THE

NATIVE RACES
OF

THE PACIFIC STATES

OF

NOETH AMERICA.

BY

HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT

VOLUME Y.

PRIMITIVE HISTORY.

NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.
1876.
 xK 6>

#?

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and
Beveuty-five by
;

HUBEKT H. BANCROFT,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
 PKEFACE TO VOLUME V.

This volume concludes the NATIVE HACES OP THE

PACIFIC STATES. During the year in which it has
been going through the press, I have received letters
of encouragement from the most eminent scholars of

Europe and America, and flattering commendations

from learned societies. None but an author can
know the value of such cheering words. This, my
first attempt, was made in a new field; the scope of
the work was very extensive; the system and ma
chinery by which alone it could be accomplished were
untried; and the subject was not one of great popular
interest. It was not, therefore, without misgivings
that I sent it forth.

That the work had been so planned as to embody

practically all information extant on what I had
come to regard as an important subject, and that the
plan had been faithfully executed, I thoroughly be
lieved. But that others would, to any great extent,
share my opinion; that the subject would interest
so many classes of readers; that mine would be so

quickly and cordially recognized by men of science

and letters throughout the world as a work worth
doing and well done; and that it would be at once
vi PREFACE TO VOLUME V.

accorded a place in literature, I had not dared to

hope. The leading journals of England, France,
Germany, and the United States, have deemed the
volumes as issued worthy of extended reviews; and
criticism for the most part has been liberal, and just-
save a tendency to what might seem, to a mind less
prejudiced than mine, extravagant praise. Minor
defects have been fairly pointed out; and in the few
instances where fault has been found, either with the

plan or its execution, one critic condemns what an

other approves, so that I am led to believe no serious
error of udgment has been committed.
j
I cannot here make proper acknowledgments to all
to whom
they are due; but let those who have
manifested their kind good-will, and those who have
not, so long as they feel it, accept my grateful
thanks.
SAN FRANCISCO, November, 1875.
 CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.

CHAPTER I.

ON THE ORIGIN OF THE AMERICANS.

PAGE.
Spirit of Inquiry in the Middle Ages Unity of Origin Flood Myths
Aboriginal Traditions of Origin Culture Heroes China-
Japan Hindustan Tartary The Egyptian Theory The Phoeni
cians Votan s Travels The Carthaginians The Hebrew Theory
The Mormon Story The Visits of the Scandinavians Celtic
Origin The Welsh Scotch Irish The Greeks and Romans
The Story of Atlantis The Autochthonic Theory 1

CHAPTEE II.

INTRODUCTORY TO ABORIGINAL HISTORY.

Origin and Earliest History of the Americans Unrecorded The Dark

Sea of Antiquity Boundary between Myth and History Primi
tive Annals of America compared with those of the Old World
Authorities and Historical Material Traditional Annals and their
Value Hieroglyphic Records of the Mayas and Nahuas Spanish
Writers The Conquerors The Missionaries The Historians-
Converted Native Chroniclers Secondary Authorities Ethnology
Arts, Institutions, and Beliefs Languages Material Monu
ments of Antiquity Use of Authorities and Method of treating
the Subject 133

CHAPTER III.

THE PRE-TOLTEC PERIOD OF ABORIGINAL HISTORY.

Subdivision of the SubjectTzendal Tradition of the Votanic Empire
Votan s Contents as reported by Nunez de la
Book and its

Vega, Cabrera, and Ordonez Testimony of Manners and Cus

toms, Religion, Languages, and Monuments of the Civilized
Nations respecting the Primitive Maya Peoples The Quiche
Record, or Popol Vuh Civilizing Efforts of Gucumatz and his
Followers Exploits of Hunahpu and Xbalanque
Conquest of
Xibalba Migration from Tulan Zuiva, the Seven Caves Meaning
of the Quiche Tradition Nahua Traditions The Toltecs in
viii CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Tamoanchan according Sahagun The Codex Chimalpopoca
to
Pre-Toltec Nations in Mexico Olmecs and Xicalancas The
Quinames Choi nla and Qnetzalcoatl The Totonacs Teotihuacan
Otomis, Miztecs, Zapotecs, and Huastecs The Toltecs in
Hnehne Tlapallan Migration to Anahuac The Chichimecs in
Amaquemecan Ancient Home of the Nahuatlacas and Aztecs
Primitive Annals of Yucatan Conclusions 156

CHAPTER IV.

THE TOLTEC PERIOD.

The Nahua Occupation of Mexico in the Sixth and Seventh Centuries
Condition of Anahuac The Mixcohuas and Chichimec Culhuas
The Toltecs at Tulancingo and Tollan Establishment of a
Monarchy and Choice of a King, 710-720 A. D. Kingdoms of
Culhuacan and Quauhtitlan The Teoamoxtli Prophecies and
Death of Hueman Birth of Quetzalcoatl Foundation of the
Empire, 856 A. D. Alliance between Culhuacan, Otompan, and
Tollan Reign of Topiltzin Ceacatl Quetzalcoatl at Tollan Ex
cesses of Huemac II., or Tecpancaltzin Xochitl, the King s

Mistress Fulfillment of the Prophet s Predictions Toveyo s

Adventures Plagues sent upon the Toltecs Famine and Pesti
lence Reign of Acxitl, or Topiltzin Debauchery of King,
Nobles, and Priests Tokens of Divine Wrath Foreign Inva
dersFinal Overthrow of the Toltec Empire 237

CHAPTER V.

THE. CHICHIMEC PERIOD.

The Chichimecs in Amaquemecan Migration to Anahuac under
Xolotl The Invaders at Chocoyan and Tollan Fovindation of
Xoloc and Tenayocan Emperor of the Chichimecs
-Xolotl II.,
Division of Territory The Toltecs
at Culhuacan Rule of Xiuh-
temoc and Nauhyotl III. Pochotl, Son of Acxitl Conquest of
Culhuacan Death of Nauhyotl Huetzin, King of Culhuacan
Migration and Reception of the Nahuatlaca Tribes The Acolhuas
at Coatlichan and the Tepanecs at Azcapuzalco Nonohuacatl,
King of Culhuacan Revolt of Yacanex Death of Xolotl II.
Nopaltzin, King of Tenayocan, and Emperor of the Chichimecs
Reigns of Achitometl and Icxochitlanex at Culhuacan Tenden
cies toward Toltec Culture 289

CHAPTER VI.
THE CHICHIMEC PERIOD. CONTINUED.
Migration of the Aztecs Nations of Andhuac at Beginning of the
Thirteenth Century The Aztecs submit to the
Tepanecs Reign
 CONTENTS. ix

PAGE.
of the Emperor Tlotzin Quinantzin, King of Tezcuco and Chi-
chimec Emperor Transfer of the Capital Tenancacaltzin usurps
the Imperial Throne at Tenayocan The Usurper defeated by
Tepanecs and Mexicans Acolnahuacatl proclaimed Emperor
Quinantzin s Victories Battle at Poyauhtlan Quinantzin again
Emperor Toltec Institutions at Tezcuco Events at Culhuacan
Mexicans driven from Chapultepec Alliance between Mexicans
and Culhuas Religious Strife Foundation of Mexico Reign of
the Emperor Techotl Political Changes Ruin of the Culhua
Power Tezozomoc, King of Azcapuzalco Separation of Mexicans
and Tlatelulcas Acamapichtli II., King of Mexico Quaquauh-
pitzahuac, King of Tlatelulco 321

CHAPTEE VII.
THE CHICHIMEC PERIOD CONCLUDED.
Aztec History Reigns of Acamapichtli II. and Quaquauhpitzahuac
Rebuilding of Culhuacan Huitzilihuitl II., King of Mexico
Tlacateotzin, King of Tlatelulco Chimalpopoca Succeeds in Mex
ico Funeral of Techotl Ixtlilxochitl, Emperor of the Chiclii-
mecs Symptoms of Discontent Plans of Tezozomoc, the Te-
panec King Secret Council of Rebels Religious Toleration in
Tezcuco Conquest of Xaltocan and Cuitlahuac Birth of Nezahu-
alcoyotl War between Tezcuco and Azcapuzalco Victories of
Ixtlilxochitl Siege and Fall of Azcapuzalco Treachery of Tezo
zomoc Fall of Tezcuco Flight and Death of Ixtlilxochitl Te
zozomoc proclaimed Emperor Re-organization of the Empire Ad
ventures of Nezahualcoytl Death of Tezozomoc Maxtla usurps
the Imperial Throne Murder of the Mexican Kings Nezahual-
coyotl s Victory Itzcoatl, King of Mexico Acolhua and Aztec
Alliance Fall of Azcapuzalco The Tri-partite Alliance, or the
New Empire 350

CHAPTEE VIII.
THE AZTEC PERIOD.
Outline of Revolt of Coyuhuacan Nezahualcoyotl on
the Period
the Throne of Tezcuco Conquest of Quauhtitlan, Tultitlan, Xo-
chimilco, and Cuitlahuac Conquest of Quauhtitlan Destruction
of the Records Death of Itzcoatl and Accession of Montezuma I.
New Temples at Mexico Defeat of the Chalcas Troubles with
Tlatelulco Conquest of Cohuixco and Mazatlan Flood and Six
Years Famine Conquest of Miztecapan The Aztecs conquer
the Province of Cuetlachtlaii and reach the Gulf Coast Final
Defeat of the Chalcas Campaign in Cuextlan Birth of Neza-
hualpilli Improvements in Tenochtitlan Embassy to Chicomoz-
x CONTENTS.
PAGE.
toe Death of Montczuma I. Axayacatl Raid
and Accession of

in Tehuantepec Chimalpopoca succeeds Totoquihuatzin on the

Throne of Tlacopan Nezahualpilli succeeds Nezahualcoyotl at
Tezcuco Revolt of Tlatelulco Conquest of Matlaltzinco Defeat
by the Tarascos Death of Axayacatl 400
*

CHAPTER IX.
THE AZTEC PERIOD CONCLUDED.

Reign of Tizoc Nezahualpilli defeats the Huexotzincas Ahuitzotl,

King of Mexico Campaigns for Captives Dedication of Huitzi-
lopochtli s Temple Seventy Thousand Victims Totoquihuatzin
II., King of Tlacopan Mexican Conquests Conquest of Totona-
capan Aztec Reverses Successful Revolt of Tehuantepec and
Zapotecapan Conquest of Zacatollan Anecdotes of Nezahualpilli
New Aqueduct, and Inundation tff Mexico Montezuma II. on the
Throne Condition of the Empire Montezuma s Policy Unsuc
cessful Invasion of Tlascala Famine Conquest of Miztecapan
Tying-up of the Cycle in 1507 Omens of coming Disaster The
Spaniards on the Coast of Central America Trouble between
Mexico and Tezcuco Retirement and Death of Nezahualpilli
Cacama, King of Acolhuacan Revolt of Ixtlilxochitl Final Cam
paigns of the Aztecs The Spaniards on the Gulf Coast Arrival
of Hernaii Cortes 430

CHAPTER X.
HISTORY OF THE EASTERN PLATEAU, MICHOACAN, AND OAJACA.

Early History of the Eastern Plateau The Chichimec-Toltecs Arrival

of the Teo-Chichirnecs in Anahuac They Conquer and Settle the
Eastern Plateau Civil Wars Miscellaneous Events Wars be
tween Tlascala and the Nations of Anahuac Early History of
Michoacan Wars between Wanacaces and Tarascos Founding
-

of Tzintzuntzan Metamorphosis of the Tarasco Princes Encroach

ments of the Wanacaces The King of the Isles Murder of Pa-
wacurne and Wapeani Reigns of Curatame, Tariacuri, Tangaxoaii
I., Ziziz Pandacuare, Zwanga, and Tangaxoaii II. Origin of the
Miztecs and Zapotecs Wixipecocha Rulers of Oajaca The
lluaves and Mijes Later Kings and History of Oajaca Wars
with Mexico 483

CHAPTER XI.
THE QUICHE-CAKCHIQUEL EMPIRE IN GUATEMALA.
No Chronology in the South Outline View Authorities Xba-
lanque at Utatlan The Migration from Tulan Balam-Quitze"
 CONTENTS. xi

PAGE.
and Companions Sacrifices to Tohil The Quiche s on Mount
his
Hacavitz The Tamub and Ilocab First Victories Qocavib
Founds the Monarchy at Izmachi The Toltec Theory Imag
inary Empire of the East Different Versions of Primitive Hist
ory The Cakchiquel Migration Juarros and Fuentes Lists of
Kings Cakchiquels under Hacavitz Reigns of Balam-Conache,
Cotuha, and Iztayul, at Izmachi War against the Ilocab The
Stolen Tribute Gucumatz, Quiche Emperor at Utatlan Changes
in the Government Reigns of Cotuha II., Tepepul, and Iztayul
II. Cakchiquel History Conquests of Quieab I. Revolt of the
Achihab Dismemberment of the Empire Cakchiquel Conquests
Reigns of the last Guatemalan Kings Appearance of the Span
iards under Alvarado in 1524 540

CHAPTER XII.
MISCELLANEOUS TRIBES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.

Scarcity of Historical Data The Tribes of Chiapas The Founders

and Heroes of theChiapanec Nation Wars with the Aztecs The
People of the Southern Coast They are vanquished by the 01-
mecs -Their Exodus and Journey They settle and separate
Juarros Account of the Origin and later History of the Pipiles
Pipile Traditions The Founding of Mictlan Queen Comiza-
hual Acxitl s Empire of the East The Cholutecs Various
Tribes of Nicaragua Settlements of the Isthmus 603

CHAPTER XIII.
HISTORY OF THE MAYAS IN YUCATAN.

Aboriginal Names of Yucatan The Primitive Inhabitants from the

East and West Zamna the Pontiff-King The Itzas at Chichen
Rules of Cukulcan at Chichen and Mayapan His Disappearance
on the Gulf Coast The Coconie Rule at Mayapan Appearance
of the Tutul Xius Translation of the Maya Record by Perez and
Brasseur Migration from Tulan Conquest of Bacalar and Chi
chen Itza Annals Tutul Xius at Uxmal Overthrow of the
Cocome Dynasty The Confederacy, or Empire, of Tutul Xius,
Itzas, and Cheles Fable of the Dwarf Overthrow of the Tutul
Xius Final Period of Civil Wars.. 614 .