3

Request-Response Communication Model

• Request-Response is a
II communication model in which
- the client sends requests to the
............
I server and the server responds
to the rP.quests.
---
,_cleft (.

-...,.,..
. laqolelb. .....
~

• When the s.erver receives-a ..___ ....

\ request, it decides how to ---.......
toc:leoC
respond, fetches. the data,
retrieves resource
representations, prepares the
response, and then sends the
response to the client.
 Publish-Subscribe Communication Model

• Publish-Subscribe is a
communication model that
involves publishers, brokers and
consumers.
• Publishers are the source of data.
Publishers send the data to the
topics which are managed by the
broker. Publishers are not aware
of the consumers.
• Consumers subscribe to the topics
which are managed by the broker.
• When the broker receives data for
a topic from the publisher, it
sends the data to all the ·
subscribed consumers.

Push-Pull Communication Model

• Push-Pull is a communication
model in.whicti the ,da\a
producers push the data to
queues and the consumers pull
the data from the queues.
Producers do not need to be
aware of the consumers.
• Queues help in decoupling the
messaging between the producers
and consumers.
• Queues also act as a buffer which
helps in situations when there is a
mismatch between the rate at
which the producers P.USh data
and the rate rate at which the
consumers pull data.
 Exclusive Pair communi cation model

• Exclusive Palr is a
bidirectional{ fully duplex ~ to ICIUP, ConoiedSon
communlcat on model that
uses a persistent connection
between the client and
server.
Messap from Clent IO 5enw·
• Once the connection is setup.
it remains open until the
client sends.a request to M~e rrom Seniff 10 Client
close the connection.
Connection clo5e requesa
• Client and server can send
messages to each other ah:er
Connectlondow qsponw
connection setup.

.
\
_.,
.. ,_.,
.
...
Local and.Wide
Area Networking I I

,. .. " . .... - ..
-
.
. . ..
'

..
' . .
• - .. _ ............
- - - ·" • -I'• • --~- - -- - - . .... . ..".-.-·-· .. .,. _____ - - - - - ~- - . -I' • • · • •
 Elements of loT -
Communications

---IS.~!·.
MN l O::afAIN~M.'• •

;·~:; :~· ~ -.. ·:: : .. ~ .. ... :: ,:- : _i_~:- ·..~-:_:_:~~ ·: _,_-:•-:-...,:··.-·... --~- .... :. ·.;:· ... :· - .··:· -·.F:~-'-'. ~---~- -:--::: ·: ·. ·_ . ·:. _·. .. ·; ~ .. ·: ;· --~
._ . - -. . - .......~ .. ... ·.. , _·. ,_. ·- ·-- ~_,._, ,."" ..... ~ -· ~...:..._ ·i_ ... - --· - ~ -- - - -
10

Elements Of loT- Communi cation

~
.... _.. _...
......-:.
Networking -~: .' >~ . .·..': -_-_-; :,.;
~ .:-- - - -

Devices
0
Switches
0
Routers
° Firewalls
" Access Points
0
Gateways

• ••
 The Need for Networking

When two or mor~ CtJmputing O~,c~s exchJrg~ D:1~a-o·ver "link~' usingTe!ecom

-Tech-;,,:r.ogie;.!ha-:1 d--~etw~rk
is create-:i . ·
• Nodes could be
• Personat Computers, Servers, Smartphones, Games consoles, Television etc.
• Heteroseneous Devices having limited resources and functionafltles.
bandwidth, reliability, etc.)
• Limitations include computation power, energy, memory, communication (range,
, monitoring, and control
• Could be Application specif,c devices like sensors, actuators etc. used for sensing

The cori~ecting links of Media over whi~h data can ba sent to other networks I n"d~
is called a Network Link..

• links could be
• Wired or Wireless Media like Electrical Wires, Air, Optical fibres
• Selected based upon
cture etc.
• Bandwidth, Cost of Deployment and Maintenance of the Networking Infrastru

12

In.c;ase Direct communication is not possi~e between two nodes

over a physical medium, theri communicatfon-takes place through
intermediate connecting nodes / devirns called Hops.
..
The nodes must know their neighbours / other nodes in the network
such that
• They could communicate with each other.
• It could be a Direct connection over one link.
• A. route to destination node through cooperating nodes,
over multiple links that are not directly connected.
Other requirements of networking may be
• Unique identification of each node on the network
• Cooperating nodes capable of linking to each other and
forming a temporary path of communication when the
physical links do not exist.
• Universal Addres.sing - IP Addressing and Routing needed.
• Physical media need not be the same across the network.
• Data transfer, Spe~d and Accuracy with which data can be
transferred.

Jan Holler, Vlaslos Tsiatsls,

o the lntemet ofThinp'9. lntrock,ction to a New Ale of lntellicence by
e Mulllpn, Stamatis ICamouslros, Stefan Avesand,. David Boyle
 LAN and WAH could be identified based on
1. Geographic cownge requirem ents
2. Need for third party or leased. commun ication infrastru cture.

Local Area Netwoftl - lAN

~ Covers smaller geograph ic region s- commerc ial building. an office
block or a home

r:·~: Ba.sic Network , leased Communications infrastru cture not required .

• Spans over distances of tens to hundreds of meters.
·· · Terms and • Ethernet is the most popular wired LAN Technology.

Cance ts W-ade Area Network -WAN

• Covering longer distances - across metropo litan. regional or
geographic areas.
Used to connecting LANs and MANs where LAN technolo gies cannot
provide the range.
~ link LANs and devices to the Internet.
0 Span from tens to hundreds of kilometre s.
0
Wi-Fi is the most popular Wireless LAN (WLAN) Technolo gy.

the Internet of n.inp9' - lntroduttioa to a New Ase of H 1 ■pr1 by Jan Holler, Vlasios Tsiatsi$,
Mulipn,, Stamatis ltamousltos, Stefan Avesand,. ~ Boyte
14

Wireless WAN fWWAN)

Covers cellular Mobile Tele<omrnun,cat,on Netwcr l-5
' ·Technolog y, Coverne. Network irilrastructu r,e ond Architect1.,re are different
,, WWAN technology includes LTE (or 4G) and WiMAX.
MZM Gateways
,. Act iS a link between LA~ and Wireless Penonal Area Networks (WPANs)
• Include cellular trinsceiver s and allow seamless IP<0nnectiYity over
heterotenf Ous physical mecfia.
~~~-":_ Basic Network ~- ,._ Wi~les! Acc~s Point
~:.,-~-.:Terms and • Commonly found in homes ind off"ices.
• Behaves &Ice a link between Wi-Fi (WlAN) and DSL bro.adband connectMt y. through
Cance ts DSL
telephone rmes.

• Refers to Internet access carried over wired telephone networks using diff-nt
standards.
Broadband
• The .ability to Cirry multiple signals over a number of frequencie s.
lntheoffic H
• We-Fl wir~ess Kcess points are typically connected to the wired co~te
(Ethernet) LAN. which is subsequen tly connected to in Internet Service Pro~r
(ISP).

the Internet of Thlncs'" • Introduction ID • New Ap of lntelllpnc e by Jan H611er, Ylulos

e Mum an, Sblmatls Kamouskos, Stefan Avesand,. David Boyle
Tsl•tsls.

lS
 Basic Network Terms and Concepts

0 There are two different approaches for connecting to the networking

infrastructure.
(1). Provide individual connections to networking devices.
0 Using an individual Sim card in each device and connecting through the cellular
network for IP connectivity- Not workable as very expensive
(2). Connect to the Internet via a Gateway Device, which may use a leased network
connection.
0
The Gateway device can access the IP backbone
? Over a WLAN link - Using the leaSed infrastructure from the ISP providing connectivity to the
WLAN.
? Over a WWAN - Using GPRS./ UMTS./ LTE / WiMAX etc link

16

Basic Network Terms and Concepts

:;:~i:r=.::?-_.l~•::::-.': ··~-:~~.?--=::- _-. ·;.~~-· _,... _. · .... - -·· · ··- - .

·-e¾, ft~ ( r -~• .. .'·(,;.

Wireless.Personal Area.
Network WPAN
, ;/ ::.·::~•:~~~\•'f::_<_'· ~\~[~. .

IEEE 802.15.4 for LR-WPANs . .

Wire 1ess Medium Access Control (MACt
and Physical Layer (PHV) SpecificatiO'IS
for Low-Rate Wirele;~ Pe:-sona: Area
Networks (LR-WPA.Nsl.

•. - , ..-,
-
18

LAN & WAN with respect to M2M & loT

The •internet of Things; as a term, originated from Radio Frequency Identification (RF\O) research,
wherein the original loT concept was that any RFID-tagged "thing" could have a virtual presence on
the "Internet."'

The original concept has evolved from a reasonably simple idea, with immediate utility in logistics
• like track and trace, inventory management applications,
~ Complex networks, functionalities, and interactions.

M2M applications become more synonymous with loT, it is necessary to understand the
technologies, limitations, and implications of the networking infrastructure.

Essentially, the ability to remotely communicate with devices, and resultant new capabilities, is what
sets modern loT thinking apart from the original concept.

,••-•- · • · ,•• , - J I , " • - , - ; , ,r , - : •, • .. ,. ~ .. , • , ; ..-., • o I~ 11'

0
o I ,J._ • ._: ,,.,1111_
0

• .~ - . ~ • •: ~ .: •,.~ ,,•,-: ,-.•~- t. 1, 1:-... ~1 •:,.....,,~ ,;-,• i•,• ■ ••.a.;••·•·~.. •,•,:•,~•; \- ~•·.~•~.... • •,.:, •
"'- • -_ .. ~ - _; ""'-'- - - _-_ -_ - ~~~- ...:._: • .:..':_: ✓-~:.. .. -~.:_! .!..;;~ /;.:.::,_ ·~ _•;..~.. - ~J. ~~•-~_:._::._;~-~- ··•.~Q-·.( ':~'~'~. . . . .... - . .. - . ;· ... ~·~
 ETSI M2M Functional Architecture And WANs
WANs
• Are needed to connect the M2M Device Domain to backend main
network.
0 Also provide a proxy that
• Allows bidlrec:tioNI t11Changt of Information, data and commands btt-,n tht
htttrOgtfltoUS nttv,,o,ks.
ProvidH communication mvicts to tht M ~ dtvlcts in tht field.
" The Proxy is achieved using an M2M Gateway Device. -- ---
M2M Gateway Device Is
• An integrated microsystem with multiple communication interfaces and
computational capabilities.
.- Handles all of the necessary Interfacing to the M2M Service Capabilities and
Management Functions.
" Diffe~ent technological combinations are available depending upon the
requirement.
An (HE 802.15.4-compliant transceiver capable of communicating with a
capillary network comprising of similarly equipped devices, and a cellular
transceiver, that connects to the Internet using the UMTS network.
OSIICllf\,,C--A

20

ETSI M2M Functional Architecture And WANs

Transceivers
~ Also called as Modems
, Available as hardware modules with which the Gateway or Cell phone
interacts using AT Commands.
Is capable of acting as a physical proxy between the LR-WPAN or M2M
Device Domain, and the M2M Network Domain.
--
The Access and Core Network
·• May be operated by a Mobile Network Operator (MNO) or visualised as
a simple "WAN"
~ Is needed for connecting devices to the backend networks {Internet}
,, Supports the M2M Applications. Service Capabilities, Management
Functions and Network Management Functions.

ffllll!IIMallrw~
 W~ = '- • ~• M 2 M Fun
larger geograph
• Wire-based ac cm
.
ic regions using
ctional Architectu
re And WANs
WAN technologies
include
• Ceftular networ1ts

-
• 0S l (2G/ lG / 4G / lTE
etc .)
• WiMAX
• 'M -F I

:e --
' Ethernet
• Satellite etc.
WAN delivers a pa
the M2~
• To es ta bh sh co
ck et -b as ed servic
co nt ex t, im po rt an
nnectivih
e using IP as defa
t fu nc ti on s of th e
WAN
ult.
include:
---
ac tu at or s an d th ..>, be tw ee n capi.llary netw
orks consisting of

----'
e M2M se rv ic e en se ns or s/
0
P~cket ba se d IP te ab le m en t.
ch no lo gy is th e de
= Different ty pe fa ul t connectivity
s of m es sa ge s m mechanism .
- Messages from ay be th er e like-
a sensor
· SMS received fro
m th
in an M2M Area Ne
e M2M Gateway
twork
or Application.
\

22

ETSI M 2 M Func
tional Architectu
re And WANs
O th er im po rt an
t fu nc tio ns ot th
e WAN include:
Use of identity m
an ag em en t te ch ni
cellular domains qu es of M2M devi
to grant right-of-u ces in_cellular and

-- - ·
se of th e WAN reso non-
urce .
The following tech
niques ar e us ed fo
r th es e purposes:

--
MOM (Machine Co
mmunica tions Identity Mod
targeting M2M devic ule) for remote provis
es. ioning of SIM
Interface identifier
s - the MAC addres
s or the device, t-,p
Authentication/regi icallv stored in hard
stration type of func wisr t .
Authentication, Au tions (device focuse
thorization, and Ac d) .
Dynamic Host Co
configuration para
nfiguration Protoc
meters specified by
ol
countin& (AAA), su
(0HCP), e.g. emplo
ch as RADIUS service
ying deployment-spe
s.
cific
\
residing in a director device, user, or appli
y. cation-specific para
meters
,. Directory service
s. e.g. containing
us er profiles and va
setting(s). and com rious device ls) param
binations thereof. eter(s),
SIM (x-Subscriptio
n Identity Module)
like SIM, USIM, !SIM.
Subscription service
s (device-focused)
. 11 S1 11 21
f, __
 MTC, Capillary Networks, LAN & WAN in 3GPP
MTC are small amounts. of data that are communicated between devices to
back-end services and vice versa without the need for any human Intervention.

In 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), MlC Is used to refer to aU M2M

communication.

Local Area Networking• 3GPP standards

Capillary Networks
Are typically autonomous, self-contained systems of M2M devices
- May be connected to the cloud via an appropriate Gateway.
Often deployed In controlled environments such as vehicles, bulldlngs, apartments,
factories, bodies, etc.
0
Used for
•· Collecting SenSOf Data
Gen~iilting events if the sensing thresholds iilre breached
Controllins specific feiiltures of interest
, Like hurt riilte of iii piiitlent. environmental datct on a factory floor, car speed, air conditioning
appliances, etc.
Multiple Capillary Networks ba~ed upon short-range wired ar.d wireless
communication and networking technologies may exist.
Autonomous local operation of the capillary network may be needed as per the
scenerio.

24

MTC, Capillary Networks, LAN & WAN in 3GPP

The M2M devices in a Capillary Network
Are low-capability nodes, battery operated with limited Security capabilities and
operate autonomously.
•· A Gateway / Application Server will be required.

More and more currently closed capillary networks wili open up for
integration with the enterpri~ back end systems.

IP i:; the preferred connectivity mech;mim1 for connecting the device of

Capillary Networks to the cloud and Internet.
-, 1Pv6 is preferred for M2M devices operating using 6loWPAN-based stack.
1Pv4 will still be used for capillary networks operating in non-6LoWPAN IP stacks.
 MTC, Capillary Networks, LAN & WAN in 3GPP
1Pv6 stack with 6loWPAN running at physicai ~ is needed for s.hort-rqe communications
The Physical medium may be
0
IEEE 802.15.4 (i.e. wireless)
• PLC °' othe< wired solutions.
The newer ZigBee IP and IEEE 802.15-.4, 6loWPAN / RPL / CoAP Networks are replacing the exjsting
legacy ZigBee application.
BT LE and ZigBee and devices expected to continue in the market.
KNX and ZigBee are being used for Smart Grid Application
• Physical layer amended to support Smart Utility Networks (SUN) in Smart Grid Application fol
• Operating over ~ geographic distances
- Minimal infrastructure, low power, many-~ networks.

26

MTC, Capillary Networks, LAN & WAN in 3GPP

Deployment considerations
Several Hard ware a nd Software based loT applications available as consumer products.
, Intelligent Thermostats for home
. . ga rdemng
- Prec1s1on . tooIs (sampling weather conditions. soil moisture, etc.}.
.
, Maintenance oppo,..,um·t·es
1 (scheduled• remote. accessibility, etc.).

ETSI identifies applicatioru in

- eHealth,
• Connected Consumer
• Automotive
Smart Grid and Smart Meter
And many more..

27
 Layered Architecture for loT

Layered Architecture for loT

Obiects Layer
• Objects layer, also known as devices layer, comprises the
physical devices that are used to collect and process
information from the loTecosystem.
• Physical devices include different types of sensors such as
~ - -- - -,
those that are typically based on micr~electromechanical _l_j7 Applir-.41 pr,~••'• ,
systems (MEMS) technology.
• Sensors could be optical sensors, light sensors, gesture and
proximity sensors, touch and fingerprint sensors, pressure
sensors, and more.
f~""··•--,,..""
lnfrNr1111.., P",t,",I,
1
'1·.

• Standardized ptug and play mechanisms should be used by JL . -

the objects layer in order to integrate and configure the
heterogeneous types of sensors that belong to the loT
device ecosystem.
• The device data that are collected at this layer are
transferred to the object abstraction layer using secure
channels
 Layered Arc hite ctu re for loT

Service Manag ement Layer

• This layer acts as mlddle ware for the loT ecosystem.
• It pairs specific services to Its reques ter based on addresses y.~ ........ -
and names.
• It provides flexibili ty to the loT progra mmers to work on Y~-~,_...,;
differen t types of heterog eneous objects irrespe ctive of
their platforms.
• It also processes the data that are receive d from the object
r ..
-l -. - L _ ____..

abstraction layer.
• After data p·rocessing, necessary decisions are taken about
the delivery of require d services, which are then done over
networ k wire protoco ls.

Layered Arc hite ctu re for loT

Applica tion Layer
by
• This layer provide s the diverse kinds of services reques ted
the customer.
the
• The type of service reques ted by the custom er depend s on
specific use case that is adopte d by the custom er.
• For example, if smart home is the use case under consideration,
then the customer may request for specific parameters such as
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) measurements r s.•r'1,:,· ~~""° ...............
or temperature and humidity values.
• This layer provide s the various types of smart services, which
are offered by various loT vertica ls.
'•L----- - ----
l

I '
lnh.b.bu. \.,_.. pt,~. , . .h,
-- · · · -- -

Some of the promin ent loT vertica ls are as follows :

• Smart cities '
• Smart energy
• Smart health care
• Smart buildings or homes
• Smart living
• Smart transportation
• Smart industry

.. ... : .
- .
r. ; , :'i)'.• •~~- · -i..._.-._,.,..., . _, ~ ... ••... • .. ..,.':. . a _, • • ·• · • ·
, , -,.· , -.. - ,- ~--;~ ,;y:-.:•J ~- , ,'"' t, ·.r:.1 ! .. .- .. ·, ,: ..~~~;;i_.1 -,.. _
J ..

.. ., ••-
,
la ye re d Architecture fo r lo T
Business Laver
agem ent of aff loT
• This laye r perf orms the overall man
activ ities and services.
from the netw ork layer to
• It uses the data that are rece ived } ~ . . . , , . ._ ..._ I

build vario us com pone nts such as busi ness models, graphs,
and flow char ts. }s...n-~ . . - .....
n, analyze, impl emen t,
• It also has the responsibility to desig
eval uate , and mon itor the
It has the capability to use big
requ irem
data
ents
analy
of the loT system.
sis to supp ort
-------:
-lr-··-
_r ..., . .
. . ., . ,---,
deci sion -mak ing activ ities.
obta ined vers us expected
• It also perf orm s a com paris on of
nce the qual ity of serv ices.
outp uts to enha

,___ -
- . - ·- - -~
~ :~.:-~:..-__ :.
-
~
__·,~; .~:-;'~-" :, .,.:. ~..-> \:,_ -·--~ ~~·:/ :-~--: ;~/ _.' 5-.
-. _. - - -
. - ... ::_::
;·~ - -_·.-.-. -~--:: ~ -. ·_,; ~
7

I Prot ocol Arch itect ure of loT

Layered Architecture fo r lo T
. I' in the various layers
.
of the
1,1n,ca io0
The various protocols used for comm
loT ecos ystem are

I"• ed at the infra structure lc1yer are:-

loT Data link Protocols us
The mc1in proto cols that are gene ra,,
• Z"igSee Protocol
Sluetooth LE
z -wav e
Near field Communication

I
•

_ ___---.
HomePlug GP
• Wi-Fi .. .. .
lly used at the infrastructure layer are:-
Infra struc ture Protocols ra ICU:111111«
The main proto cols that are gene
RPL J.• . -
- .. --- -- L---- -, z.w
IEEE 802.15.4 ,
·'L'IS-A~ · I . lal
IOl.i M
l

• 6LoWPAN ~ . - -. l .
• Bluer ooth low enerrY
• EPCJlobal c_.1rp ,iulio ft ..t loT prolo<al._
• LTE·A
z-w -
llg8e e
 Physical and Data Link Layer Protocols:
Physical and ~ta link Laye, hotocols: '
1
The physlcll ind data Unit layer comprises of the loT objects and physkal
Phytlcal Ind Data Unk Protocols for ll'WAN:
llltwofks connectlna them with other objects or network. There are many
protocols and standard techno1o&1es ror physkal and network access protocols.
ll'WAN Is a low power Iona,.,.. wlrelas network In which battaty
po-red 1or devices surrounded by wireless sensors are
These protocols and technolo&les suits variable 1pplk1tlons ind netwofk sites
lnterconnecltd. Used for machine to machine communication,
and are used for interconnectlna computers and mobile devices. Some of the
LPWAN have a cover ace network create, than WI-A but less tmn
popu~r physical and data Unk lilyer protocols and standards are as follow ;
Ethernet cellular technolo1ies. There are many phyiical ,nd datil rink protocols
Bluetooth low Energy specified for LPWAN and some of them are as follows :
w;.F; Sigfox
lTE M•l/ LTE- MTC
Wifeless HART
loRaWAN
Zi&bee
RPMA
z-- EC·GSM•IOT
RflO
WiMiilll Physical and Data Unk Protocols for LAN, HAN and MN:
lTE-MTC
There are many loT protocols for the Personal Area ~ k (PAN), Home
Cellular (GPRS/2G/3G/4G/5G) Area Network (HAN) and local Area Network (LAN) and folowinc are
COMA some of them:
NBIOT EEE 802 .1!">.4e
Physical and Data link Protocols: RFID and Mobile Standards: Zigbee
RFIO based protocols include RFIO, OASH7 ,ind NFC. Also. many common WuelessHART
mobile standards are evolving to accommod•te lol applications and these Thread
include: MiWi
GPRS. 2-Wave
GSM. 0iGiMesh
CDMA. HomePluc

Data Link Layer Protocols

 loT Protocols
• Unk Layer
• IOU- Uhffnt ,t
• 102.11 - Wlfl
• 801.16 -W!M u
• 802.lS.4 - UI-WPAH
• 2G/3G/4G
• Netwo rk/Inte rnet Layer
• 11'¥4
• IM
• 6loWPAN
• Transport Layer
• TCP
• UOP
• Applic ation layer
• HTTP
CoAP
Wf'bSock.Pt
MQTI
• )(Mpp
• DOS
• AMOP

11

Link Layer: um(e xamp le

cally sent over the networks physical layer or medi
Link Layer protocols deter mine how the data is physi ns to
of The link layer is the last local Network conn ectio
copp er wire, electrical cable, or radio wave). The Scope link layer proto col.
nge data packets over the link layer using the
whic h host is attach ed. Host on the same link excha to whic h
signaled by the hardw are devic e over the medi um
Link layer deter mine s how the packets are coded and
the host is attach ed.

802. 3 Ethernet: that uses

the link layer. For exam ple 802.3 lOBASES Ether net
802.3 is a collections of wired Ethernet stand ards for ectio n,
for 10 BASH Ether net over copp er twist ed pair conn
coaxial cable as a shared medium, 802.3.i is stand ard um in
its per secon d and the higher. The share d medi
Stand ards provide data rates from 10 Mb/s to 40 gigab unica tion
and Optical fiber. Shared medi um carrie s the comm
Ethe rnet can be a coaxial cable . twist ed pair wire or
for all the devices on the network.

:- . . ---- . ·. ·-· ~- - :. - - .. .- - ·, .. . . :
:. . . - .. . . " . -. -

....... : ...
- .. . -

·-·.. --- ,_, - - - .. . - - ------- . - . ' --

.. ·- ··- ...:.;: .
 21~09-2022

802.1- WI-FI:
IEEE 802.3 ls a collectlons ofwlreltss local area network.(WLAN) communication standards, lncludln1 extensive
descriptions of the nnk layer. For example 802.111 operate In the S GHz band, ao2.11b and 802.111 operate In
the 2.4 GHz ~d. 802.llac operates In th~ SG hertz band.

802.16 wiMAX:
IEEE 802.16 is a collecti0t1 of wlrless broadbind and Standards, Including extensive descriptions for the link layer
also catted WiMAX wlmax standard provides a data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to lGb/s the recent update provides data
rates of hundred megabits per second for mobile station.

802.15.4 LR-WPAN:
IEEE 802.1 S.4 ls a collections of standard for low rate wireless personal area network(LRWPAN).These standard
form the basis of speciflcations for high level communication Zigbee.

LR-WPAN standards provide data rates from 40 kb/ s. These standards provide low cost and low speed
Communications for power constrained devices.
These are the different generations of mobile communication standards including second generation (2G
including GSM and CDMA). 3rd Generation (3G Including UMTS and CDMA2000) ,md 4th generation 4G including
LTE.

"}"; .. . . ' :
,.. .
~ . ... . .
' . ' - .. . . .. - . - --- ·- · - -
.
.
.
. ·- . .. . ~

13

Kev Technologies - Ethernet:

• Ethernet is most popular wired networking technology.

• It is widely used for connecting computers in
• Personal Area Network (PAN)
• Home Area Network (HAN)
• local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Wide Arta Netwqrk (WAN)
• It Is based on IEEE 802.3 standard.
Within an IOT system, Ethernet can be used to connect stationary or fixed IOT devlcP.s.
• like, it can be used to connect sensor networks in an Industry, appliance control circuits In a home automation system
or IOT devices In an office automation system. . .
• The data transfer rate In Ethernet can be up to 10 G1ga Bits per Second (Gb1t/s) for cat-6 cables.
• The data speed over Ethernet depends on the cable type and can be limited by the network administrator.
• There ma be fiber optic, co-axial or twisted pair cables used for Ethernet networking.
The Ether~et has very low latency which makes It suitable for mission critical IOT applications where devices
may be co-located or located in a long range.
 Key Technologies
pment are as below -
A number of the standards and technologies currently in use and under develo

~9~er line Communication (PLC):-

0 Refers to communicating over Power lines.
tion operating at different Voltages,
., This requires integration with various electrical lines used for Power Distribu
Power and Frequency In the Power Distrlbulion Network.
0
Different versions of PLC are-
At low frequencies it is possible to communicate over kilo-meters with low bit rates.
·· Used for remote metering and seen as potentially useful for Smart Grid.
power lines.
• Enhancements allow higher bit rates and use of broadband connectivity over
and G.996l·Data Link Layer in 2010) as
NIST recently included IEEE 1901 (In 2011) and ITU•T G.hn (G.9960-PHY in 2009,
standards for further review for potential use In the smart Grid in the United States.
.. In 2011, the ITU referenced G.9903 that specifies the use of 1Pv6 over PLC.
continue to be important
Due to the High Bandwidth, Reliability and Legacy technologies LAN and WLAN
·=--
technology for M2M and loT Applications.
, devices may connect
o In cases where Power is not a limiting factor and High Bandwidth is required
c, Using Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) or Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) to the Internet.

15

Wi-Max

• There are wireless broadband systems that offer fast Web surfing
withou t being getting connected through cable or DSL (An example of
wireless broadband is WiMAX).
• Although WiMAX can potentially deliver data rates of more than 30
Megabits per second, yet the providers offer average Odata rates of 6
Mbps and often deliver less, making the service significantly slower
than the hard-wired broadband.
• The actual cost of the data available using WiMAX widely varies with
the distance from the transmitter.
• WiMAX is also one of the versions of 4G wireless available in phones as
Sprint's 4G technok>gy
 LP WANS
• low Pow er Wi de Are a Ne
two rks (LPWANs) are the new
• By providing lon g-r ang e com phe nom eno n In loT.
mu nic atio n on sma ll, Ine xpe
tec hno log ies is pur pos e-b uilt nsi ve bat ter ies tha t las t for
to sup por t larg e-s cal e loT net yea rs, thi s fam ily of
com me rcia l cam pus es. wo rks spr aw ling ove r vas t ind
ust rial and
• LPWANs can literally con nec
t all typ es of loT sen sor s- fac
trac kin g, env iro nm ent al mo nito ilitating num ero us app lica tion
rin g and facility ma nag em ent s fro m asset
mo nito ring . to occ upa ncy det ect ion and
con sum abl es
• Nev erth ele ss, LPWANs can
onl y sen d small blo cks of dat
use cas es tha t don 't req uir e a at a low rat e, and the ref ore
hig h ban dw idth and are not are bet ter sui ted for
• No t all LPWANs are cre ate tim e-s ens itiv e.
d equ al.
• Today, the re exist tec hno
log ies ope rati ng In bot h the
MYTHINGS, LoRa, Sigfox etc .) lice nse d (NB-loT, LTE-M) and
spe ctr um wit h var yin g deg ree unl ice nse d (e.g.
• For exa mp le, wh ile pow er s of per for ma nce in key net
con sum ptio n is a ma jor issu wo rk fac tor s.
Ser vic e and scalability are ma e for cel lula r-b ase d, lice nse
in con sid era tion s wh en ado d LPW ANs; Qu alit y-o f-
• Sta nda rdiz atio n is ano the pti ng unl ice nse d tec hno log ies
r imp ort ant fac tor to thin k of .
inte rop era bili ty in the lon g run if you wa nt to ens ure reliabi
. lity, sec uri ty, and

l. '.: - ~-~ .. -.. . ,· .- - -.· . ';. - _.,,: __ _ -_- ~ __ .,.. - ·-·_·..

:_ - ~ ... ... ~~- -..-._·_- _,~ ~ ._ -- ~·.
- - ~ - - .
17 -~ . .
. '

Cellular N et w o rk s
• Well-established in the consum
er mobile market, cellular netw
communication supporting variou orks offer reliable broadband
s voice calls and video streaming
• On the downside, they impose applications.
very high operational costs and
• Different types of cellular Networ power requirements.
• 1st
ks.
c;... .,.tto n (lGI
• 2nd C..nenillOft (2G)
• 3rd Gene ralio ft (3GI
• 4th Gffl eniti on (4G)
• 5th c;... .,.tio n (!.GI
• While cellular networks are
not viable for the majority of toT
operated sensor networks, they applications powered by battery
fit well in specific use cases suc -
management In transportation h as connected cars or fleet
and logistics.
• For exam ple, in-car infotilin
ment. tr;affic routing. ildvance
flee t teleffliltics illld trilcking d driver ilSSist3nce syst ems (AD
serv ices can ilU rely on the ubiq AS) ;ilongside
COM ectiv ity. uito us ilnd high biln dwi dth cell
ular
• Cellular next-gen SG with high-sp
eed mobility support and ultra-lo
the future of autonomous vehicle w latency is positioned to be
s and augmented reality.
• SG is also expected to enable real
-time video surveillance for pub
delivery of medical data sets for lic safety, real-time mobile
automation applications in the
connected health, and several tim
future.
e-sensitive Industrial

I
 Evolution-Advance.fl 4G LTE is a
Long Term d (LTE) also referred lo ill)
volutton-advance
• toncndterd~o: wireless mobile d data transfer rates for wireless
sta ar . rovides high spee
• network, and ,t p t for existing wireless
networks. erformance lmprovemen
'de 50 times P
• It will prov, h t operates in a
network~ ·n le frequency network (SF~)-t a
• LTE broadcast ls a s1 g d multimedia
broadcast mode. dards known as evolve
Of the series of stan
• It Is a part • (eMBMS). . rvice
broadcast multicast service f LTE for toT because of its se
O
• There are severaI key use cases - e•pecially from a sma rt city or
cost, scalability, an d performance
. "
.mte 11·,gent city perspective.
Some of the key use cases are summarized in Tab1e

Acknowledgements and References

.
The Text, Diagrams, Figures, Tables and other contents have been taken from

"From Machine-to-Machine to the Internet of Things - Introduction to a New Age of Intelligence " by

Jan Hc.. ller, Vlasios Tsiatsis , Catherine Mulligan, Stamatis Karnouskos, Stefan Avesand, David Boyle
 Wireless Protocols

- t ._: • ' :• . • • •• • •" •-. • ~ .. ' • ♦ •• ~ • I "' ... • •• - : •~ ~• • • ._ - ~ ':.•~••• ••I" • • ... : • • • •• r • . .., • • y .

• • • •
•• .,_ _.._
• ' • - • •
-• • • •
• - - •u • 0 ••-

Heterogeneous Mi)( ot Technologies

loT Kev Enabling Wireless Technologies
Blue tooth l E
ZigBee
Thread
Z-Wave 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac
NFC(EMV} ll02.11af (white space)
RFIO
• ll02.11ah & 802.11
• Wi-SUN
z,g~

• Cellular
• 2G/3G/4G
• LTE-MTC
• WiMAX
• Low Power WideAtea
(LPWAN)
SIGFOX
• LoRa
• lelenSa
• PTC
• Plus~

Sllo,t~
Short/Meoumranoe_
Medium range ,
Longtange •
Note N'lt , '°"""'e list of radio fonnats (> 60 radio lonnats 11e used for loTiM2M)
 • -N• • ~• - - • •• N N •- • -• - ... .... . ------ . ___.., - . . .

Wi Fi

loT - Data Link Layer Protocols - Wi-Fi

The IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) standards ...

oContinue to evolve depending on usage scenario.
olEEE 802 .lln was specifically designed to enhance
throughput - typically for streaming
multimedia.
ulEEE 802 .lla c is based upon developing higher
throughput in the 5 GHz. band.
olEEE 802 .lla h is working on an evolution of the
2007 standard that will allow a number
of networked devices to cooperate in the 1 GHz
{ISM) band to extend range and improve
energy efficiency.
1..._ The standard aims to facilitate the rapid development
of loT and M2M applications that could exploit
burst-like transmissions, such as in metering applicatio
ns.
 ev1ees like smartpt,ones,
WI-Fl
• • electronic d
WI-F, Is a low power wireless communication, that Is used by various
mmunlcation used
laptops, etc. er wireless co
• w· f" I I •
1- , s ow-cost wireless communication technology and a
form of low-pow
laptops systems , smartph ones, etc. portable deVice with
by many electronic devices such as • h ublinkin g
. ication •
• A W1-FI setup consists of a wireless router which serves a commun
nfiguratlon.
an internet connection.
facilitate s the connect ion of many devices depend ing on the router co
• This network
• In a Wi•Fi setup, a wireless routtt serves ,s tht communiutlon hub.
• These networks
nnect only in cloSe p,Ollimity to
• allow usen to conntct only within proximity to a routfr. co
are limited In range due to the low power transmiss ion, aftowlng the user to
a router or slcnal repeater.
lt will be accessed by others.
1
need to be prottcted with passwords for the purpose of security, otherw se,
. nd home envifonmeriu.
• Wi-Fi r:,se a
plays, critic ii role in providing high-thro ughput d1t1 transfer for b
_ oth_ente
t any need for cables.
• is very common in networking applications which affor~ portability wirel~~~
p,0111des P~~ab,lit y w,t r consumption make the
• is common in-home networking applications which
its major limitatio ns in coverag e, scalabili ty and powe
However, in the loT space,
. networks of battery-
technology much less prevalent.
requirem ents, Wi-Fi is often not a feasible solution f~r large
Imposing high energy
scenarios. d to a power outlet like
operated loT sensors, especially in industrial loT and smart buildin~
ently connect e
• Instead, it more pertains to connecting devices that can be conveni
applianc es, digital slgnages or security cameras .
smart home gadgets and

IEEE 802.11 Standards Evolution

~~:.~~4 1!~
;\ -~
I (UMH
~~~-. ~ -':~· .... TVWhite
i\ Wireless Access ~
1CiH1.
·:....: ~· ·'- ~- -,
Spaces

\ for Vehicul.ir low power,low

-t_.nvironment /
me, lone Bnce ,./
(WAV{l_~5RC) appriati ons _____ .. .·
..-
very Hich Throuchput, <6 GH1

· ' . very Hich Throuchput, 60 GHz

u::,t<C : IJe<licared Short-Range COOffUllc-atlon~

 21-09 -202:

802 .llah Ove rview

- IEEE Task Group 802.11ah is chartered to define an

OFDM PHY operating in the license-exempt bands
below 1 GHz, Target market s wireless
connec tivity for the Intern et of things
• License-exempt bands below 1 GHz
• Narrow er bandwidth: 1/2/4/8/16MHz
• PHY layer & modulation scheme: based on 11... AI'
802.11ac
• Transm ission range up to 1 km
• Data rates > 100 kbit/s
• Low power consumption required for battery
operated devices

L3

802 .llah Overview

- Target use cases

• Large scale low power sensor networks and smart meter
• Video surveillance. wearable consumer electronics
• Backh aul for aggregated sensor and meter data
• Outdo or Wi-Fi for cellular traffic offloading
 sub 1C:HzWPNfor loT

IEEE802.11ah

• Defines operation of license-

exempt (ISM) EEE802.11 wireless
networks in frequency bands
below 1 Qiz
• EEE802.11 'Nt..NJ user
experience for fixed, outdoor,
point to multi pointapplications

15

IR-T802.1 lah: scope

• Defines an OFDM Aff operating in the license-exempt bands below
1 GHz
• and enhancements to the HE 802.11 to support this A-i'( and to provide mec:ha1isms that
enable coexistence with other sy.;ta'ns in the bands (e.g. HE 802.15.4 P802. 15.4g)
• The A--fYis meant to optimize the rate vs. range performance of the
specific channelization in a given band
• transmission range up to 1km
• data rates>100 kbit/s

• The MAC is designed to support thousands of connected devices

 IEEE802.11ah: usecases
• Use0m1 : SelSCISaxt meters

-
• Smat Grid -meter to pole , - --- - ·--
,,
I
• Envirormental monitoring I

• Industrial process sensors .

.
• Healthcare
• Home/Building automation
• Smatcity '. i

• Use0m2: Bcd<hau sensa and meter data

• Bockhaul aggregation of sensor networks
• La-g point-to-point wireless links
-----·---
~:~:. ~--:?:'~
_ . , , ..... · ..;..i;..i,

17

IEEE802.11ah: use cases

• Use Case 3 : Extended range Wt-Fi

• Outdoor extended range hotspot
• Outdoor Wt-Fi for cellular traffic
offloading -c.a-h
-~l!Wllb
- YI\Nll.1 11/g,'1-'ac) IM

Q Cellacovet809
G.) YAM.11dl)tOY11aoe
 IEEE802.11ah: PHY
• Advantagesof transmitting in sub 1GHz:
• Spectrum characteristics
• p,d propagation and penetration
• l;qe a:Jller.W! area and one-hop reach
• liceme-eJempt. light lcensirc
• Reliability:
• la,m~frequencyband
• tigh sensitivity and link margin
• Nc111able orversity-{rrequency. time. space)
• Battery operation
• long battery life
• short data transmissions
• Channelization:
• Configurable bandwidth {channel bonding) of: 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16MHz

19

IEEE802.11ah: MAC

• Need to reduce overhead: low data rates +short frames (typical in

some use cases)
• Short~ headers and Beams
• Implicit ackroMedgement (nolO<needed)

• Need to support thousands of associated devices (increasescoverage

increases reachable )
• llwscrds o f ~ ooge collision probability!
• Restrictedhress WlrtdCIN ~W,. regular P./W
• Divide SIAsinto groups
• Split channel ar.ess into time slots
• Assignslotstogroups
• Different bockoff ru'tes apply during P./W(due to different contention conditions)
:•:¼-~-:~ • :::-:H -~ ,,_ • •• • ' - • •- • • ' - • ,_ ~• • • •• ' ' • • :_ \ ' 0 '
0
•,,.,;~--~ ,._ --- , , .,. ,__.. •· - •• • - - -'••- - • • 4- L. --~-• ,. __ ,.,._.. _ _. _ _ -•~ i •• _ 4 • • • '
 Wi-Fi: a New Contender of loT
Sare low-power protocols do not currently enjoyubiquitous acressto the
Internet
loT\M-Fi (home) Vtsion

.1. -

Wide deployments

!3

Wi-Max

• There are wireless broadband systems that offer fast Web surfing
w!thout being gettin~ co~nected through cable or DSL (An example of ___ . - . -----....,
wireless broadband 1s W1MAX). ~-._.,
• Although WiMAX can potentially deliver data rates of more than 30 ·-·
Megabits per second, yet the providers offer average Odata rates of 6 • .
Mbps and often deliver less, making the service significantly slower - ..... ~ 'J.'. ....I,
a!:.':..
than the hard-wired broadband. ~ ' -.::-;:::- 1
• The actual cost of the data available using WiMAX widely varies with ;~ ·" ~=--·
the distance from the transmitter. ·· • · ,-
• WiMAX is also one of the versions of 4G wireless available in phones as
Sprint's 4G technology

. ,. ·- ": . - . - - - -: . . .
. .
"'~---J-: . .:. __:,__. ;..,;._,:,_.......__~- ---- -· - --- -· -- . . . ·----~~--~~---- __ ___ ,. ._ -· . ... . ... -~ .:,__. .... -··-~ ... - .
 LP WANS
phenomenon In lo T.
• Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) are the new . batteries- that last for years, this family of
By providing long-range communication on small, inexpensive ks sprawltng over vast industriaJ and
. is purpose-built to support large-sea le loT netw0r
technologies
commercial campuses. f Wtating numerous applications from asset
I
• LPWANs can literally connect all types of loT sensors - ac t occupancy detection and consumables
__ _, f 'f'ty maflagement o
tracking, environmenfal monitoring cnN ac1 1
monitoring. t low rate and therefore are better suited for
• Nevertheless, LPWANs can only send small btocks of d::at::.sensitiv;.
use cases that don't require high bandwidth and are n
• Not all LPWANure created equal. . d (NB-fol. LTE-M) and unlicensed (e.g.
· . • · both the hcense '
Today, there exist technologies operating in f pe_jormance in key network factors.
. • h aryina degrees o rt'
MYTHINGS, LoRa; Sigfox etc.) spectr~m ~•t v . · :0 for cellular-based, licensed LPWANs; Quality-of.
For example, while power consumption is a maJor issue . licensed technologies.
Service and scalability are main considerations w_hen ~opt;!~~t to ensure reliability, security, and
Standardization is another important factor to think of if yo
interoperability in the long run.

26

Cellular Networks
• Weil-established in the comumer mobile markel, cellular networks offer rehab:e broadband
communication support-ing various voice calls and video streaming applications.
• On the downside, they impose very high operational costs and power requirements.
• Different types of cellular Networks.
hi Gener•lion IJGI
• 2nd Gene,,.uon (2G)
• 3rd Generation (3G)
• 4th Ge.w,.lion (4GI
• Sth Gener•lion (SG)
• While cellular networks are not viable for the majority of loT applications powered by battery-
operated sensor networks, they fit well in specific use cases such as connected cars or fleet
management In transportation and logistics.
• For example, in-c,r infotainment, tr,ffic routing, advanced driver iluistance systems (ADAS> n,ngside
fleet telematics ilnd tr~king services un all rely on the ubiquitous ind high bandwidth cellular

·I
connectivity.
• Cellular next-gen SG with high-speed mobility support and ultra-low latency is positioned to be
the future of autonomous vehicles and augmented reality_
• 5G is also expected to enable real-time video surveillance for public safety, real-time mobile
delivery of medical data sets for connected health, and several lime-sensitive industrial
automation applications in the future.
 LTE
Long Term Evolution-Advanced
• Long term evolution-advanced (LTE) also referred to as 4G LTE is a
standard for wireless mobile
• network, and it provides high speed data transfer rates for wireless
networks.
i • .,.._,_.... __,. ..~.....,_
• It will provide 50 times performance improvement for existing wireless
i-::=::::=-~-=---==- .
I .,...,..-, i
··---··- -. ·•· ···-----+..::.C::..-- -- - - - -~
networks. ~ ,--1' ~·..- ~
......,.....__....,._.............
i _._, __ .__,._~..., .... _
! __........,._.._.._..,...,.. ............. . .

• LTE broadcast is a single frequency network (SFN) that operates in a ' ~

i "" ..... -.... ........ ..._ .......·...

; ~.,....._..._.._ ........ ,_ . .
broadcast mode. ! ...... ....,._..,.._. __

• It is a part of the series of standards known as evolved multimedia _.,.... . .,.._

~---~_..,...,.. ... 1.._.... _ ...... _.....,..,......____,.,_.
• i _ ..__..-..._ . . ... . . ....._ - ~- -- I
broadcast multicast service (eMBMS).
• There are several key use cases of LTE for loT because of its service
cost, scalability, and performance especially from a smart city or
intelligent city perspective.
Some of the key use cases are summarized in Table

28

Wireless Protocols
 loT Wf retess Networks

fo T Network Arc:hitec:ture

...•

.. --:·:~~-'
loT WirelejS "'· f'
. -. !"........ ?,;.
1
Networks ; _· ·..c-:.. ,:~.,_.~:., .._. .,. . ,. .
-~ . , .,,..,.~ 't"'
w t-i, ., • ' ..;:·; ~i . .;,;-~,.
'\;':''
.
'
•
.1-~~ :.~ ,.
,(;,..j,_;;>. /
- ,;,.~ ... v·
;,_ .. : .

~- ... ....,.

32

loT Key Enabling Wireless Technologies

Heterogeneous Mix of Technologies
AluelOOlh LE
ZigBee
Thread
Z-Wave 802. 11
NFC(EMV)
802.118' (wtite space)
RFID
ANT• 802. 11ah & 802.11p
Enocean • Wi-SUN
WnlelllHART ZigBee-NAN
ISA100.1

Cell"ar
• 2G/3Gi4G
• LTE-MTC
WiMAX
• Low Power \MdeAlea
(LPWAN)
• SIGFOX
• LoRa
• Telensa
• PTC
• Plus-
 WPAN & WLAN Wireless Standards

Application
Layer

PHY
, .....
\8
. ro
I
I
1..--1

;~1'
'o
!c
'

' :J "
lw
I UJ
1 wi
' l.i,J .
!~

Blue Tooth

1. Bluetooth :
Bluetooth is a PAN (Personal Area Network) and is a short-range wireless communication network for
exchanging data between the connected devices.
1. It is very cheap in price and effective in performance for short-range distance.
2. It is a 2.4GHz network that works well for personal wireless network communication.
3. It provides a data transfer rate of 3 Mbps in a range of 50m to 150m.
4. Nowadays Bluetooth is almost present In all smartphones and it is highly used In wearable devices connected with the
mobile applications.

2. BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) :

Bluetooth Low Energy is also known as Bluetooth Smart which is a wireless PAN (Personal Area Network).
1. The range is similar to that of Sluetooth but it consumes low power than Bluetooth.
2. In 2011 BLE was introduced as Bluetooth 4.0.
3. BLE goes to sleep mode when there is no transmission of data.
4. It Is a low-cost networking protocol.
5. The smartphones operating systems like android, iOS etc uses this BLE technology and provide a Bluetooth network.
 Bluetooth ®Standard EvokJtion Omuetooth'
0Bluetooth" 30 4.0
111111G'
- I • -

-~-
V2.0+EOR

__
•ln-olfOR •Alle11111e MACIPHY

,,_
•lilMyp,- •IEDR Up I011lilb,-
•Unic.ol COlo.ocliailts
......
.()ifflc:1111 . . . . .
vu ·HS Up ID Wolb,-
V4.0
•f -
V2.1 •EDR •Adoption of
•Usd1H
,Up IO 12111bp&
_.........,...
•SSl'. BR

...... iullon
Bluelooth LE
·LIE up IOllOlllpo
•lnducrlf9 dasic, LIE'"" HS
Formally ftlOIJOCedon
5 Oecerrber

--
0 Bluetootb"

OBluetooth'
-
37

a Low Energy: 1%to ~of Bluetoothclassic

• For short broadcast: 'b..rbodytemperature, Heart rate, Wearables,
sensors, automotive, industrial
• Not for voice/video, file transfers, ...
Bluetooth • Small messages: lMbpsdata rate but throughput not critical
Smart • Battery life: In years from coin cells
• Simple: Sid topology. No scatter nets, mesh, ...
• Lower cost than Bluetooth dassic:
• New protocol~ based on Nokia's WiBree
technolc,ey
• 9B'esthe xme 24GHzradio asBluetooth
 BLE Roles

I
·-
f.llastf'T

~~-0
Clit>nr Sk,.,,:

'
Con rf'od/writt doto tc
Slow!/~ --- ·
~il:llie-.il

...
V __..

~ar, ~·e,-:c i:.,r: !;.raad.:ast dc:u

• Ob:serw,
/~
8roadc.astet
NOS IN."fkJn1y bn>Gdms, OC:i"?

(3

Topologv

Piconet v4.0

-----~~··.
©-\Nt~
.... .
·. .

·----'"~ Scatter net "4..1

. ... - -.
-: :· .<:, . :·.' .,-.·. ~--~<·,,_-: :.:~)~~., ~--:: ...-·: -~";•:-~~1~--:~~:t:!:.t?~~r::.:~--~--~ ---- ·., ___:~_:___ _;a,_:___·_~
 BfPower Status

45

Bluetooth SmartR-IV
.. 2.4 GHz.150 m open field
., Star topology
• 1 Mbps Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying
Better range than Bluetooth classic
• Adaptive Frequency hopping. 40 Olannels
with 2 MHzspacing
• 3 channels reserved for advertizing and 37 channels for data
• Advertising channels specially selected to avoid interference
with Wifichannels

7,:::; :-~ :·- ·-·. - , . , ,,,,,.. ·.~---· ,.; .:-.: .. •' ,'·•· . . ,·. -_ :,; " -- :· ~-- ·.··~ . - ..-
;.:...--- - ... . . . . . -. - . . - - '
 • Proximity: In car, In room, In the mall
• Locator: Keys, watches, Animals
Bluetooth • Health devices: Heart rate monitor, Physical
Smart activity monitors, Thermometer
Applications • Sensors: Temperature, Battery Status, 11re
pressure.
• Remote control: Open/dose locks, Turn on
lights

Use C - Physical Security

II
0111etoot11·
 Use Caies- Home Automation

so

Development Kits/Boards
 loT - Data Link Layer Protocols

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE / "Bluetooth Smart")

" It is a recent integration of Nokia's Wibree (2006) standard with the main Bluetooth standard
,, Bluetooth was originally developed and maintained as IEEE 802.15.1 and Bluetooth SIG.
0
It is designed for short-range {SO m) applications
' Supports High Data Rates to enable application functionality.
,, Deliberately designed as Low Cost and Energy efficient
0
Has been integrated into the majority of recent Smartphones.
0
Typical applications like Healthcare, Fitness, Security, etc.

Zigbee
 Zigbee
ZigBee
• Protocol was framed by the Zl10t!t= dllid11u!.
•
•
•
Is similar to Bluetooth technology with 2.4Ghz frequency.
Is a Low Power Personal communication network.
It Is cheaper and is widely used for several applications.
...
1
......
• It is used for specific commercial and industrial applications. ~ l¥-o-
• Its range varies from 10-lOOm. J
•
•
Has a decentralized network topology that Is very similar to that of Internet.
This protocol has the capabilityw h.ich allows nodes to find new routes if one route fails
l ,_
J
;
in the network.
• Mesh networking is one of the important advantages of Zigbee technology.
• Zigbee supports star or mesh network topology.
• Support for large number of network nodes (<=6SK nodes)
• This feature makes it a very robust wireless protocol.
ZigBee specification uses lower layers of IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack and defines its own
upper layers from network to application including application profiles as shown in Figure.

58

loT Key Enabling Technologies

ZigBee
Low power, low data rate, low cost, mesh network
Upper Layer Stack

- Conceived in 1998, first standardized in 2003 and revised

multiple times, latest in 2012 (ZigBee PRO) IEEE 802.15.4MAC

- Based on IEEE 802 .15.4 physical and MAC layers operating

IEEE 802.1 SA IEEE 802.15.4
in sub-GHz and 2.4GHz frequency bands 868/915.MHzPHY 2.4 GHz PHY
- Transmission distances range from 10 to 100 meters•
depending on power output and environmental Target Applications:
characteristics

Experience on Smart Home Applications

 ZigBee Markets

..• :••.
Demand Response
Net Metering
Security
AMl,SCADA
HVAC
AMR I
lighting Control
Access Control

Patient
Mouse
monitoring
Keyboard
Fitness
monitoring Joystick

Asset Mgt
Process Control M-commerce
Environmental Info Services
Energy Mgt Object Interaction
(Internet of Things)

51

• Inherently robust radio link

• Mesh networking
• Acknowledge oriented protocol
• Now proven in major deployments in Australia, Sweden, & USA

• Trade shows like CES-works when WiFi and Bluetooth fail

• Products which implement multiple radio technologies

• Many multi-radio products and multi-radio deployments

• City Center at 70,000 plus radios

• Montage Hotels at 4000 plus radios per property
 Zig8ee Platform Interoperability

• Ensures Network interoperabtHty

but doe5,not imply application Zig8ee
layer interoperability compliant
• There are multiple CompHant J>tatform !.

Platforms to choosefrom .
•.· ~~~;.;;;;:;~~
'-:~
~' ~._;-;,.~ -~ .. .,.;;. --

63

_figBee Product lnteroperabili!Y

• Products with the same

application profiles interoperate
endtoend
• ZigBee has published aset of Qrrpliart
PubHc Application Profiles Product
ensuring end product
interoperability
 BasicNetwork Olaracteristics

(. -· - ,. Ce
.. .
,.. -~ _:. . ...
.
...
. ...... . ...
' ra,
;-. · . . ... ·~.
·- .
·. .: • . •••• /.,A \
-. ,_ .

-
(e: ~-
Network coordinator
•
; . _:_,.-..._·-~··--;,~.
• Full Function node
; V -·Vu)l_t,(:· . , . . . .,. . ___ ... . .- . .
• Redoced Function node
. . . . Comrrunicatioos flow
· · · · Virtual links

65

ZigBee Device T~

• ZigBee Coordinator (ZC)

• - One required for each ZB network.
' .
.

• - Initiates net~or~. formation.

•
. .

ZigBee Router (ZR)

• - Participates in multihop routing of messages.

• ZigBee End Device (ZED)

• - Does not allow association or routing.
• - Enables very low cost solutions
 ?igBee Network Topologies

Mesh

Star

4t ZigBee Coordinator
@ffa ZigBeeRouter
Cluster Tree
Zi

73

ZlgBee Public Profiles

• Home Automation (HA)
• Smart Energy (SE)
• Commercial Building Automation (<:&\)
• ZigBee Health Care (Z}-Q
• Telecom Applications (li\)

• Zig8ee R<O:Remote Control

• .

• +Future profiles proposed by member companies. ..

 ZigBee Home Automation: for Home Control

•
TV/Display -
Set-top-box

11 Remote access

Closures

Ug

(I Security
Heating/cooling

ZigBee Home Area Network (HAN}

- ---- --:. · : .. -_- - ------ ·:-... -,......-. ~:-- -- ---- -----:-.----------:---~-----·.::--- --.-:-:.-.·:.·-~-- -•·-'•.·.:: -:- -:- ,-.---;-: -,_ .. , .• -:::i -_-. · ;

-=~- __ -_ _
-_- - --- - - -- -_- -:. . =· - -
- ·- ,, - - .. - • : ..... :i-_ --_- - .. - - -~ -.. - - -_ - '" .. -- ---~- - ... , · , .,.. · ·: ._: _- ' ·..._ -

' -~ - - ,·? ·_. - -·-_-· __ - :~'__;-:: ---~~~-~-~:--'""'~ . . -·. - -.. - ,. . - - ..

rs

loT for Home Automation

Technology Tradeoffs for Home Automation Application

! 0 Bluetooth· i
r
i
fr
sawrl
-·
i
.

t-.. :
::-).:

"'"
 Key Technologies
low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANL.
0 The original release covered the Physical and Medium Access Control layers.
nd 2 4
0 Specifies use in the ISM bands at frequencies around 433 MHz, 868/915 MHz, a · GHz.
nd
•' Supports Data Rates between 20 kbps up to 2S6 kbps, depending on selected ba
" Distances range • tens of meters to kilometres.
" Its radio transceivers consumes very little power. tens of milli-Watts in active modes.
" Aim is to make the life spans longer - 10 years or more.
• By minimising Power Consumption and enhancing long lasting battery life for continuous operation, or
energy harvesting.

82

Key Technologies

IEEE 802.15.4 standard refers to WPANs·.

It defines the PHY layer and the MAC layer, upon which a number of Low-energy
Communications specifications have been built.
'" ZigBee & its recent advancements like ZigBee IP and ZigBee RF4CE
, WirelessHART
ISA100.a

Recent developments, such as the PHY Amendment for Smart Utility Networks
(SUN}, IEEE 802.15.4g, extend the coverage of the networks up to tens of kilometres
with minimal infrastructure.
Typical usage is in the future Smart Grid.

I
I
802.15.4
 WPAN & WLAN Wireless Standards

Application
Lay13r

, ···
'<t ' . ';I~
,-ttl :~
, J
N: ' <-.J
PHY o l
' \ ., I
c
Cf)
,, ii
W , :u.1 ' j~ i
!-

--- --- - -------- ---~--·-----------·- - -------- --- - --------,

IEEE 802.15.4
Low Rate W ireless Personal Area Network (loW PAN)

- Important standard for home networking, industrial control and

building automation
.... . .
_ffMl•IAO

-- ~==-
- Deiris with low data rate, long battery life (months or even
years} and very low complexity Upper Layer &3ck
• Data rates of 250 kbps, 40 kbps, and 20kbps
IEEE 8u2.15.4 MAC
nl!A-
- Specifies PHY and MAC layers for
loWPAN networks
'IEEE.602.15 4 IEE:~ 802.15.4
• Ex. Zi&Bte, THREAD, WitelessHART, ISAlOO.lli 868131 SMHz. ::lii" 2.4 GHz. PHY
- Upper layers for WPAN are not developed
by IEEE 802.15 working group

•
• Standards°' working croups, such UZicBee Alliance. implement upper
layeo to enable multi-lll!ndor interoperable solutions

Low Power. Low Cost

 2:

IEEE 802.15.4
• Several benefits offered by this protocol such as low power consumption, low data
rate, and low-cost and high-message throughput - thus It Is suitable for use In loT
systems as a communication protocol.
• This protocol
• Was created In order to spedfy I sublayer for the medium access control (MAC) and physical
layer primarily for low-rate wireless private area networks.
• Also provides reliable communication and can handle a huce number of nodes
(approximately about 65K nodes).
• Is Ideal for secured communication IS It provides hi&h levels of security, encryption, and
authentication services.
• Forms the basis of Zl&Bee and other protocols that are used in toT communication.
• The only negative side of this protocol is that it does not provide any quality of service
(QoS) guarantees.
• IEEE 802:15.4 supports transmission at three frequency bands using a direct sequence
spread spectrum (DSSS) method:
• 250 kbps at 2.4 GHz
• 40 kbps at ·915 MHz
20 kbps at 868 MHz

IEEE 802.15.4- PHY & MAC Layers

The Physical (PHY) and MAC layer protocols which are combined by most standards.
1. IEEE 802.15.4 is the most used loT standard for MAC.

2. It defines
A frame format,
Headers including Source and Destination addresses,
How nodes can communicate with each other.

3. The frame formats used in traditional networks are not suitable for low power multi-hop networking in loT due
to their overhead.

4. In 2008, IEEE802.15.4e was created to extend IEEE802.15.4 and support low power communication.
It uses time synchronization and channel hopping to enable high reliability, low cost and meet loT communications
requirements.

- - A -~ • _, -- ~ 0 0 - • 0 • 0 - '

- ~.,.--:'""";"° ~-•,.•_, ,: •---: .--.-,• : • •· • •• - - -•, • • • -~:': \-1 .r-. 9 : - - , ' • - '"' ~ t_, f~_;;- ;-;~ •\ ,~•l--.l',, • i ' ,. ! • i
- - ' . - ~- .... . ~---. , ____ _ ... - -· -- J> ~--- . ,. -~ ... • . . ..... .
\
 802.15.4 - MAC Features-

Its specific MAC features can be summarized as follows:

A. Slot frame Structure:
• IEEE 802.1S.4e fmne structure is desi&ned for Scheduln1 and Tellln1 each node what to do.
• A node can sleep. send or receiYe information.
• In the sleep mode
• Node turns off its radio to s~ power and stores all messages that it needs to send it the next transmission opportunity.
• When transmlttin&
• It sends its data and waits for an acknowledgment.

• When rtteivin1
• The node turns on its radio before the scheduled receiving time,
• R « ~ the ~a.
• Sends an acknowledgement.
• Turn off its ra<f10,
• Derrvers the dau to the upper layers and goes back to sleep.

802&15£4 MAC Features

8. Scheduling:
1. The scheduling is done carefully.

2. It can be Centralized by a Manager Node which is responsible for

Building the schedule,
Informing others .tbout the i.,;hedule and other nodes wil! just follow the $Chedule .

C. Synchronization:
1. Synchronization is.necessary to maintain nodes' connectivity to their neighbors and to the gateways.

2. Two approaches can be used: acknowledgment-based or frame-based synchronization.

In acknowledgement-based mode, the nodes are already in communication and they send acknowledgment for
reliability guarantees, thus can be used to maintain connectivity as well.

In frame-based mode. nodes are not communicating and hence, they send an empty frame at pre-specified intervals
(about 30 second typically).

t ~-.;~:·~"' ~-:·'.·.·:?.~,._,-~~ ..·:·:~.::/-~-\:~.,:~ :'. ~--~ -•~ ~-,•·..;·.·_ .. :~ .'_'. a -~ ~: ~ ; - -~--·~-~-.-~- . ; - _: ~ ~:~ . .-'j ;.·/ ·~~:(;"-.·:· _ _. :,· .-,-~•. •
---- - .. -- -