UNDERSTANDING PROBLEM-SOLUTION TEXTS

 Problem and Solution

 Problem
- a matter or situation regarded as unwelcome or harmful and needing to be dealt with and
overcome.

 Solution
- a means of solving a problem or dealing with a difficult situation.

 Writer’s topic could be a problem

Point of Discussion:

- Writer’s points would be the solution to the problem.

Problem vs. Solution Infographics

 Why is this pattern of development important to its reader?

 It expresses concern to other people and the community.

 It points out problems that need some solutions.

 When do we usually encounter this type of writing?

 This pattern is used by people who write editorials, letters to the editor, newsletters, office
memos, and many other types of writing that are designed to call the attention of people
concerned with a particular problem that affects many other people.

I. Writing the main idea for a problem-solution

A. Choosing a topic
In a problem-solution text, the problem could be the topic.

A. Formulating Opinion
Include opinion in your thesis statement by offering solution(s) to the problem or the topic of your
text. The statement of the solution should be in general terms. There is no need for you to discuss in
detail the solution(s) you are suggesting because that task will be dealt with in the body of the text
and not in the thesis statement.

II. Supporting the Main Idea

 Support the main idea of the problem-solution text by including pieces of evidence such as case
studies, statistics, and many other verifiable facts.

 You may also include the account of the procedure in implementing the solution(s) to the
problem.

 When you begin writing your draft of the problem-solution text, keep in mind to make your
ideas coherent by using transitions that signal the problem-solution pattern such as the
 following: can be resolved/ answered, leads to, consequently, if…then, therefore, on the other
hand…

MODULE 14: WRITING A BOOK REVIEW & ARTICLE CRITIQUE

 What is book review and article critique?

 The main purpose of writing a book review or article critique is to argue for or against the ideas
presented by the author.

Pre-reading:

1. What do you already know about the topic of the book under review?
2. What do you expect to learn after reading the review?

While Reading:

Take note of unfamiliar words and look up their meanings in a dictionary.

Post-Reading:

1. What is the title of the book that was review?

2. Who is the author of the book?
3. What is the general evaluation of the book or article?

Considerations in Writing a Book Review/Article Critique

1. Unique Features of the text;

2. Purpose and audience; and
3. Pattern of development

1. Unique Features of the text;

 The writer of the book review or an article critique writes the summary of the content of the
book, including pertinent details about the book/article such as the title and the author.
 You, as the critic, should also state your general evaluation of the book/article which will be the
main idea of your review/critic.

2. Purpose and Audience

 The main purpose of a book review or an article critique is to persuade book readers of a
particular genre or researchers in a specific field to either read or not to read the book or article.
 To a certain extent, the review/critique tells how useful and credible a piece of writing is.

3. Pattern of Development

 Having said that the purpose of review/critique is to persuade, the pattern of development to
use in writing is the persuasion pattern.
 You must state the general argument as your main idea. Then you must support that main idea
with specific points which need to be backed up by relevant details such as quotations from the
book/article or notes from other sources.

IMPORTANT CONTENT OF A CRITIQUE PAPER

1. Provide a summary of the contents of the piece of writing under review.
2. Provide a general evaluation of the text.
3. Discuss each point you want to make about the text.
4. Conclude by telling the readers if the text is worth reading or not. In addition, you must polish your
writing by considering the properties of a well-written text.

WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW

 Literature review is an evaluative report of previous studies related to the subject matter of an
academic paper.
 It describes, summarizes, evaluates such studies in connection with the topic of the paper.
 It also gives theoretical basis for the research and helps the author determine the nature, scope,
and limitations of the study.

Why is it important that we learn how to write a literature review?

 Because it shows how much you have researched about the subject matter of the paper.
 Also, it provides the research credibility in that the reader will know importatnt ideas related to
it.

 Like the rest of the paper, your literature paper, your literature review should be well written
and organized. It should also be relevant to the subject of the paper.
 Otherwise, your review will not be able to serve its purpose.

What is the purpose of a literature review?

 To provide background information about the topic of the study.

Considerations in Writing a Literature Review.

1. Unique features
2. Purpose and audience
3. Pattern of Development

1. Unique features

 The content of a literature review is information taken from different published papers about a
particular subject. Its organization may depend on the type of the information to be presented.
 The information may be arranged thematically or chronologically.
 Thematically arranging the information means organizing the information according to points
made or by topic. Chronological arrangement means sequencing the pieces of information
based on the date they were published.

2. Purpose and Audience

 Readers/researchers who want to find out more information about the subject of your study.
 Also for professionals who would like to become updated with the latest trends in their field.
3. Pattern of Development

 You may use the exemplification/classification pattern of development in writing since you will
have to organize the information you obtained in a general to specific manner.
 You may also use description or definition, when necessary and even comparison and contrast
as well as cause-and-effect at some cases.

UNDERSTANDING PERSUASION TEXT

What is a persuasive or persuasion text?

Persuasion Text

- is a piece of writing used to convince readers to agree to an argument or claim about a particular
topic.

Persuade=convince

How to write a persuasive text?

I. Writing the main idea:

a. Choosing a topic: Brainstorm on any area of concern around you such as media, politics,
technology, and so on. Then try to narrow down,
b. Formulating an opinion
c. Write your opinion by generating a paragraph about the topic through free writing. Afterwards,
pick the ideas that express your values or attitude about the topic.

II. Supporting the Main Idea

a. In supporting the main idea of your persuasive text, you have to think of supporting points such
as reasons, examples, statistics, testimony, and anecdotes. In addition, you also have to think of
points that the opposing view has, so that you can prepare various pieces of evidence that will refute
hose opposing points.

Remember to connect your ideas with transition words that signal persuasion such as:

 undoubtedly, truly, admittedly, although, despite, consequently, nevertheless, of course,

obviously, on the one hand, on the other hand, however, and so on.
Writing a Research Report (WEEK 9 DAY 1)

Objectives of the Lesson

At the end of this module, I can:

 Explain how one’s purpose is a crucial consideration in academic

and professional writing;

 Identify the unique features of and requirements in composing

texts that are useful across disciplines; and

 Perform writing tasks involved in the different stages of the writing

process.

Include in your writing in order to avoid being accused of stealing

ideas, which is known as plagiarism.

Questions to ask before writing a Research Report

1. What is the purpose of the research?

2. Who are its intended audience?

Considerations in Writing a Research Report

Unique Features of a Research Report

A research report may also be called scientific report. It is

actually a paper that discusses topics under the sciences area of

study. It often uses the IMRD format wherein the letter I stands for

introduction; M, for methods; R, for results; and D, for discussion. It

also includes a title page, an abstract, and a page for the list of
 information sources. The page for the list of sources may have

different headings depending on the style of citation used (e.g.,

APA, MLA, CMOS, IEEE).

Each part of a research report serves a different purpose and

contains different types of information. The introduction is

expected to contain the background of the topic, the questions,

the significance or relevance of the research, and the scope and

delimitation study. It actually corresponds to the first step in the

scientific method which is the forming hypothesis. The methods

narrate how the research was conducted. Included in the methods

are the following: description of the materials used, the

participants, and the process of analysis. This part matches the

next step of the scientific method which is the testing of chosen fi

hypothesis. The outcome of the research is presented in the results

section of the research report, and then interpreted in the

discussion part. The outcome, which is the results part,

corresponds to the collection of data or evidence in the steps of

the scientific method. The last part is similar to the last part of the

scientific method wherein the research analyzes how the data

relate to one another and eventually form a conclusion from the

analysis.

 A research report also includes preliminary materials such as the

title page, abstract and the table of contents.

 The abstract serves as a synopsis or summary of the research

report.

 The Title page is where the pertinent details of the report such as

the title and researcher’s names are written.

 In the introduction, you will have to state your research question

or hypothesis about the subject matter and present a literature

review, which was already tackled in the module.

 In the methods section, you will have to do a recount of how your

research transpired, and so you should use the past tense. In the

results section, you will have to show illustrations of the data (i.e.,

graphs, charts, diagram, picture, and other visuals) you gathered in

order for your readers to have a clear impression of the outcome

of your research.

 In the discussion section, you will have to point out the significant

data that supported your hypothesis or answered your research

questions. You should also discuss implications of your findings

then give your recommendations.

Purpose and Audience

The general purpose of the research report is to contribute new,

interesting, and objective ideas to a body of knowledge of a

specific field. The specific purpose depends on the research itself.

It is discussed in the introduction what the research aims to

 accomplish. A research report may be written as a requirement of

a course in which the audience is a professor or evaluator. It can

also be written for professional advancement in which the

audience are wider and who are more concerned with replicating

the study and not just to evaluate it.

Pattern of Development

The pattern of development that you can use varies depending

on which part of the report you are writing. Generally, the pattern of

development used in writing a research report is general to specific.

However, in some parts, such as the methods section, you will have to

use a narration pattern or process pattern, since you are to provide a

recount of how the research was conducted.

in writing a research report, you must (1) choose a topic that is interesting and relevant
to your audience; (2) use the accepted format; (3) accomplish the purpose of each part
of the report; (4) acknowledge the sources of the information you used in your report;
and (5) be consistent with the citation style that you use, You must also keep in mind
the properties of 3 well-written text to make your writing appear more academic,

Writing a Project Proposal (WEEK 9 DAY 2)

Objectives of the Lesson

At the end of this module, I can:

 Explain how one’s purpose is a crucial consideration in academic

and professional writing;

 Identify the unique features of and requirements in composing

texts that are useful across disciplines; and

 Write a resume.

What’s Essential?

Before you become a part of the workforce, you will go through the

process of finding a job. The process may not be a long one if the

companies you send your resumé to would immediately respond

and call you for an interview. That will only happen if you are able

to write an impressive resumé—that is, having written it clearly and

concisely by providing only the pertinent details, arranging these

details in a specific order, and eliminating errors in grammar and

mechanics.

Unique Features of a Resumé

is different from any other text in the sense that while it is personal, it

must still appear professional. In writing a resumé, you must consider

the following areas as its distinguishing features: ¢ Format — There is

a standard format that you can use, but you may deviate from it

depending on how you design your resumé. This happens when you

wish to highlight a particular area in your qualifications wherein you

are strong, and you would place it near the beginning. Thus, the order

of the headings would have to be changed.

 Components - The important components of a resumé are:

your name, contact details, information about your work

experience, education, and achievements. Other significant

considerations in writing a resumé are the accuracy,

organization, conciseness, relevance, and recency of the

information you will include. In addition, information on your

resumés must be carefully checked for errors in spelling,

grammar, and mechanics because such errors will compromise

your reputation and credibility, or worse they may be grounds

for charging you with falsifying information. You should also

be concerned about how you organize the information in your

resumé. Making decisions as to whether to place your

education in the beginning or not can affect your clearance of

being hired for the position you desire. Another consideration

is the conciseness of you resumé. Do not write in long

sentences. Instead, try to use typographical devices such as

bullet and grammatical devices such as parallelism to highlight

key information. As already mentioned, you need to highlight

key information which means that only relevant details should

 be included. You do not need to go through the details of your

experience, or you will be violating the rule on conciseness.

One more consideration the recency of information that you

put in your resumés. Since dates are important details in your

resume the prospective employer will be able to track the

outdated information or notice if there is any information you

did not include.

Sample Resumé
Note: A resume is a one- to two-page document presenting key facts about your

professional experience, educational background, and skills. A CV (Curriculum Vitae) is

a longer document that details the whole course of your career. A resume is used for job

search, a CV—for academic purposes.

READING TEXT CRITICALLY

What is CRITICAL THINKING?

 Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing,
applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by,
observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action.
In its exemplary form, it is based on universal intellectual values that transcend subject matter
divisions: clarity, accuracy, precision, consistency, relevance, sound evidence, good reasons,
depth, breadth, and fairness.

Skilled Reader VS Critical Reader

Skilled Reader

- Those who can recognize an author’s point and the support for that point.

Critical Reader

- Are those who can evaluate an author’s support for a point and determine whther that support is
solid or not.

What Is This Critical reading?

 It is a type of reading whereby the reader analyzes and interpret the reading material to know if
it presents logical ideas and connection of ideas.
 It is done when a reader would like to comprehend the text’s meaning because it is a way of
knowing how a reader thinks.

What are the steps in reading critically?

1. Identify the purpose

 Is it to inform, persuade or entertain?

2. Go through the author’s ideas

 What is the main idea of the text?

3. Assess whether the purpose is achieved.

 Evaluate the validity of the given facts, opinions, and inferences presented.
Fact VS Opinion

 FACT can be proven through verifiable evidence such as historical documents or statistics.

Example:
Atleast four out of five adults will experience lower back pain at some point in their lives.

 Opinion are statements which express the writer’s personal preferences, judgements,
predictions or values.

Example:
The best treatment for lower back pain is physical therapy.

How do you rate yourself in terms of your reading ability?

1. cannot understand simple sentence.

2. can understand two to three sentences.
3. can understand the main topic of the text.
4. can evaluate a whole text.
5. Can evaluate, analyze and interpret a whole text.

Do you agree that critical reading is a method of looking for ways of thinking?
Why is it important to be able to read and think critically?

Determining Claims Made in a Text

 The opinions of writers are written in the form of arguments.

 An argument is a statement of opinion which purpose is to persuade or inform.

Different types of Claims

1. Claims of facts
2. Claims of policies
3. Claims of values

Implicit Information

 Indirect, suggested, or implied.

Example: Every day, I always think and pray for you.

 Explicit Information

Clearly stated or direct.

Example: I love you so much.

 Reading is an active skill, you need to interact with the author. You need to find yourself looking
for the writer’s point or position regarding the chosen topic.

 The POINT is also known as the claim or the central argument or the thesis statement.
 This claim is what the writer wants to prove in the text by providing details, explanations, and
other types of evidence.
 As such, it is usually found in the introduction or in the first few paragraphs of the text.
 Claim is a sentence that summarizes the most important thing that the writer wants to say as a
result of his/her thinking, reading and writing.

Characteristics of a good claim

1. A claim should be debatable or argumentative.

Example: Men are better in Math than women.

2. A claim should be specific and focus.

Example: Men are good in Math. Only in Math not in other aspects.

3. A claim should be interesting and engaging.

Example: Millennial era is the best than the era of teenagers today.

4. A claim should be logical. It should result from reasonable weighing of support provided.
Example: Men are logical and women are emotional.

Types of Claims

1. Claims of Facts
- refers to a condition has existed (past), exists (present), or will exist (future)
- Inferences are made from data, documents, scientific observation, and research..

Guide questions for claims of facts:

 Did it happen?
 Does it exist?
 Is it true?
 How can its truthfulness be verified?
 Is it a fact?

Example:
1. The oldest known disease in the world is leprosy.
2. Cancer is not contagious.
3. The climate will get warmer in the next few years because of global warming.

How to defend your claims of fact?

1. State the claim clearly.

2.Define terms that may be controversial or ambiguous so the readers know exactly what you mean.

3. Make sure that your evidence fulfills the appropriate criteria. (Data should be sufficient, accurate,
recent, typical the authority should be reliable.

4. Make clear when conclusions about the data are inferences or interpretations, not facts.

5. Arrange your evidence in order to emphasize what is most important.

2.Claims of Value
- Are value judgment made based on morals, standards, and norms.
- Require the use of standards of evaluation, presentation of advantages or moral standards used, use
of example to concretize abstractions, and use of credible experts. (Moral standards, good or bad)

Example:

Death penalty is unjust.

It is better to have loved and lost, than never to have loved at all.

Guide Questions for claims of value:

a. Which claims endorse what is good and bad?

b. What qualities should be considered good? Why?
c. Which of these values content with others?
d. Which ones are more important, and why?
e. Whose standards are used?

How to defend your claims of value?

a. Try to make clear that the values or principles you are defending should have priority on any scale
of values.
b. Keep in mind that you and your readers may differ about their relative importance.
c. Suggest that adherence to the values you are defending will bring about good results in some
specific situation or bad results if respect for the values ignored.
d. Since value terms are abstract, use examples and illustrations to clarify meanings and make
distinctions.
e. Comparison and contrast are very helpful.
f. Use testimony of others to prove that knowledgeable or highly regarded people share your values.

3.Claims of Policy
- Are specific and measurable actions that need to be done in order to address issues or concerns
presented in an argument or proposition.
- Argue that certain conditions should exist. It advocate adoption of policies or courses of action
because problems has arisen that call for solution.

Example:

A dress code should be introduced to all students.

President Duterte recalled order allowing kids aged 10-14 outside their homes.

How to defend your claims of policy?

a. Convince your audience that a problem exists.

b. Make your proposal clear.
c. Establish that there is a need for change.
d. Consider the opposing arguments.
e. Devote the major part of your essay to providing that your proposal is an answer to the opposing
arguments and there is a distinct benefits for your reader in adopting your proposal.
f. Support your proposal with solid data, but don’t neglect the moral considerations and the common-
sense reasons, which may be even more persuasive..