SONIYA GANDHI

POLYTECHNIC

SHRIGONDA-413701

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled

Project Report on flow measuring instruments

Submitted by

Name of Student Enrollment No

Madane. S. P 2111640172

Gore.D. S 2111640180

Madane.K. P 2111640248

Is the Bonafede work completed in the academic year 2021-22 under my

supervision and guidance in partial fulfillment for award of "Diploma In
mechanical Engineering "by Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education.

Place: Shrigonda

KHAN. S.M. KHAN. S.M. NAGAWADE.A.B.

[Project Guide]. [H.O.D]
[PRINCIPAL].
 A
MICRO PROJECT
REPORT ON
“Project report on Flow measuring instruments”
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREDMENT OF THE AWARD OF THE
DIPLOMA IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

Name of Student Enrollment No

Madane. S. P 2111640172

Gore.D. S 2111640180

Madane.K. P 2111640248

UNDER THE
GUIDANCE OF
Prof. KHAN.S.M
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(2021-2022)
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the Micro-Project Report entitled “Project Report on Flow
measuring instruments” was carried out and written by us under the guidance of
Prof. KHAN.S.M. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soniya Gandhi
Polytechnic, Shrigonda. This work has not previously formed the basis for the award
of any Diploma, Degree, or Certificate.

Date: -

Place: -

Name of Student Enrollment No Sign

Madane. S. P 2111640172

Gore.D. S 2111640180

Madane.K. P 2111640248

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere gratitude to Prof. KHAN.S.M. of the Mechanical

Engineering Department for allowing us to accomplish a Micro-Project Report on
“Project Report on Flow measuring instruments”. This seminar would not have
been completed without his active support and guidance.

We are also thankful to respected HOD Prof. Khan.S.M as our guide as well as
project coordinator for consistent support, guidance & averted help in this seminar.
We are highly indebted for his help.

We are also thankful to all faculty members of the Mechanical Engineering

Department for their valuable suggestions and those who help us directly or indirectly
to complete our Micro-Project Work.

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 INDEX
Sr. No. Chapter Name Page No.

01 Introduction

02 Types of
Flowmeters/
Flowmeter types

03  Operating
Principle of Each
type of
Flowmeters
04 Design Features
of each
flowmeter.
05 Advantages and
Disadvantages of
each type of
Flowmeters
06 Selection and
Application of
those Flowmeters

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 Introduction

A flow meter is a device that measures the flow rate of a fluid.

Flow meters are flow measuring instruments used to measure
the linear, nonlinear, mass, or volumetric flow rate of a gas or a
liquid. Flow meters are also known as Flow Gauges or flow
measurement instruments. Accurate flow measurements of
gases and liquids are required for the better control and quality
of industrial processes. 

Types of Flowmeters | Flowmeter

Types

Broadly two types of flow meters are widely used in industries:

 Volumetric Flowmeters and

 Mass Flowmeters

Volumetric Flowmeters
Volumetric flow meters got their name because these flow
meters measure the fluid volume passing through a specific
location in a set period of time. Volumetric flow meters provide
an instantaneous analog, digital, or pulse output of the
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volumetric flow rate of the liquid or gas. Various types of
Volumetric Flowmeters are available as listed below

 Differential Head type

 Orifice plates

 Venturi meters

 Annubar

 Differential Area type (Rotameters)

 Electromagnetic flowmeters

 Ultrasonic flowmeters

 Turbine flowmeters

 Vortex flowmeters

 Positive Displacement Meters

Mass Flowmeters

Mass flow meters measure the fluid mass flow rate that travels
through a tube per unit of time. There are two types of mass
flowmeters as mentioned below

 Coriolis Mass flowmeter and

 Thermal Mass flowmeters

Differential Head Type Flowmeters

 The difference in pressure exists between the upstream
& downstream sides of a restriction in a confined fluid
stream, which is related to the square of fluid velocity.
 Q α √ ▲P
Where Q = Volume flow rate and ▲P = Differential pressure between taps
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 Fig. 1: Differential head type flowmeters

Types of Orifice plates (Fig. 1)

 Concentric orifice plate: Most commonly used

 Segmental & Eccentric orifice plate: Used for fluids containing

suspended solids.

Tappings for the Orifice plates:

 Corner taps (< 1 inch)

 D and D/2 taps ( 2 to 16 inches)

 Flange taps (> 16 inches)

Features of Orifice Plates

 Design Pressure: No limitation. Limited by DP transmitter

 Design Temperature: No limitation. Limited by DP transmitter

 Sizes: Maximum size is the pipe size

 Flow range: limited only by pipe size.

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  Fluids/ Applications: Cryogenic / clean gases & liquids/ Steam
(saturated/superheated)

 MOC: No limitation (Steel/ Monel/nickel/ haste alloy)

 Accuracy: It varies from ±0.25% to ±0. 5% of actual flow.

The accuracy of the DP transmitter varies from ±0.1% to ±0.
3% of full-scale error.

 Rangeability is 3:1 to 5:1.

 Upstream length/ Downstream straight length is 20 / 5

Advantages of Orifice Plates

 Easily installed between flanges.

 Fabrication is simple and inexpensive.

 No limitations on the materials of construction, line size, and

flow rate

 Cost is relatively independent of pipe diameter since the cost

of DPT is fixed.

 No process interruption for the exchange of DP transmitter.

Disadvantages of Orifice Plates

 High permanent pressure loss & hence high energy
consumption to overcome pressure loss.

 Impractical for systems with low static pressure.

 Measuring ranges from about 3:1 to 5:1.

 Accuracies decrease with Beta ratios above approximately 0.7.

 Subject to damage by water hammer and foreign objects.

Venturi Meters
A venturi tube (Fig. 2) measures flow rates by constricting fluids
and measuring a differential pressure drop. In the upstream
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cone of the Venturi meter, velocity is increased, and the
pressure is decreased. Pressure drop in the upstream cone is
utilized to measure the rate of flow through the instrument.

Fig. 2: Figure showing Venturi meter and Annubar Flowmeter

Features of Venturimeters
 Design Pressure: No limitation. Limited by DP
transmitter/ pipe pressure ratings.

 Design Temperature: No limitation. Limited by DP

transmitter/ pipe pressure ratings

 Sizes: 25 mm to 3000 mm

 Fluids/ Applications: Clean Liquids/ clean gases

 Flow range: limited only by pipe size and beta ratio.

x
  MOC: No limitation (cast iron/ carbon steel/
SS/Monel, Titanium, Teflon, Hastelloy, Naval
Bronze/haste alloy)

 Accuracy: It varies from ±0.25% to ±0. 75% of

actual flow. The accuracy of the DP transmitter
varies from ±0.1% to ±0. 3% of full-scale error.

 Rangeability is 3:1 to 5:1.

 Upstream length/ Downstream straight length is 20 /

5

Advantages of Venturimeters
 Lower head losses than orifice plates reducing the
capital expenditure on pumping eqpt. / save pump
energy costs

 No process interruption for the exchange of DP

transmitter.

 Can be used for temperature extremes

 Cryogenics or High Temperatures

Disadvantages of Venturimeters
 Highly expensive

 Larger and heavier to handle.

Annubar Flowmeter
The Annubar flowmeter is a device to measure the fluid flow
(liquid, vapor, or gas) in a pipeline. The flow is measured by
creating a differential pressure. As per Bernoulli’s theorem, this
differential pressure is proportional to the square of the fluid
velocity in the pipeline. The annubar flowmeter measures this
xi
differential pressure which is then converted to flow rate using
a secondary device.

Features of Annubar Flowmeters

 Design Pressure: Upto 97 bars (38 Deg.C) / 55 bars
(370 Deg.C)

 Design Temperature: Upto 400 deg.C

 Sizes: 50 mm to 3000 mm

 Fluids : Clean Liquids, gases and steam

 MOC: Brass / steel/ stainless steel/ Hastelloy

 Accuracy: It varies from ±1% to ±2% of actual flow.

The accuracy of the DP transmitter varies from
±0.1% to ±0. 3% of full-scale error.

 Rangeability is 3:1 to 5:1.

 Upstream length/ Downstream straight length is 20 /

5

Advantages of Annubar flowmeters

 The integral manifold head allows direct mounting of
DP transmitters

 Hot tapping: Insertion/ installation without system

shutdown

 Very low-pressure drop

Disadvantages of Annubar flow meters.

 Not suitable for viscous and slurry applications

 Can be used only for clean fluids.

xii
 Magnetic Flowmeters
 Operate on Faraday’s Law of magnetic induction.

 When a conductive fluid moves in a magnetic field, a

voltage is generated between two electrodes at right
angles to the fluid velocity and field orientation.

 The flow tube has a fixed area & field intensity so

the developed voltage is linearly proportional to the
volumetric flow rate

Fig: Figure showing Magnetic Flowmeters

xiii
Design features of Magnetic Flowmeters
 Design Pressure: 20 BARS to 172 BARS

 Design Temperature: Upto 120 deg.C with teflon

liners / 180 Deg.C with ceramic liners

 Sizes: 2.5 mm to 3000 mm

 Fluids : Liquids (clean/ corrosive/dirty/viscous/ slurry)

 Velocity range: 0.1 to 10 m/s

 MOC: Liners: ceramic/ teflon/rubber : Electrodes:

Platinum/ hastelloy/SS

 Accuracy: It varies from ±0.5% to ±1% of actual

flow.

 Rangeability is 10:1

 Upstream length/ Downstream straight length is 10 /

5

Advantages of magnetic Flowmeters

 Flow rate unaffected by fluid density, consistency,
viscosity, turbulence, or piping configuration.

 Highly accurate due to the absence of moving parts/

external sensing lines

 Corrosion-resistant using Teflon liner and platinum

electrodes

 Wide flow measuring ranges & no pressure drop

Disadvantages of Magnetic Flowmeters

 Costly, relative to other flowmeter types.
xiv
 The temperature of the fluids being metered is
limited by the liner material rating.

 Cannot be used for gas flow measurements

xv