pakistan Economic Corridor

The CPEC will connect Pakistan with China and the Central Asian countries with highway
connecting Kashgar to Khunjerab and Gwadar. Gwadar Port in southern Pakistan will serve as the
trade nerve centre for China, as most of its trade especially that of oil will be done through the port,
which is operated by the China Overseas Port Holding Company, a state-owned Chinese
company. Currently, sixty per cent of China's oil must be transported by ship from the Persian Gulf to
the only commercial port in China, Shanghai, a distance of more than 16,000 kilometres. The
journey takes two to three months, during which time the ships are vulnerable to pirates, bad
weather, political rivals and other risks. Using Gwadar Port instead would reduce the distance and
possibly the cost.
The plan seeks to build on a market presence already established by Chinese enterprises, Haier in
household appliances, ChinaMobile and Huawei in telecommunications and China Metallurgical
Group Corporation (MCC) in mining and minerals. In other cases, such as textiles and garments,
cement and building materials, fertiliser and agricultural technologies (among others) it calls for
building the infrastructure and a supporting policy environment to facilitate fresh entry. According to
the plan, a key element in this is the creation of industrial parks, or special economic zones, would
be done with the provision of water, perfect infrastructure, sufficient supply of energy and the
capacity of self-service power.
But the main thrust of the plan actually lies in agriculture, contrary to the image of CPEC as a
massive industrial and transport undertaking, involving power plants and highways. The plan
acquires its greatest specificity, and lays out the largest number of projects and plans for their
facilitation, in agriculture. For agriculture, the plan outlines an engagement that runs from one end of
the supply chain all the way to the other. From provision of seeds and other inputs, like fertiliser,
credit and pesticides, Chinese enterprises will also operate their own farms, processing facilities for
fruits and vegetables and grain. Logistics companies will operate a large storage and transportation
system for agrarian produce, as stated by the plan in Dawn
The other common investment is expected in information and technology, a full system of monitoring
and surveillance will be built in cities from Peshawar to Karachi, with 24-hour video recordings on
roads and busy marketplaces for law and order.[A national fibre-optic backbone will be built for the
country not only for internet traffic, but also terrestrial distribution of broadcast TV, which will
cooperate with Chinese media in the "dissemination of Chinese cultures".