HUMAN ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY
HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this

lesson, you will be able to:

Describe the anatomy and physiology of the male and the

female reproductive system
Describe and understand the hormonal control of
reproduction in male and female
Analyze the stages of pregnancy and pre-natal development
Identify some common diseases of male and female
reproductive system
 ACTIVITY

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING LETTER

IN ORDER TO COMPLETE THE WORD AND CLASSIFY
IT AS TO MALE OR FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN.

1. S_R_T_M 6. U__R_S
2. C_R__X 7.T_S_IC_E
3. L_B_A M_N__A 8.U_E_H_A
4. PR_ST_T_ G_A_D 9. P__I_
5.VA_ DE__R_NS 10. V__I_A
 ANSWER

1. SCROTUM
2. CERVIX Analysis:
3. LABIA MINORA Question: How can you
STA TE GL AN D
4. PRO
VA S DE FER EN S differentiate reproductive
5.
6. UTERUS system to the term
7. TESTICLE reproduction and explain how
URETHRA
8. they are related to each other.
9. PENIS
VAGINA

10.
 What is the reproductive
system?

The reproductive system is a collection of organs and a

network of hormone production that work together to create
life.

The male reproductive system includes the testes (which

produce sperm), penis, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory
ducts and urethra.

 What is the reproductive

system?

The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries (which

produce eggs or oocytes), fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix,
vagina and vulva.

Both the male and female reproductive systems must be

functioning properly for a couple to conceive naturally. A
problem with the structure or function of either reproductive
system can cause infertility.

 Main functions of
reproductive system

To produce egg and sperm cells

To transport and sustain these cells
To nurture the developing offspring
To produce hormones responsible for pregnancy, puberty,
menstruation, menopause, sex drive, sperm production and
egg production
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Major functions of male
reproductive system

Produce, maintain and transport sperm (the male

reproductive cells) and semen (the protective fluid around
sperm)
Discharge sperm into the female reproductive tract
Produce and secrete male sex hormones.
Rid your body of liquid waste materials
Have sexual intercourse and make children
External parts of male
reproductive system

Penis
Scrotum
Testicles
Internal parts of male
reproductive system

Vas Deferens
Urethra
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands
Penis
The penis is the male organ for
sexual intercourse
The three parts of penis:
The root: This is the part of the
penis that attaches to the wall of
your abdomen.
The body or shaft: Shaped like a
tube or cylinder, the body of the
penis is made up of three
internal chambers.
- Each of the two larger lateral
chambers is called a corpus
cavernosum (plural = corpora
cavernosa)
- The corpus spongiosum: which
can be felt as a raised ridge on the
erect penis, is a smaller chamber
that surrounds the spongy, or penile,
urethra
Penis
- It is flaccid: for non-sexual
actions, such as urination, and
turgid and rod-like with sexual
arousal
- Erect, the stiffness of the organ
allows it to penetrate into the vagina
and deposit semen into the female
reproductive tract.
The glans: This is the cone-
shaped end of the penis.
- Prepuce (Foreskin): the skin from
the shaft extends down over the
glans and forms a collar
- The opening of the urethra: the
tube that transports both semen and
urine out of the body. Located at the
tip of the glans penis
Penis
Scrotum
The scrotum is the loose pouch-
like sac of skin that hangs behind
the penis.
The scrotum protects your testes,
as well as providing a sort of
climate control system.
Dartos muscle: makes up the
subcutaneous muscle layer of the
scrotum.
- It continues internally to make up
the scrotal septum, a wall that divides
the scrotum into two compartments,
each housing one testis.
Scrotum
Cremaster muscles: which cover each
testis like a muscular net.The scrotum
protects your testes, as well as
providing a sort of climate control
system.
- Contracts during intercourse or in
response to decreased temperature in the
scrotum
Externally, the scrotum has a raised
medial thickening on the surface called
the raphae.
Scrotum
Testes
large
olives that lie in the scrotum, secured at
The testes are oval organs about the size of very

either end by a structure called the spermatic

cord
The testes are responsible for making
testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, and
for producing sperm.
Lobules contains seminiferous tubules.
-These tubules are responsible for
producing the sperm cells through a
process called spermatogenesis.
Septa (divde lobules)
“descent of the testis”
-each testis moves through the abdominal
musculature to descend into the scrotal
cavity.
Testes

Cryptorchidism is the clinical term used when

one or both of the testes fail to descend into the
scrotum prior to birth.
fibrous layers of tissue called the tunica
outer layer is called the tunica vaginalis and the
inner layer is called the tunica albuginea
Efferent ductules (ductuli efferentes) are small,
highly convoluted and delicate tubules that
connect rete testis cavities with the head of the
epididymis
-The efferent ducts collect and store
spermatozoa and conduct it from the rete testis
into the head of the epididymis.
Epididymis
The epididymis (plural = epididymides) is a
long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of
each testicle.
a coiled tube attached to the testis where
newly formed sperm continue to mature
epididymis consists of three parts, the caput
(head), corpus (body), and cauda (tail.)
Sperm enter the head of the epididymis and
are moved along predominantly by the
contraction of smooth muscles lining the
epididymal tubes.
The more mature sperm are then stored in the
tail of the epididymis (the final section)
 Spermatogenesis

seminiferous tubules that form the
Spermatogenesis occurs in the
bulk of each testis.
3 main parts of process
Mitosis
Meiosis
Spermatogenesis = spermatides
become sperm
 Structure of the Sperm Cell
Sperm are smaller than most cells in the body
Approximately 100 to 300 million sperm are produced each day
Sperm cells divided into:
- Head, containing DNA
Nucleus
Acrosome
- Mid-piece, containing mitochondria
Centriole

- Tail (Flagellum), providing to motility

Axial filament
 Vas Deferens
Each one is 40-45 cm long.
Takes sperm from epididymis to the ejaculatory duct (adjacent to
the urethra).
The ductus deferens is a thick, muscular tube that is bundled
together inside the scrotum with connective tissue, blood vessels,
and nerves into a structure called the spermatic cord.
From each epididymis, each ductus deferens extends superiorly
into the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal in the
abdominal wall. From here, the ductus deferens continues
posteriorly to the pelvic cavity, ending posterior to the bladder
where it dilates in a region called the ampulla (meaning “flask”).
Vas Deferens
 Seminal Vesicles
Also called seminal glands
Between the posterior part of the bladder and the rectum
Contribute approximately 60 percent of the semen volume
Seminal vesicle fluid contains large amounts of fructose

Ejaculatory ducts:
These ducts are formed by the fusion of the
vas deferens and the seminal vesicles.
-
Bulbourethral glands
Bulbourethral glands is also
called Cowper’s glands
Located at the base of the penis
Diameter of less than 10 mm
Release a thick, salty fluid that
lubricates the end of the
urethra and the vagina, and
helps to clean urine residues
from the penile urethra
Prostate gland
Prostate gland sits anterior to
the rectum at the base of the
bladder surrounding the
prostatic urethra
About the size of a walnut
The prostate is formed of both
muscular and glandular tissues.
It excretes an alkaline, milky
fluid to the passing seminal fluid
—now called semen
Urethra

The urethra is the tube

that carries urine from
the bladder to outside
of your body
Ejaculate semen when
the male reach orgasm.
Urethra
Preprostatic urethra
The preprostatic urethra is the first part of the
male urethra, which passes through the neck of
the bladder, just below the internal urethral
orifice. This part is also referred to as the
intramural part of the urethra.
Prostatic urethra
The prostatic urethra is the part of the
urethra that passes through the prostate.
Membranous urethra
The membranous part is also known as the
intermediate part of the urethra. This is the
second shortest part of the urethra and
extends between the prostatic urethra to the
penile urethra.
Spongy urethra
The spongy (or penile) urethra is the largest
and final part of the urethra.
Sperm Transport
 Female
Reproductive System
Anatomy and Physiology
 Major functions of female
reproductive system

•Its functions include producing gametes called eggs, secreting sex

hormones (such as estrogen).

•Providing a site for fertilization, gestating a fetus if fertilization

occurs.

•Giving birth to a baby, and breastfeeding a baby after birth.

External Genitalia
Mon pubis
Vulva
Vagina
Vestibule
Clitoris
Prepuce
Labia Minora
Labia Majora
Urethra
Vestibular
glands
Internal Reproductive Organs

Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian Tubes
Ovaries
 Vagina
•Elastic, mascular tube that extends between
the vestibule and cervix
•Typically 7.9—9cm long, diameter varies
•3 major functions
-Passageway for elimination of my
enstrual fluids
-Recieves penis during sexual intercourse
-Forms the inferior portion of the birth
canal
•Hymen: blocks entrance to the vagina (until
it tears)
 Uterus #1
•Provides protection, nutritional support, and a waste
removal for an embryo (and fetus)
• Pear shaped organ, 7.5cm long, diameter of 5cm
•Typically has "ante flexion"
•Anchored by ligaments
•Uterine regions
-Fundus
-Body
-Cervix
 Uterus #2
•Perimetrium
•Myometrium
•Endometrium
-Basilar Zone
-Functional Zone
•Uterine glands
 Fallopian Tubes
•Also called "oviducts" or "uterine tubes"
•13cm long, connect the ovaries to the uterus
•Hallow, muscular tubes 3 segments:
-Infundibulum (fimbriae)
-Ampulla
-Isthmus
•Peristalsis!
 Ovaries
•Paired, almond-shape organs near the lateral walls of the
pelvis
•2 main functions
-Production of female gametes
(oocytes)
-Secretion of sex hormones
•Ligaments, artery/vein
•Mesovarium
 Oogenesis
•Ovum (egg) production begins before earth!
•Oogonia (stem cells) undergo mitosis to make primary
oocytes between 3rd-7th month
-Meiosis begins, but stops in Phropase 1
-When puberty begins, meiosis resumes to make
secondary oocytes
-Meiosis completed if ovum is fertilized
-Polar bodies
 Menstruation
•If an oocyte is not fertilized,
the developed, thickened
endometrial lining is shed
(menses)
•Only the functional zone is
sloughed off
•Typically lasts 1-7 days
 Ovarian Cycle
•Divided into follicular phase(pre-ovulation) and luteal phase (post-
ovulation)
•STEPS
-Formation of primary follicles
-Formation of secondary follicles
-Formation of tertiary follicles
-Ovulation
-Formation/degeneration of corpus
luteum
 Menarche and Menopause
•1st menses= menarche, around 10-12 age
•Menopause usually occurs between age 45-55
 Mamarries
•Breast tissue
-Pectoral fat pad
-Nipple
-Areola
•Mammary gland
-Lobes
-Lactiferous duct
-Lactiferous sinus
Hormonal Control
of Reproduction
Key Terms
estrogen-reproductive hormone in females that assists in endometrial regrowth,
ovulation, and calcium absorption
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)-reproductive hormone that causes sperm
production in men and follicle development in women
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-hormone from the hypothalamus that
causes the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
inhibin-hormone made by Sertoli cells; provides negative feedback to hypothalamus in
control of FSH and GnRH release
interstitial-cell of Leydigcell in seminiferous tubules that makes testosterone
luteinizing hormone (LH)-reproductive hormone in both men and women, causes
testosterone production in men and ovulation and lactation in women
menopause-loss of reproductive capacity in women due to decreased sensitivity of the
ovaries to FSH and LH

menstrual cycle-cycle of the degradation and re-growth of the endometrium

ovarian cycle-cycle of preparation of egg for ovulation and the conversion of the follicle
to the corpus luteum

ovulation-release of the egg by the most mature follicle

progesterone-reproductive hormone in women; assists in endometrial re-growth and

inhibition of FSH and LH release

Sertoli cell-cell in seminiferous tubules that assists developing sperm and makes inhibin

testosterone-reproductive hormone in men that assists in sperm production and

promoting secondary sexual characteristics
During puberty in both males and females, the hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH), which stimulates the production and release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing
hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland. These hormones regulate the gonads (testes in males and
ovaries in females) and therefore are called gonadotropins. In both males and females, FSH stimulates
gamete production and LH stimulates production of hormones by the gonads. An increase in gonad
hormone levels inhibits GnRH production through a negative feedback loop.
Hormonal Regulation of the Male Reproductive System
Hormonal Regulation of the Male Reproductive System
Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive System
Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive System
 How long is the average menstrual cycle?

The length of the menstrual cycle is typically 28 days

The ovarian cycle refers to the monthly series of events in the

ovaries, associated with the maturation and release of an ovum,
and the ‘just in case’ preparation for its fertilization and
implantation in the uterus.

The uterine cycle indicates the cyclical changes that occur in the
uterus in response to the female sex hormones, progesterone
and estrogen.
 The ovarian cycle

The ovarian cycle consists of two consecutive phases, each of about

14 days’ duration.

1.The follicular phase: days 1 to 14

2.The luteal phase: days 15 to 28
 The uterine cycle

changes that occur in the

The uterine cycle indicates the cyclical

estrogen. Consist of 3
consecutive phases.
uterus in response to the female sex hormones, progesterone and

1. The menstrual phase: days 1 to 5

2. The proliferative phase: days 6 to 14
3. The secretory phase: days 15 to 28
 PREGNANCY
AND PRENATAL
DEVELOPMENT


The three stages of Pregnancy

First Trimester

0-13 weeks
Baby’s body structure and organs
develop
Mother's body will also undergo major
changes, and you may feel nausea,
fatigue, breast tenderness and frequent
urination.

Second Trimester

14-26 Weeks
Known as the “golden period”.
Mother will experience
decreased nausea, better
sleep patterns and an
increased energy level.
Somewhere between 16 weeks
and 20 weeks, you may feel
your baby's first fluttering
movements.


Third Trimester

Final stretch of pregnancy

Physical symptoms you may
experience during this period include
shortness of breath, hemorrhoids,
urinary incontinence, varicose veins
and sleeping problems.
Uterus, expands from approximately
2 ounces before pregnancy to 2.5
pounds at the time of birth.
 Pre-natal Development

Life begins in the reproductive

system of the female set in the
pelvic cavity

The term natal measn birth so it

means before birth
Three stages of Pre-natal Development:

Germinal Stage Embryonic Stage Fetal Stage

Germinal Stage
First and shortest of the stages of the human
lifespan.

The germinal stage lasts a total of eight to nine

days.
begins in a Fallopian tubewhen an ovum is
fertilized by a spermto form a zygote (day 0)
Process in Germinal Stage
The germinal stage involves several different
processes that change an egg and sperm first into a
zygote, and then into an embryo. The processes
include fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, and
implantation.
Fertilization

sperm will succeed in

fertilizing the ovum.
The fertilized ovum (zygote)
immediately .
the zygote remains in the
fallopian tube for about 72
hours,
Cleavage
single-celled zygote undergoes mitosis
to form two daughter cells.
Mitosis continues to take place every 12
to 24 hours to produce the first four cells,
then eight, and as many as sixteen cells by
day 4.
These early mitotic divisions are called
cleavage.
Blastulation
process of changing the morula into a blastocyst.
occurs from roughly day 5 to day 7 after
fertilization.

The major parts of the fully formed

blastocyst are the embryoblast, trophoblast and
blastocoele
The embryoblast (inner cell mass)
consists of a mass of cells inside the
blastocyst. These cells will eventually
develop into the embryo.
The trophoblast is the outer cell layer of
the blastocyst. Trophoblast cells will
implant in the uterus and eventually
develop into the placenta and other
embryonic tissues.
The blastocoele is a cavity formed by the
migration of embryoblast cells to one
pole of the blastocyst. The blastocoele
fills with fluid secreted by trophoblast
cells.
Implantation

Around day 8 or 9 after fertilization,

implantation begins.
is the process in which a blastocyst becomes
embedded in the endometriumof the uterus
is triggered by contact between the blastocyst
and endometrium.
 Embryonic Stage

The embryonic stage is short,

lasting only about seven
weeks in total, but
developments that occur
during this stage bring about
enormous changes in the
embryo.
The embryo's finger, toes,
head, eyes, and other
structures are visible.


Embryonic Development

Starting in the second week after fertilization, the embryo

starts to develop distinct cell layers, form the nervous
system, make blood cells, and form many organs. By the end
of the embryonic stage, most organs have started to form,
although they will continue to develop and grow in the next
stage (that of the fetus. As the
embryo undergoes all of these changes, its cells
continuously undergo mitosis, allowing the embryo to grow
in size, as well as complexity.
 Gastrulation

Late in the second week after fertilization, gastrulation occurs

when a blastula, made up of one layer, folds inward and
enlarges to create a gastrula. A gastrula has 3 germ layers--the
ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm. Some of the
ectoderm cells from the blastula collapse inward and form the
endoderm
.
 Neurulation

The next major development in the embryo is

neurulation, which occurs during weeks three and four
after fertilization. This is a process in which the embryo
develops structures that will eventually become the
nervous system.
Other Developments in the Embryo
Week Five
Grooves called pharyngeal arches form. These will develop into the face
and neck.
The inner ears begin to form.
Arm buds are visible.
The liver, pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder start to form.

Week Six
The eyes and nose start to develop.
Leg buds form and the hands form as flat paddles at the ends of the
arms.
The precursors of the kidneys begin to form.
The stomach starts to develop.
Week Seven
The lungs begin to form.
The arms and legs have lengthened, and the hands and feet have
started to develop digits.
The lymphatic system starts to develop.
The primary prenatal development of the sex organs begins.

Week Eight
Nipples and hair follicles begin to develop.
External ears start to form.
The face takes on a human appearance.
Fetal heartbeat and limb movements can be detected by ultrasound.
All essential organs have at least started to form.
The Fetal Period

(Weeks 9 -15weeks)
The fetus’s reproductive organs develop rapidly.

The biological sex of the fetus can be determined with

almost 100 percent accuracy using obstetric
ultrasound.
Facial development continues.
Fine, colorless hair called lanugo starts to grow on the
fetus’s face.
The thyroid gland matures and starts producing thyroid
hormones.
Weeks 16 to 26
The brain and sensory nerves develop to the point that the fetus
has a sense of touch.
The eyes and ears continue to develop.
The fetus’s bones have already been developing, but they now
start to ossify, beginning with the clavicles and bones in the legs.
Alveoli form in the lungs.
Considerable muscle development occurs.
The intestines develop sufficiently that small amounts of sugars
can be absorbed from the amniotic fluid that is swallowed.
The fetus develops a thick waxy coating called vernix.
Weeks 16 to 26
The fetus’s head hair grows thicker and coarser while the lanugo is
shed.
In preparation for breathing after birth, the fetus will repeatedly
mimic breathing by moving the diaphragm.
The fetus can not only hear and feel touch, but its eyes can now
detect light.
During this phase, the fetus sleeps much of the time.
Common Male and Female
Reproductive Disorder
 REPRODUCTIVE
DISORDER
- are disease involving the
reproductive system, including
reproductive tract infection,
congenital abnormalities, cancers
of the reproductive system and
sexual dysfunction.
 Common male Common female
reproductive Disorder reproductive Disorder
Endometriosis
uterine fibroids
Erectile dysfunction (ED)
Gynecologic cancer
Epididymitis
HIV/AIDS
Prostate cancer
Interstitial cystitis
Tescular cancer
Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)
Sexually Transmitted diseases(STDs)
 Common male
Reproductive Disorder
 Erectile dysfunction (ED)

- is sexual dysfunction
characterized by the regular
and repeated inability of a
sexually mature individual to
obtain or maintain an
erection.
 Epididymitis

- is an inflammation of the
small, coiled tube at the back
of the testicle (epididymis).
Acute and Chronic Epididymitis

- Epididymitis may be acute

or chronic. Acute diseases
are generally short-term
conditions, whereas chronic
diseases may last years or
even lifelong.
 Prostate Cancer
- is cancer that occurs in the
prostate. The prostate is a
small walnut-shaped gland in
males that produces the
seminal fluid that nourishes
and transports sperm.
 Symptoms of Prostate
Cancer

prostate cancer, there may be no

symptoms. When symptoms do
occur, they mainly involve
urination, because the urethra
passes through the prostate gland.
 Testicular Cancer

- is a growth of cells that starts

in the testicles. The testicles,
which are also called testes, are
in the scrotum.
Common female Reproductive Disorder
 Endometriosis

- is a problem affecting a woman’s

uterus—the place where a baby grows
when a woman is pregnant.
 Uterine Fibroids
- most common
noncancerous tumors in
women of childbearing age.
Fibroids are made of muscle
cells and other tissues that
grow in and around the wall
of the uterus, or womb.
 Gynecologic Cancer
- cancer that starts in a woman’s
reproductive organs.
- are begin in different places within a
woman’s pelvis, which is the area below
the stomach and in between the hip
bones.
Cervical Cancer - begins in the cervix, which is the lower, narrow end
of the uterus.

Ovarian Cancer - begins in the ovaries, which are located on each side
of the uterus.

Uterine Cancer - begins in the uterus, the pear-shaped organ in a

woman’s pelvis where the baby grows when a woman
is pregnant.

Vaginal Cancer - begins in the vagina, which is the hollow, tube-like

channel between the bottom of the uterus and the
outside of the body.

Vulvar Cancer - begins in the vulva, the outer part of the female
genital organs.
 HIV/AIDS
HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus. HIV
affects specific cells of the immune system
(called CD4 cells). Over time, HIV can destroy
so many of these cells that the body can’t fight
off infection anymore.

AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection, when a

person’s immune system is severely damaged.
 Interstitial Cystitis (IC)
- is a chronic bladder condition
resulting in recurring discomfort or
pain in the bladder or surrounding
pelvic region.
 Polycystic ovary
syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome happens
when a woman’s ovaries or adrenal
glands produce more male
hormones than normal. One result
is that cysts (fluid-filled sacs)
develop on the ovaries.
 Sexually Transmitted
Diseases (STDs)
STDs are infections that you can
get from having sex with someone
who has the infection. The causes
of STDs are bacteria, parasites,
and viruses.
What is the importance of
the human reproductive
system?
 ASSESSMENT
Instruction:
Visit the link below to download a copy of the answer sheet, edit
your answers, and upload your file document on the same link
with your surname as the file's name.

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1M_xLpFTo9sNugd4bRNoTyi842cRe
05KC?usp=sharing

REFERENCES
Anatomy and Physiology II. Anatomy and physiology of the male reproductive system. Retrieved
from: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-male-
reproductive-system/
Cleveland Clinic. Male reproductive system. Retrieved from:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9117-male-reproductive-system
New Anatomy and Physiology Video (2015). Anatomy and physiology of male reproductive system
[video]. Rretrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROgUG1CK054
Libretext.GerminalStage.Retrievedfrom:https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book
%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/23%3A_Human_Growth_and_Development/23.2%3A_Germi
nal_Stage
Libre text. Embryonic Stage. Retrieved
from:https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_
Grewal)/23%3A_Human_Growth_and_Development/23.3%3A_Embryonic_Stage
 ibre
L text. Fetal Srage..Retrieved
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A_Human_Growth_and_Development/23.4%3A_Fetal_Stage#:~:text=an%20ultrasound%20image-,Defining%20the
%20Fetal%20Stage,total%20of%20approximately%2030%20weeks
Lumen learning. Pre-Natal Development from: