Lea 122 Module 2

Republic of the Philippines
Southern Philippines Agri-business and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology

Malita, Davao Occidental
LEA122 – MARIA LUZ J VILLACUATRO, RCrim
LEA122 MODULE 2
Learning Content:
: ASEAN Police Models
: AMERICAN and BRITISH Police Models
: AUSTRALIAN and CANADIAN Police Models
: FRENCH and RUSSIAN Police Models
: SWEDEN and GREECE Police Models
: JAPANESE and SOUTH KOREAN Police Models
: CHINESE, HONG KONG and TAIWANESE POLICE Models
: ISRAEL and the VATICAN POLICE Models
The Philippines is one of the founding members of the Association of Southeast

Asian Nations (ASEAN). Likewise, it has active diplomatic relations with these
neighboring countries. The countries in the ASEAN region are beset by transnational
organized crimes. Thus, promotion of regional cooperation among their police forces
is a necessity. This chapter presents the basic features of police system among
ASEAN member-states.
1. BRUNEI
Brunei is located in Southeastern Asia, on the northwest corner of the Island

of Borneo in the South China Sea bordering Malaysia. It covers 5,770 square
kilometers and have an estimated population of 500,000. About 40% of its
workforce is foreign workers; crude oil and natural gas account for nearly half of its
gross domestic product.
The Royal Brunei Police (RBP), founded in 1906, is one of the oldest institutions in
the country. It was officially established in 1921 and was renamed Royal Brunei
Police in 1965. Since independence in 1984, the RBP has been headed by the
Monarch, who is the General Inspector of Police.
Directly subordinate to the Monarch is the Commissioner of Police, who manages

the RPB headquarters, assisted by a Deputy Commissioner of Police and
Secretariat. The office includes five (5) main departments: Administration and
Finance, Operations, Criminal Investigation and Intelligence, Logistics, and Traffic
Control. Directly subordinate to the Commissioner are Commanders of six (6)
Regional Police Districts.
BRP's official Mission is, "To maintain law and order in accordance with powers
conferred by any written law of the land in most professional manner". Entrance
age in BRP is 18 years old and retirement age is 60 years old. The minimum
physical requirements are not less than 5' 6" in height for male, and not less than
5'4" for female. Moreover, male should weigh not exceeding 60kgs, and for the
female, not exceeding 55kgs. Academic requirement should be at least Brunei
Junior Certificate of Education (BJCE).
Training period is nine (9) months, involving the study of Brunei law, physical
fitness, and arms and feet drills. The posting is after gaining three (3) year-
probation, with 12-16 weeks of refresher course thereafter.
Ranking System
Inspector General of Police

Deputy Inspector General of Police
Commissioner
Deputy Commissioner
Senior Assistant Commissioner
Assistant Commissioner
Senior Superintendent
Deputy Superintendent
Chief Inspector
Senior Inspector
Inspector
Probationary Inspector
Cadet Inspector
Sergeant Major
Staff Sergeant
Sergeant
Corporal
Lance Corporal
2. CAMBODIA
Cambodia, in Southeast Asia, is bordered by Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. It

has an area of 181,040 and have an estimated population of 15 million. It was a
French protectorate from the mid-19th century on and struggled against colonial
powers from the time of the Second World War until 1953, when France granted it
independence. Although
The police force in Cambodia was created in 1980, naming it People's Police
of Cambodia with a mandate of securing cities and towns, keeping the peace, and
pursuing justice for citizens. Its main priority however, is to secure urban areas
and tracking down enemies within its territories. Like the military, they are heavily
armed and battle ready.
At present, the National Police of Cambodia under the Ministry of Internal

Affairs is the sole policing authority in Cambodia. It is organized into six (6) central
departments and four (4) autonomous units.
The central departments are: security, transport, public order, border,

administrative and judicial. And the autonomous units are: Interpol Unit,
headquarters Unit, Intervention Unit, and Drug Enforcement Unit. Its mission is to
work together to serve and protect the people.
The National Police of Cambodia is headed by a Commissioner General who

holds a rank of General. Entrance age is 23 to 36 years old, high school
graduate, 5'5" in height for male and 5'3" for female. They are retired at the age of
65 years old. Moreover, their mode of selection is family based which means that
priority is given to applicants with parents of either father or mother is serving in
the Cambodian police force. Recruits undergo rigorous combat training in
Cambodian police camps.
Ranking System
General
Lieutenant General
Major General
Brigadier General
Colonel
Lieutenant Colonel
Major
Captain
1st Lieutenant
2nd Lieutenant
Chief Warrant officer
Warrant officer
Sergeant Major
First Sergeant
Staff Sergeant
3. INDONESIA
Indonesia is the world's largest archipelago, composing 17,000,440 islands

over kilometers between the Indian and North Pacific Oceans. Its population is
estimated at 24() million. It was a Dutch colony that was occupied by the
Japanese during World War Il. After the war, a strong independence movement
finally succeeded in gaining independence from the Netherlands in 1949.
The Indonesian National Police (Polisi Republik Indonesia as POLRI) from the
1960s until 1998 was a branch of the Armed Forces, reporting to the Ministry of
Defense until it was separated from the military in 1999. Presently, the POLRI is a
centralized national bureaucracy directly under the office of the President. It is
headed by the Chief of Indonesian National Police with the Rank of General, who
is assisted by subordinate commanders deployed in formulations and throughout
the country.
Geographically, it is divided into Regional Commands called Polda, which

reported to territorial headquarters. The Poldas are further subdivided into Districts
called Polres, Subdistricts called Polsek, Community Police office called Polmas in
the village levels. The capital Jakarta however, has its own districts with
subdivisions into precincts, sections and police posts.
Operationally, it is divided into departments for intelligence and security (INTEL-

PAM), criminal investigation (RESERSE), patrol SAMAYTA), traffic LANTAS), and
community guidance (BIMMAS). These units are reinforced by air, marine, a
paramilitary unit (BRIMOB) and technical services
One of the biggest subdivisions is Brimob (Indonesian Police Mobil Brigade, or

Brigade Mobil), a paramilitary unit that acts as an elite emergency squad for
situations requiring large numbers under a cohesive command such as crowd and
riot control. Entry age with the POLRI is 18 years old and retirement is 45, which
may be extended up to 58. They are required to be at least high school graduate
or college graduate, and must undergo 11 months of police training.
Police volunteer (which is part of Indonesian policing system) applicants are
required to have at least sixth grade education and to pass a competitive
examination. one aspect of policing that has taken into account the
decentralization of the force is the recruitment of police to serve in their home
areas, although the officers above the rank of lieutenant may not have the choice
over where they are deployed. POLRI has a police-to-population ratio of around 1
police officer to 526 civilians, and adopted a Dutch style Ranking System, to wit:
4. LAOS
Laos is located in the heart of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia,

bordered by China, Myanmar (formerly Burma), Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia.
The country covers a total of 236,800 square kilometers, 75% of which is
mountains and plateaus. The capital and largest city is Vientiane. The country is
divided into 16 provinces. It remains extremely poor; with 85% of the population
relying upon subsistence agriculture.
Laos remains governed by one-party communist rule. Although in 1986 the

government began to adopt market-based economic policies, there is general
reluctance to embrace far-reaching reforms.
Royal Lao Police is divided into several branches of service which comprise a
plainclothes criminal investigation department, urban constabulary, regional
gendarmerie and a counter-insurgency armed support unit. All these formations
are answerable to the Laotian Ministry of public Security (formerly the Ministry of
Interior) who shares responsibility for internal security with the Ministry of
Defense's security forces and with movements organized and controlled by the
Laotian People's Republic Party.
The mission of the Royal Lao Police is to ensure nationwide security social order
and prevention, detection and investigation of crime. There are not formal
educational requirements for entry to the police service but it is open graduates.
Recruitment and selection procedures are managed by police forces at a local
level, although a nationally agreed competency-based framework is applied.
Training is 12 weeks or 3 months.
Ranking System
Major General (Director of the Royal Lao Police)
Brigadier General
Colonel
Lieutenant-Colonel
Major
Captain
1st Lieutenant
2nd Lieutenant
Sergeant Major
Master Sergeant
Sergeant I st Class
Staff Sergeant
Sergeant
Corporal
Patrolman 1st Class
5. MALAYSIA
Malaysia is located on the southern part of the South Asian peninsula

(between Thailand and Singapore), as well as on northern third of the island of
Borneo (bordering Indonesia and Brunei). It has a total area of 329,750 square
kilometers and a population of about 25 million, of whom two thirds live in the
lowlands of Peninsular Malaysia.
At present, Malaysia is a federation of 13 States and 3 Federal Territories; the

federal government remains responsible for internal security. It is a constitutional
Monarchy, with Islam as the state religion, but Kings are elected to 5-year terms
from the sultans of the peninsular States. Prime Ministreas are chosen from and
by the majority party in the lower house of Malaysia's bicameral legislature. Much
of the administration, including the legal system, was inherited from British
Common Law.
ROYAL MALAYSIAN POLICE (RMP) POLIS DIRAJA MALAYSIA
In British colonial times, each State had its own police force. As the impetus
for independence grew, the different forces united, and the first federal police
force in Malaysia was created in 1946. The Royal Malaysian Police was officially
established at the time of independence in 1963.
Police Structure and Organization
The RMP is subordinate to the Ministry of Home Affairs and is headed by an

Inspector General who reports to the Minister. Work of the police is also
supervised by the Royal Malaysian Police force Commission (RMPFC), chaired by
the Home Minister but with the participation of other relevant officials, including the
Inspector General.
The RMP is highly centralized; each of Malaysia's 13 States has a force that is
subordinate to the federal-level RMP. At the federal level, four directors who have
the rank of Commissioner of Police control the Management, Criminal
Investigation, internal Security and Public Order, and the Special Branch
Departments who are task to collect, process and disseminate intelligence
information.
Ranking System
Inspector — General of Police (IGP)

Deputy Inspector — General of Police (DIGP)
Commissioner of Police (CP)
Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police I (SAC I)
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police Il (SAC Il)
Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
Superintendent of Police (SP)
Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP)
Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP)
Chief Inspector (C/ Insp)
Sub — Inspector (SI)
Sergeant Major (SM)
Sergeant (Sgt)
Corporal (Cpl)
6. MYANMAR
Myanmar is squeezed between India and Bangladesh to its west, and China,
Laos, and Thailand to its east. Myanmar, formerly Burma, occupies 678,500
square kilometers along the Bay Bengal, and has an approximate population of 45
million people. As part of India until 1937, it was British Colony until 1948. Thus,
created modeled on British precedent. Burma's military rulers changed the
country's name to Myanmar in 1989; this name change was not recognized by the
democratically elected parliament and has not been universally recognized by
other countries.
Formally known as the People's Police Force in 1995, Myanmar Police Force was
established in 1964 as an independent department under the Ministry of Home
Affairs. It is commanded by a Director General, whose rank is major general. His
deputy, who holds the rank of Brigadier General, is responsible for command,
control, and supervision of the police throughout the country.
There are 14 State and Divisional Police Forces and three additional State/
Division Police Forces which are commanded by Police Colonels. Divisional
Police Forces are then divided into District Police Force which may be Class A,
commanded by Lieutenant Colonel and Class B, commanded by Police Majors.
Township Police Force is commanded by Police Captains, and Police Stations
commanded by Police Lieutenants.
Police Battalions are specialized units offering security in urban areas where
unrest threatens public buildings. They directly report to the Police General
Director Entrance age is 18; 5'6" in height for male and 5'4" for female; 65
kilograms for male and 56 kilograms for female. Recruits shall undergo trainings
on the following training centers with their corresponding duration period
MPF Ranking System

Police Major General
Police Brigadier General
Police Colonel
Police Lieutenant Colonel
Police Major (Township Police Commander)
Police Captain (Deputy Township Police Commander)
Police Lieutenant (Station Commander)
Police Second Lieutenant
Police Warrant officer
Police Sergeant
Police Corporal
Police Lance Corporal
7. PHILIPPINES
The Philippines is an archipelago east of Vietnam and north of Malaysia and

Indonesia in the Philippine Sea. The islands of the Philippines cover an area of
298,170 square kilometers and have a population of 140,000,000 people. It was a
Spanish colony until 1898, then ceded to the United States, and became
independent in 1946. It is a democratic and republican State, which
administratively divided into provinces, cities and municipalities. Some provinces
are organized into geographical regions.
The history of the police forces of the Philippines can be traced during the
reigns of the Pre-Hispanic Lakans, Datus and Sultans in the Islands, which it was
divided into political units called the Barangay. Each barangay was headed or
ruled by a Datu whose responsibility, aside from exercising all the powers —
executive, legislative and judicial was to maintain peace and order within his
jurisdiction. The Datu designated from among his warriors a chief warrior who,
together with some subordinates were charged with the duty to enforce the
decrees, customs and traditions as well as practices and usages. The chief warrior
was then in effect the chief of police. When the Spaniards came, personnel of the
Spanish Army and local militias were tasked with policing duties in local
communities. Also, local branch of the Civil Guard was officially established.
Starting from a single division, during the Revolutionary period it grew into a corps
of military police with detachments in Luzon and the Visayas.
With the beginning of American rule and the Philippine-American War, the
Philippine Constabulary was established in 1901 as the national gendarmerie
force for law enforcement, directly reporting to the American government. At the
same time, what is now the Manila Police District came into existence as the
nation's first city police force.
By virtue of Republic Act 6975, the Philippine National Police (PNP) came into
existence under the National Police Commission. The PNP is national in scope
and civilian in character, being a community and service-oriented agency
responsible for the maintenance of peace and order and public safety. It was
organized to ensure accountability and uprightness in police exercise of discretion
as well as to achieve efficiency and effectiveness of its members and units in the
performance of their functions.
Recruitment and Training
Candidates for the PNP must be Philippine citizens of good moral conduct, sound
mind and body, and must be a baccalaureate degree holder, possess eligibility
recognized by the National Police Commission. They must meet height and
weight requirements, and must be between the ages of 21 to 30 years old.
On April 12, 2019, President Rodrigo Roa Duterte signed into law Republic Act
11279 that transferred the control of the Philippine National Police Academy as
well as the National Police Training Institute (NPN) from the Philippine Public
Safety College (PPSC) to the Philippine National Police.
8. SINGAPORE
Singapore is a small island city-state, occupying 693 square kilometers on

islands between Malaysia and Indonesia. Its population is approximately 5 million
people. It was a British colony that briefly joined with Malaysia and then became
independent in 1965. Singapore is one of the most prosperous countries in Asia,
with a gross domestic product that rival many Western European countries.
Foreign investment is aided by its largely corruption-free government, skilled work
force, and highly developed infrastructure. Manufacturing
(Mostly electronics, biomedical and chemical industries) and financial services
drive the economy. Singapore also boasts a low crime rate.
The SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE
The Singapore Police Force which is under the Ministry of Internal Affairs is
headed by a Police commissioner who has a Deputy and a Director for Special
Duties. Six (6) Regional Police Divisions report directly to the Police
Commissioner, as do specialized Units. The Staff Department coordinates
administrative functions such as manpower, planning, public Affairs, organizing as
well as encompassing the Criminal Investigation Department, the Police national
Service Department, the Operations Department, and the VIP protection Services.
In Singapore, able bodied male citizens must serve 12 months of national service.
Some of them are deployed in the police where they will be assigned into five
functional groups, namely:
1. Key installation
2. Patrol and Neighborhood Post
3. Light Strike force
4. Headquarters Staff
5. Service and support Reinforcement Troops.
Police national servicemen can also be deployed into leadership position.

Singapore's police is strongly oriented toward community service. one of the
strategic initiatives to enhance the police's partnership with the community is the
Community Safety and Security Program (CSSP). Projects that are part of this
program include care and support programs for crime victims, youth at risk, and
foreign domestic workers, as well as initiatives such as safe drive zones and
neighborhood watch zones.
9. THAILAND
Thailand was established in the mid-14th century; the Kingdom of Thailand is

the only country in Southeast Asia that has never been taken over by the
European power. It has a total area of 514,000 square kilometers, with a
population of people. Thailand is composed 76 provinces and has a bicameral
National assembly that consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
THE ROYAL THAI POLICE (SAMNAK NGAN TAMRUAT HAENG CHAT)
A centralized police system, the RTP is the primary law enforcement agency in the
country, with a long history going back to the time this country was established.
The main revolution of the RTP was in 1932, which formed the current structure of
the organization. The RTP is a militaristic style, service-oriented police
organization with a ratio of 1 police officer for every 260 citizens. All of the
personnel in the RTP are uniformed police officers. The agency is headed by the
Director General, the highest position in the department answerable to the Prime
Minister.
10. VIETNAM
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia, bordering the

Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tokin, and the South China Sea, alongside China Laos,
and Cambodia. It has an area of 329,560 square kilometers. The capital of this
communist State is Hanoi. The legal system is based on communist legal theory
and French civil law. The government consists of executive, legislative, and
judicial branches.
moral rectitude in which behavior is defined in terms of collective, rather than
individual good.
The People's Public Security of Vietnam
The PPSV is the main police and security force of Vietnam. It is a part of Vietnam
People's Armed Forces. It is under the control of Communist Party of Vietnam.
The PPSV has two branches: The Vietnam People's Security whose mandates
are to prevent, investigate, and defeat potential against enemies of the
Vietnamese nation and that can endanger national security; intelligence work;
joining forces in internal political security,
economic security, ideology-cultural security; network security; and information
security with other uniformed bodies as established by law; manage entrance or
exit visas; helping to build personal security in every kind of life, at every area in
the country, and perform other duties, missions and responsibilities in keeping
with the law.
Vietnam People's National Police Force, whose duties are to prevent, investigate
and solve environmental, political, traffic, functional and corruption- related
criminal activities in keeping with the laws of the Socialist Republic; working with
the general public on crime prevention and in participations in its actions; perform
responsibilities and duties pertaining to identification security, public security,
transport security, road and highway safety, civil defense, and disaster
preparedness and response; and execute other duties and mission in accordance
with the constitution and the laws of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. These two
forces are trained mainly at two institutions. That is, the People's Police Academy
and the People's Security Institute of Vietnam.
Ranking System
Higher Ranks
• General-Held by Minister of Public Security

• Colonel General-Held by Deputy Ministers of Public Security
• Lieutenant General-Held by Director Generals of General
Department, Director
• General of Ho Chi Minh City Police Department, Director
General of Hanoi
• Police Department Major General-Held by Vice Director Generals of General
Department and Directors of Department
Middle-Ranks
• Senior Colonel-Held by Chiefs of Provincial Police and
Directors of Department
• Colonel-Held by chiefs of District Police and Chiefs of
Division
• Lieutenant Colonel — held by Chiefs of Ward Police and
Chief of Police Team
• Major
• Captain
• First Lieutenant
• Lieutenant
• Second Lieutenant
Non-Commissioned officers
• Sergeant Major
• Sergeant
• Corporal
Enlisted Personnel
• Private First Class — Senior Constable

• Private-Constable
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
The current system of law enforcement in the United States is as complex as

it is varied. In many ways reflecting the tensions between the crime control and
due process models, as well as an overriding fear of too much power being placed
in the hands of a centralized, federal law enforcement entity. Representing the
largest segment of the criminal justice system, it has over 1 million employees.
Contemporary law enforcement agencies operate in a variety of levels within local,
state, and federal jurisdictions, or areas of responsibility.
There is no direct order of authority with respect to these jurisdictions. For

example, in most cases federal law enforcement cannot exert authority over local
matters unless requested to do so by local authorities. Each level of law
enforcement has its own jurisdiction. These difficulties are further fueled by the
territorial nature of many law enforcement agencies.
Types of US Police System
1. Municipal Police. These include village, township, city and county police
departments, sheriff departments, and a variety of special purpose
agencies like transit authority and housing authority police. Typically, it has
general policing duties for their respective jurisdiction.
There are two subtypes of local police, namely:
a. County Sheriff office — has jurisdiction over large areas and in charged with the
operation of a county jail, civil functions such as service of eviction notices and
other court orders and police responsibility.
b. City Police — most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction over
matters that occur in an incorporated municipality.
A. Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement of Penal Statutes
(1) The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI — Department of Justice) — It

investigates all violations of Federal Law except those where enforcement
authority has been specifically assigned to some other Federal Agency; also
investigates all cases of espionage, sabotage, treason and other matters
pertaining to internal security.
(2) United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) — chiefly
concerned with investigating the counterfeiting, forging, or altering of any of the
money or other securities of the U.S.A.; also charged with the protection of the
President and his family; and of the Executive Mansion Grounds. (3) Bureau of
Narcotics (Department of Treasury) — investigates all violations of Federal laws
relating to narcotic drugs and marijuana.
(4) Bureau of the Chief Post office Inspector – investigates mail losses,
mail depredations, unlawful use of marks, and other violation of the postal
laws.
(5) Immigration and Naturalization Service (Dept. of Justice) — investigates
violation of immigration and naturalization laws, patrols borders to prevent
surreptitious entry of aliens, and registers and fingerprints aliens.
B. Protection of the National Revenue
(1) Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (Dept. of Treasury)

concerned primarily with the investigations of violation of income tax laws.
(2) Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (Dept. of Treasury)
investigates violation of internal revenue laws relating to liquors.
(3) Division of Investigation and Patrol, Bureau of Customs (Dept. of
Treasury) investigates smuggling activities and enforces customs and navigation
laws.
4. Tribal Agencies. At present, 556 tribal entities in 31 states are recognized by
the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) as native American Tribes. More tribes are
located in the Southwest than any other area of the Unites States, and the largest
of these is the Navajo Nation in Arizona, Native American tribes are unique in that
they are self-governed.
5. Private Police. Secure additional police protection to private entities by
employing sworn public police officers through a contract when they are not
officially on duty for their public employees.
Two Basic Forms in which Private Policing is provided:
a. Proprietary Security — the principal or person wishing to receive service,
hires security personnel directly. b. Contract Security — the principal sent
services from an independent security company.
Minimum educational qualification for a police officer in various cities, county and
state agencies is High school Diploma, or at least some college credits, or if
necessary, College degree. Be at least 21 years of age, have a driver's license, or
be eligible for one, have no prior felony convictions, and pass a written exam,
medical exam, and interview, physical agility test and psychological screening.
UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) consists of a
group of islands situated off the western coast of Europe. The UK is the union of
England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, with English being the official
language. As earlier stated, only the policing of England will be discussed because
of the legacy it left to the modern policing system. Likewise, Wales, Scotland and
Northern Ireland's have different policing, considering the uniqueness of their legal
system and history of freedom fighting respectively.
The population of the UK is in excess of 60 million people, and the capital city is
London in the south. More than 90% of the inhabitants are of European ethnic
origin, with the other main minority ethnic groups being Afro-Caribbean, African,
Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Chinese. In religious terms, the UK is
predominantly Christian, but there are also large communities of Muslims, Hindus,
Jews, and Sikhs.
Legal System of the United Kingdom
Unlike many other countries, the UK has no written constitution. From the 10th
century onward England has had a single crown, with her majesty Queen
Elizabeth Il as current head of State. Parliament has been in existence since the
13th Century, and since the 18th century legal power has rested with parliament
rather than the Monarchy.
Parliament today consists of: House of Lords — the upper chamber with both
hereditary and life peers; and the House of Commons — the lower chamber with
elected members. The executive is led by the Prime Minister and Cabinet, with
Parliamentary elections being held at least every 5 years. The derivation of
English law is a combination of common law and statute. Whereas the former has
developed over time from the decisions made by judges, the latter is where
Parliament passes legislation.
Policing in the United Kingdom
Early forms of policing in England were localized and unsystematic rather than
centralized or systematic. In Saxon England, for instance, family groups belonged
to tithing, who policed their local kinships. The Norman invasion of 1066 led to a
little central control. The offices of Constables were established and these were
seen as local representatives of central government. In contrast to modern times,
these early constables were part
time and often unpaid.
In 1285, the Statute of Winchester rationalized the system of "Watch and Ward" in
towns. The Justices of the Peace Act of 1361 made new magistrates responsible
to the crown for local law enforcement.
The Fielding brothers (Henry and John) were key advocates of reform in terms of
their establishment of an early police force, the Bow Street runners. In 1829, home
Secretary Robert Peel introduced the Metropolitan Police Act. The force was
uniformed and emphasized on patrol. Several reforms were made resulting to the
creation of three types of police forces, viz: the Metropolitan Police in London,
County Forces, and Smaller Borough Forces. In modern times, Borough Forces
ceased to exist.
Police Accountability
Metropolitan Police follows what they referred to as the Tripartite structure of
policing. As a mode of governance, this structure consists of power sharing
arrangement between the Home Secretary of the Central Government, Chief
Constables of Individual Forces and Police Authorities.
The Home Secretary could make regulations governing pay and conditions of
service, could approve certain equipment for police use, and could approve the
appointment of Chief officers selected by police authorities. The Chief Constables
are made responsible for the “direct and control” of forces in terms of operational
matters; and
Police Authorities are duty-bound to appoint senior officers and to receive annual
report in writing from the Chief Constables. Policing is funded by both central and
local government, constituting from the central government and 49% from the
local government.
The Metropolitan Police

The Metropolitan Police is acknowledged to be founded by Sir Robert Peel. It was
affectionally called “Bobbies" and the integration of River Thames Marine Police
Force formed in 1798 and Bow Street Horse Patrol which was organized in 1805.
It is a decentralized police organization under the Ministry of Defense.
AUSTRALIA
Australia is an island country of approximately 25 million people located in the

southern hemisphere. Previously an English colony, Australia obtained
independence in 1901 and consists of a federation divided into six (6) States —
Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania, Queensland, South Australia, and Western
Australia — and the two (2) Territories-The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and
the Northern Territory. The division of legislative power and administrative
responsibility between the Federal and State parliaments is governed by
Australian Constitution, with the head of State being the British Monarch.
Policing in Australia has local and national levels. States have its own local
police and territorial services which are mandated to prevent crimes and maintain
public order. They also perform a range of other public function including assisting
emergency services. In each of the State and territory police services, the police
are organized according to a strict hierarchy under the control of a commissioner.
As to its national police service, Australia has the Australian Federal Police
(AFP) under the Home Affairs Ministry. Its primary role is to enforce Federal
criminal law, and to act as Australia's international law enforcement and policing
representative. Nevertheless, it provides local policing for the Australian Capital
Territory (ACT) and a number of its external territories. In particular, Australian
Federal Police are mandated to prevent and investigate transnational crimes,
money laundering, organized crime, major fraud, drug trafficking and internet-
related crimes. Its mission is "To fight crime together and win by providing
dynamic and effective law enforcement to the people of Australia".
Australian police have a ratio of 1 police officer for every 415 inhabitants, and
women constitute approximately 30% of all police officers. Entry qualification vary
according to State and Territory, but all police recruits are required to have at least
completed their secondary education before entering the police force. Recruits to
the Australian Federal Police (AFP) are encouraged to obtain some form of
University qualification before entry. They are also required to have a
confirmation of ability to swim 100 meters freestyle non-stop unaided. Entry age
is 18 and retirement is 52.
Police Discretion and Complaints

In general, Australian Police cannot search any premises or seized personal
property without warrant. However, in most States and Territories seizures of
illegal drugs or weapons does not require permission by warrant. All police officers
carry a .38 caliber revolver; the use of semiautomatic firearms and other
specialized weapons is restricted to specially trained squad.
Ranking System
• Commissioner
• Deputy Commissioner
• Assistant Commissioner
• Chief Superintendent
• Superintendent
• Chief Inspector
• Inspector
• Senior Sergeant
• Sergeant
• Senior Constable
• Constable
CANADA
Canada is a confederate of large provinces in North America with diverse

geography. Its policing can be best summarized as a unique blend of British and
American models.The Canadian Constitution delegated to the provinces the
responsibility for enforcing the criminal law and authority to make laws in relation
to the administration of justice, it also ensured that upon entry into confederation
the provinces would create provincial police services.
The provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan broke from this trend by contracting
with the federal government to police the region using the Royal North West
Mounted Police (RNWMP). After the end of the service contract, Alberta and
Saskatchewan withdraw from the agreement and created its own police forces.
Subsequently, some of the provinces, disbanded their police forces which were
filled up by the Royal Canadian Police which was established pursuant to the
authority granted by the Canadian Parliament. Nonetheless some provinces
retained their own provincial and municipal police services.
Organization
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Is headed by a commissioner who

is under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety of Canada, and one of the
branches of the Federal Solicitor General. In 1996, the RCMP moved toward a
more regional management system under the direction of a deputy commissioner.
At present it has a ratio of 1 police officer per 550 inhabitants, deployed in the four
(4) regions, viz: Pacific, Northwestern, Central and Atlantic.
Ranking System of RCMP
• Commissioner
• Deputy Commissioner
• Assistant Commissioner
• Chief Superintendent
• Superintendent
• Inspector
• Corps Sergeant Major
• Sergeant Major
• Staff Sergeant Major
• Sergeant
• Corporal
• Constable 1st Class
• Constable 2nd Class
• Constable 3rd Class
• Constable 4th Class
• Cadet
Ranking System of Provincial Police
• Chief of Police/ Chief of Police/ Chief of Constable

• Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy Chief Constable
• Staff Superintendent
• Superintendent
• Staff Inspector
• Inspector
• Sergeant Major
• Staff Sergeant
• Sergeant/ Detective
• Constable 1st Class/Detective Constable
• Constable 2nd Class
• Constable 3rd Class
• Constable 4th Class
• Cadet
France and Russia
FRANCE
France is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the
Alps mountains. It is the largest country in Western Europe, with an area of
212,355 square miles and a population of 60.7 million (2001).
The French policing system is defined by its dualism, with two major national
forces and a local police force. The National Police under the Ministry of the
Interior which is the main civil law enforcement agency, with primary jurisdiction in
cities and large towns, the Gendarmerie under the Minister of Defense, with
primary jurisdiction in smaller towns and rural and border areas, and Municipal
Police recruited by the mayor and accredited by the District Attorney.
The two national forces are vested with similar powers but they exercise them
over distinct geographical jurisdiction. While the local police force is vested with
authority to enforce local bylaws. Furthermore, the two national police can
undertake criminal investigation at the request of an investigating judge and, it
such a capacity, can operate all over the country. This peculiarity derives from the
inquisitorial nature of the French criminal justice system. This heavily centralized
policing system leaves only a marginal role to small municipal police forces.
Role of the Police in the French Criminal Justice System
French legal system distinguishes two main police functions; administrative

policing and judicial policing. The French criminal justice system is inquisitorial: A
judge is involved from the early stages in the collection and preparation of
evidence by the police.
French police officers have the power to check the identity and address of
individuals who are (a) suspected of having committed a crime; (b) suspected of
preparing to commit a crime; (c) capable of assisting the police in its
investigations; or (d) wanted by the police. A "control of identity" can also be
carried out in order to prevent a breach of public order, particularly when the
safety of persons or goods are threatened.
The National Police

A General Director who answers directly to the Minister of the Interior head
the National Police. Appointed by the Cabinet, the General Director supervises
and coordinates the work of various directorates, which reflects the degree of
specialization of the institution. Each directorate is subdivided into central and
local services, the latter being characterized by important variations in terms of
geographical jurisdiction.
Corps de conception et de direction

(Conception and Direction Corps)
• Directeur des services actifs (Director of the Active Services)

• Inspecteur general (Inspector General)
• Controleur general (Controller General)
• Commissaire divisionnaire (Divisional Superintendent)
• Commissaire de police (Superintendent)
Corps de commandemen et d'encadrement
• (Command and Management Corps)

• Commandant (formerly Inspecteur divisionnaire)
• Capitaine (formerly officer de la paix or Inspecteur principal)
• Lieutenant (formerly officier de la paix or Inspecteur)
• Lieutenant Intern
• Lieutenant students
Corps de maitrise et d'application

(Authority and Enforcement Corps)
• Major
• Brigadier —chef
• Brigadier
• Gardien de la paix (keeper of the peace)
• Gardien de la paix stagiaire (keeper of the peace intern)
1 st year after
The Gendarmerie
The Gendarmerie its modern structure and its reforms never altered the founding
features of the Gendarmerie, which was a rural police force operating under the
military command. Gendarmerie is an integral part of the armed forces. Thus, it
falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Defense for administrative and
organic purposes. While administratively part of the armed forces, it is
operationally attached to the Ministry of Interior for its mission within France, and
criminal investigations are run under the supervision of prosecutors and judges.
Like the National Police, the Gendarmerie also created a position of Gendarme
Aides, who are recruited on yearly contracts renewable up to five (5) times. Due to
their military status Gendarmes are not allowed to unionize.
Ranking System
• Army General
• Corps General
• Divisional General
• Brigade General
officiers superieurs (Senior officers)

• Colonel
• Lieutenant Colonel
• Squadron Leader / Major
officers Subalterns (Junior officer)

• Captain
• Lieutenant
• Sub-Lieutenant/Second Lieutenant
• Aspirant
• officer Cadet
Sous-officers (Sub-officers)
• Major/ Sergeant Major
• Chief Adjutant/Warrant officer Class one
• Adjutant/Warrant officer Class Two
• Chief Marshal of Lodgings/ Staff Sergeant
• Gendarme / Sergeant
• Reservist/ Gendarme
RUSSIA
Russia is the largest country in the world in term of territory. Its population is
about 145 million and the seventh largest worldwide. It is the largest successor
State of the former Soviet Union and administratively is a federation of republics
and other territories.
The Russian Police
The Ministry of Interior was first established under the rule of Czar Alexander
I in 1802 and has been Russia’s guarantor for internal security, order, and stability
since that time. The MOI has authority over the majority of government agencies
that address internal affairs, including police forces, criminal investigations,
immigration and migration, and internal troops, often likened to a gendarmerie. It
consists of the following departments: Criminal Police Service; Public Safety
Police; Investigations Committee Attached to the ministry of Interior; Federal
Service for Economic and Tax Crimes; Federal migration Service; and Internal
Military Forces.
These departments address the protection of citizen's rights and freedoms,

law enforcement, crime control, and public security and are supported, inter alia, a
logistics service, a human resource department, a legal department, a
communications department, an information and statistics department,
educational research institutions of the MOI, as well as social health care services
for MOI employees. of these multiple departments, two services, the Criminal
Police Service and the Public Safety Police, taken together, form of what is today
called Militsiya. Established in 1917, the Soviet Militsiya was a standardized police
organization, whose influence extended from East Germany to the Pacific Ocean.
The Militsiya was the primary law enforcement body responsible for social and
economic order during 74 years of Soviet rule.
Roles and responsibilities of the Militsiya include preventing and investigating

crimes, apprehending criminals, supervising the internal registration system,
maintaining public order, combating public intoxication, supervising those released
from prison, managing prisons and places of detention, and controlling traffic.
Commissioned police personnel are educated and trained by professional,

vocational, and specialized vocational education institutions of the Ministry of
Interior. In 2011, Militsiya was renamed Russian Police under the Ministry of
Internal Affairs with the following ranking system:
Supreme Supervising Staff

• General of the Police of the Russian Federation
• Police Colonel General
• Police Lieutenant General
• Police Major General
Senior Supervising Staff Junior Supervising Staff • Police Colonel

Police Senior Sergeant • Police Lieutenant Colonel Police Sergeant
• Police Major Police Junior Sergeant Private Staff Police Private
Medium Supervising Staff
• Police Captain
• Police Senior Lieutenant
• Police Lieutenant
• Police Junior Lieutenant
SWEDEN
The Kingdom of Sweden is situated on the Scandinavian peninsula in the northern

part of Europe. With 8.9 million inhabitants and an area of 449, 964 square
kilometers. Sweden has a national police service, which is responsible to the
Ministry of Justice. The police ratio of officers is approximately 1 police officers
per 552 citizens.
The Swedish Police Authority (SPA)
The SPA is the central administrative authority for the police in Sweden,
responsible for law enforcement, general social order and public safety within the
country. The agency is headed by the National Police Commissioner, who is
appointed by the government and has the sole responsibility for all activities of the
police. Although formally organized under the Ministry of Justice, the Swedish
Police is essentially autonomous, in accordance with the Constitution. The agency
is governed by general policy instruments and is subject to a number of sanctions
and oversight functions, to ensure that the exercise of public authority is in
compliance with regulations.
The Swedish police service is organized in 21 independent Police Authorities,

which serve the same jurisdictions as the 21 counties in Sweden. The size of
Police Authorities varies. The largest authority is Stockholm and the smallest is
Gotland.
The police authorities are responsible for policing at the local level, such as
responses to emergency calls, crime investigations, and crime prevention. Their
responsibilities also include issuing passports and various kinds of permits and
licenses.
Ranking System
National Police Commissioner
Police Director
Deputy Police Director
Police Commissioner
Deputy Police Commissioner
Chief Superintendent
Assistant Police Commissioner
Superintendent
Chief Inspector
Inspector
Sergeant
Senior Police Constable
Police Constable
Police Trainee
GREECE - HELLENIC REPUBLIC
The Hellenic Republic (Greece), situated in the southern part of the Balkan
peninsula, has a population of approximately 11 million people, an area of
131,940 square kilometers, a rather extended coastline, and numerous islands,
the largest of which is Crete. The capital is Athens, and the official language is
Greek.
The Hellenic Police
A specialized armed body, HP has unique hierarchy, ranks and organization. Its
primary goal is to maintain public order, security, and civil defense while assisting
Greek Armed Forces in the country's defense. Its ratio is 1 police officer for every
206 citizens. Women constitute approximately 11% of the total force. They occupy
positions up to the rank of Police Major General but tend to concentrate in the
lower ranks.
Hellenic Police's staff consists of police officers and civilians, Border Guards
and Special Police Guards. Police officers can be divided into those carrying out
general and those with special duties. General assignment officers serve in all
departments and include specialist. Civilian staff can be divided into permanent
staff members and those on contact. Civilian staff members are primarily assigned
administrative duties.
Special police guards and Border Guard constitute special categories of officers
within Hellenic Police. Special Hellenic Police Guards are primarily assigned the
task of guarding vulnerable targets and carrying out patrol, while the Border
Guards mission is to combat illegal immigration. Moreover, Almost all major Greek
cities have established bodies of Municipal Police, answerable to the City Council
and responsible for enforcing specific city ordinances. Several hundred unarmed
security personnel are employed by the private security companies to guard public
and private buildings and properties.
Organization
The Hellenic Police Chief holds the rank of Lieutenant General and is in charge of
leading the Force. The Chief reports directly to the Minister of Interior (formerly
minister of Public Order). The Force's hierarchy under the Chief of Police
includes: Deputy Police Chief, Chief of Staff and General Inspector, with the latter
also holding the rank of Lieutenant General
JAPAN
Situated east of the Korean Peninsula, Japan is an island chain between the
North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan with an area of 377,835 square
kilometers and a population of about 130 million people. The National Public
Safety Commission (NPSC) and the National Police Agency (NPA) constitute
Japan's national police organization. The NPA performs as a subordinate
organization of the NPSC. As the central coordinating body for the entire police
system, the NPA determines general standards and policies. In a national
emergency or large-scale disaster, the NPA is authorized to take command of
prefecture police forces.
The NPSC performs primarily as an administrative institution of the police,

exercises administrative supervision over the NPA, and indirectly supervises,
prefecture police organizations through the NPA. The NPSC appoints and
dismisses the Commissioner General of the NPA and other senior officials of
prefecture police organizations. The NPA and prefectural police are staffed with
police officers and imperial guards, clerical and technical officials, and other
necessary personnel. NPA admits female police officers.
NPA’s Organizational Structure

1. National Public Safety Commission — It exercises administrative supervision
over the National Police Agency under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister.
2. National Police Agency — The NPA is headed by a Commissioner General

who is under the administrative supervision of the Commission, administers the
agency's operations, appoints and dismisses agency employees and supervises
and controls prefectural police organizations within the agency's defined duties.
3. Regional Police Bureaus. It exercises necessary control and supervision over

and provides support services to prefectural police within its jurisdiction, under the
authority and orders of NPA's Commissioner General.
Japanese Strengths in Decentralization
a. Kobun — Oyabun — a kind of student-mentor relationship between the

Japanese patrol officers and their superiors, which allows the officers a great of
input into decisions about local problems. b. Koban — basically an urban police
post or storefront offices or tiny building resembling sentry stations. From a tour of
duty in Koban, officers move on detective work, traffic patrol, riot police, and other
specialized assignment.
c. Chisai-san — a rural officer who is required to visit each household twice per
year and works with citizens to solve problems.
Requirements and Qualifications

NPA Candidate must be a Japanese citizen, high school graduate and
shall undergo 1 year of police school, undergo a standardized curriculum set by
Japan's NPA, and college graduate with different system from a high school
graduate.
Ranking System
Commissioner General
Superintendent General
Senior Commissioner
Commissioner
Assistant Commissioner
Superintendent
Chief Inspector
Inspector
Sergeant
Senior Police office (Honorary Rank of Police officer)
Police officer
KOREA
South Korea is located in East Asia, on the southern half of the Korean
Peninsula between China and Japan. It has an area of 98, 400 square kilometers
and a very ethnically homogeneous population of 48.3 million people.
South Korea is a republic with powers shared between the president and the
unicameral legislature. Administratively, the country is divided into nine ((9)
provinces, with seven (7) cities administered separately.
KOREAN NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY (KNP)

The Korean National Police (KNP) in South Korea is centralized force, run under
the ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs. It was restructured
most recently in 1999. In 2003, it had 92, 165 officers, a ratio of 1 for every 523
inhabitants.
Structure and Operations

The KNP is commanded by a Commissioner General, who has a
Deputy and (4) Four Director Generals who report to him. The Director
Generals head the following offices:
1. Inspection
2. Foreign Affairs
3. Traffic Affairs
4. Information and Communication
a. In addition, there are seven (7) bureaus for:

1. General Affairs
2. Police Administration and Planning
3. Crime Prevention
4. Criminal Investigation
5. Public Security
6. Intelligence
7. National Security
b. Affiliated Institutions directly controlled by the KNP are:

1. Police University
2. Police Comprehensive Academy
3. National Central Police Academy
4. Police Hospital
5. Driver's Hospital
6. Forensic Institute
7. National Institute of Scientific Investigation
c. National Police Headquarters

Located in Seoul, the KNP National Headquarters is consists of bureaus,
offices and one Assistant Director a) Nine (9) Provincial Agencies in each of
the provinces; and
b) Five (5) Metropolitan Police Agencies in Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Inchon, and
Ulsan
d. Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency

As the largest police agency, it has special divisions for protection of the
president, national assembly, government complex, and airport, as well as Special
Police Security, Mobile Police Corps, SWAT Team, and Criminal Affairs Mobile
Regiment. It also has its own separate department for Police Administration,
Crime Prevention, Criminal Affairs, Traffic, Public Security, Intelligence, and
National Security.
Ranking System
The Ranks of the KNP Police are:
Commissioner General
Chief Superintendent General
Senior Superintendent General
Superintendent General
Senior Superintendent
Superintendent
Senior Inspector
Inspector
Assistant Inspector
Senior Police office
Police officer
CHINESE, HONG KONG AND TAIWANESE POLICE MODELS
CHINA
Law enforcement in China can be traced back to the very first Chinese dynasty,
which existed more than 4,000 years ago. The Xia Dynasty, during the 2100 to
1600 B.C. was created the Si Tu to maintain order by eliminating hate and
mediating disputes among tribal members. This was based on the belief that if
people could be friendly to each other, there would be no social disturbances. In
addition, the position of Shi was created to maintain jail and investigate offenses
committed by tribal members.
During the Qin Dynasty in 221 to 206 B.C., China became a unified country, and
the Qin emperors devoted much attention to the establishment of a sophisticated
law enforcement system in the country. In the capital, an official known as the
Zhongwei was given the responsibility for maintaining law and order. During the
Han Dynasty in 206 B.C. to A.D. 220, an official known as Xian Wei served as the
chief law enforcement officer in the capital. Under the Xian Wei were officers
known as Xianzu, who performed the daily tasks of patrolling the city streets and
apprehending criminals.
ATing, a security agency similar to today's police station, was established in

villages, towns, marketplaces, ports and along the post roads. To strengthen the
law and order at the local level, the Frank Pledge System was also introduced.
Under the system, every five households where group into unit called a Wu.
Members of each Wu were given the responsibility of ensuring that no members of
the Wu committed a crime. If one committed a crime, other members were obliged
to have the offender apprehended and brought before the court for punishment.
Failure to do so would subject the Wu members to the same punishment as the
offender would have received.
The police system established by the Communist government was based on the
system the Communist Party developed in revolutionary base areas before it took
power over the entire country. The system was a highly centralized one. At the top
was the Ministry of Public Security. Under the Ministry, there were provincial and
county public security bureaus. At the grassroots level, there were numerous
police stations.
Present Components of Chinese Police
1. Public Security Police. The largest and oldest components of Chinese Police.
Its organizational hierarchy consists of:
2. State Security Police. Established in 1983, it is responsible to protect state

security by preventing foreign espionage, sabotage and conspiracies. Under the
leadership of the Ministry of the State Security, State Security Bureaus are
established in all provinces and some municipalities that have frequent contacts
with foreign countries.
3. Prison Police, which is under the leadership of the Ministry of the Justice, is
mandated to supervise incarcerated offenders.
4. Judicial Police in the People's Courts.
5. Judicial Police in the People's Procuracies
6. Special Public Security Police. These special police forces are bound by
rules and regulation issued by the Ministry of Public Security, but considered part
of and under the direct leadership of their corresponding government ministries.
7. People's Armed Police. Its functions include patrol, maintaining security and
order in border areas, guarding high-ranking government officials and foreign
dignitaries and providing security for important government building and facilities.
China Police Accountability
The Chinese police in general enjoy a positive image in the eyes of the public.
The Police Law of 1995 established a new police supervisory system.
Ranking System
General Superintendent
• (Conferred on individuals who hold minister-level government post)
• Deputy General Superintendent
• (Conferred on individuals who hold deputy — minister-
level government post)
• Superintendent (first, second, and third grade)
• Inspector (first, second, and third grade)
• Sergeant (first, second, and third grade)
• officer (first and second grade)
HONG KONG
HONG KONG POLICE FORCE

Formed on 1 May 1844, HKPF is the world's second, and Asia's first, police
agency to operate with a modern policing system. In 1969, Queen Elizabeth Il
granted the Royal Charter to Hong Kong Police Force for its effective handling of
the 1967 Hong Kong riots — renaming it Royal Hong Kong Police Force. After the
return of sovereignty to China the Force is once again named the Hong Kong
Police Force.
Ranking System
• Commissioner of Police (CP)
• Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
• Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP)
• Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
• Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP)
• Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)
• Superintendent of Police (SP)
• Chief Inspector of Police (CIP)
• Inspector of Police (IP)
• Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
• Station Sergeant (SSGT)
• Sergeant (SGT)
• Senior Constable (SPC)
• Police Constable (PC)
TAIWAN
TAIWAN POLICE FORCE

Unified police force of Taiwan administered under the supervision of NATIONAL
POLICE AGENCY directly under the MINISTRY OF INTERIOR. TPF is under
effective civilian control.
Types
1. Administration Police — generally referred to those who are required to wear
uniforms to carry out duties of household visits, patrolling, raid, guarding, duty
officer, and reserves.
2. Traffic Police — primarily charge to keep traffic order, to ensure traffic safety,
to prevent traffic accidents, and to smooth traffic flow.
3. Special Police — those who are responsible for protecting the Central
Government, establishing contingent plans and assisting local and specialized
police units in maintaining
public order.
4. Criminal Investigation Police — primarily tasked to prevent and detect crimes.
5. Specialized Police — tasked mainly to protect state-run enterprises and public
facilities like railways, highways, airports, harbors, MRT and Bank of Taiwan.
Ranking System
• Police Supervisor General
• Police Supervisor Rank
• Police Supervisor Rank Two
• Police Supervisor Rank Three
• Police Supervisor Rank Four
• Police officer Rank one
• Police officer Rank Two
• Police officer Rank Three
• Police officer Rank Four
• Police Rank one
• Police Rank Two
• Police Rank Three
• Police Rank Four
Vatican and Israel
Israel is located in the East Mediterranean, bordered by Lebanon, Syria,

Jordan and Egypt. The population of Israel is about 7 million.
ISRAEL POLICE (MISHTERET YISTRAEL)
Mishteret Yisrael is the civilian police force of Israel, which is highly centralized force
since its inception in 1948. Its duties include crime fighting, traffic control,
maintaining public safety, and counter- terrorism. It is under the jurisdiction of the
Internal Security Ministry.
Organization
Israel Police is a professional force with some 35,000 manpower. There are also
70,000 Civil Guard Volunteers who contribute time to assist officers in their own
communities.
Operational Units
a. Border Police (MAGAV) — the combat arm of the police mainly serves in unquiet
areas — the borders, the West Bank, and the rural countryside.
b. Yamam (Special Police Unit) — the police elite counter terrorist hostage rescue
unit. It is known as the most experienced and specialized in the world.
c. Yassam — the on-call counter terrorist unit in each district. Originally started as
Riot Police, were called upon to assist with counter-terror operations. The Yassam
has sub-unit of Rapid Response Motorcycle Units.
THE HOLY SEE - VATICAN

The Holy See (Vatican) has a very long tradition of law enforcement. In the period
of 1500-1870, the Vatican was the Supreme Ruler of the Papal States, essentially
most of the area north, east, and south of Rome.
Vatican law enforcement before 1870 was widely studied in Europe and seen as
model for all types of policing. The French and Austro-Hungarian police were
particularly adept students, impressed by the skill of Papal police.
1. General policing, which was done by village magistrates and gendarmes.

2. Customs, which had an exhaustive system of customs controls to replenish the
always empty coffers of the Holy Father.
3. Intelligence gathering in which the Papal Police routinely intercepted letters
and read them, copied those of interest and, often, changed them. Their main
objective was power politics, reducing dissent in the Papal states and eliminating
the growing influence of Austria-Hungary, Spain, and France during most of the
19th century.
4. Religious law enforcement, which was very different from the power politics
issue. This evolved from the office of the Holy Inquisition; and Papal investigators
spared no effort in tracking down religious dissenters.
Currently, the Vatican retains two real police forces whose duties often overlap:
1. The Vatican Gendarmes. A group of about 100 Italian men charged with the
maintenance of security and order inside Vatican territory.
2. The Swiss Guards. A group responsible for the personal security of the Pope
and for the security of the apostolic palaces. one of the most complicated parts of
policing the Vatican today is the exceptionally absurd relationship with the five
principal Italian police forces. By treaty, no Italian police officers may enter the
Vatican unless invited in. They are invited in frequently to provide assistance with
financial crimes, which are frequent, the occasional homicides, and fraud.

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Republic of the Philippines

Southern Philippines Agri-business and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology

The Philippines is one of the founding members of the Association of Southeast

Brunei is located in Southeastern Asia, on the northwest corner of the Island

Directly subordinate to the Monarch is the Commissioner of Police, who manages

Inspector General of Police

Cambodia, in Southeast Asia, is bordered by Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. It

At present, the National Police of Cambodia under the Ministry of Internal

The central departments are: security, transport, public order, border,

The National Police of Cambodia is headed by a Commissioner General who

Indonesia is the world's largest archipelago, composing 17,000,440 islands

Geographically, it is divided into Regional Commands called Polda, which

Operationally, it is divided into departments for intelligence and security (INTEL-

One of the biggest subdivisions is Brimob (Indonesian Police Mobil Brigade, or

Laos is located in the heart of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia,

Laos remains governed by one-party communist rule. Although in 1986 the

Malaysia is located on the southern part of the South Asian peninsula

At present, Malaysia is a federation of 13 States and 3 Federal Territories; the

ROYAL MALAYSIAN POLICE (RMP) POLIS DIRAJA MALAYSIA

Police Structure and Organization

The RMP is subordinate to the Ministry of Home Affairs and is headed by an

Inspector — General of Police (IGP)

MPF Ranking System

The Philippines is an archipelago east of Vietnam and north of Malaysia and

Recruitment and Training

Singapore is a small island city-state, occupying 693 square kilometers on

The SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE

Police national servicemen can also be deployed into leadership position.

Thailand was established in the mid-14th century; the Kingdom of Thailand is

THE ROYAL THAI POLICE (SAMNAK NGAN TAMRUAT HAENG CHAT)

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia, bordering the

The People's Public Security of Vietnam

• General-Held by Minister of Public Security

• Private First Class — Senior Constable

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The current system of law enforcement in the United States is as complex as

There is no direct order of authority with respect to these jurisdictions. For

There are two subtypes of local police, namely:

A. Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement of Penal Statutes

(1) The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI — Department of Justice) — It

B. Protection of the National Revenue

(1) Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (Dept. of Treasury)

UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN

Legal System of the United Kingdom

Policing in the United Kingdom

The Metropolitan Police

Australia is an island country of approximately 25 million people located in the

Police Discretion and Complaints

Canada is a confederate of large provinces in North America with diverse

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Is headed by a commissioner who

Ranking System of RCMP

• Chief of Police/ Chief of Police/ Chief of Constable

France and Russia

Role of the Police in the French Criminal Justice System

French legal system distinguishes two main police functions; administrative

The National Police

Corps de conception et de direction

• Directeur des services actifs (Director of the Active Services)