DECLARATION

We Ahmer Irfan, M.Hassan Syed, Mautasim Butt declare that the Submitted Open Ended Lab
(OEL) is our original work and no part of it has been published anywhere (reference may be
taken from published reports) else in the past. Moreover, we have distributed the work evenly.
Writing of report (introduction, reference) is given to M.Hassan Syed, list of table, list of
figures, literature review is given to Ahmer Irfan, methodology, discussion and conclusion is
given to Mautasim Butt.
This report is submitted to Miss Muzna our lab engineer of Mechanics of Solids - I FAST
NUCES, LAHORE (CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT).

SIGNATURE OF GROUP MEMBERS SIGNATURE OF LAB ENGINEER

 INDEX

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES

 INTRODUCTION 3
 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
 METHODOLOGY 5
 LIST OF TABLES 6-9
 LIST OF FIGURES 10-11
 DISCUSSION/RESULTS 12
 CONCLUSION 13
 REFERENCE 13
 INTRODUCTION

To construct a 4-story building won by Alpha Construction located at Gulberg Lahore. For this,
we have to find a steel having strength of 50 ksi or more from given samples (from renowned steel
company and from local shop) provided by contractors.
Contractors gave 4 samples of steel. 2 was of 24mm in diameter (renowned steel company) and 2
was from local shop of 12mm in diameter.
New steel was from Iteffaq steel company and 2 rusted steel was from ongoing construction site
at PUNJAB UNIVERSITY
To perform test on given steels the most suitable and preferable method is UTM (Universal Testing
Machine) as it give us the strength of steel by tension test. Moreover, it is easy to use and through
this we can get steel behavior graph.
Team members assigned work between them evenly. First, test have been done on steel. After that,
calculations from test is taken into consideration for measuring whether the steel is of 50 ksi or
more by stress, strain graph from excel.
The steel was examined under
 Economical point of view.
 Strength point of view.
 Safety point of view.
 Engineering ethical point of view whether is it suitable for construction or not because
of public welfare.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

The above mentioned test is suitable because we need to find the strength of steel by doing tension
test using UTM.
The following reasons are being considered for using UTM.
‘A modulus of the elasticity of any substance is a column of the same substance capable of
producing a pressure on its base which is the weight causing a certain degree of compression
as the length of the substance is to the diminution of its length.’ Thomas Young [1773-1829].
Tensile testing, is a fundamental materials science test in which a test piece of a material is
subjected to a controlled tension until failure. The results from the test is commonly used to select
a material for an application depending on the requirements and to predict how a material will
perform or behave under other types of force. The properties that are directly measured via a tensile
test are ultimate tensile strength, maximum elongation and reduction. The following properties can
also be determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening
characteristics. Uni-axial tensile testing is the most commonly used for obtaining the mechanical
characteristics of isotropic materials. For an-isotropic materials, such as composite materials and
textiles, bi-axial tensile testing is required. So to carry out such type of testing Universal Testing
Machines (UTM) are used to carry out tensile test, compression & bending test. The testing
machine is designed to determine the stress strain curves of polymer materials such as polymers
and particularly metallic films deposited onto polymeric substrates. Different methods have been
proposed to investigate the mechanical properties of these thin materials.
He first American tensile testing standard was issued in 1924 (ASTM E8-24T), and ASTM
subsequently issued it as a high temperature tensile testing standard in 1931, whereas the first
equivalent high temperature British Standard was not produced until 1963. Tensile testing
standards across Europe were harmonized with the publication of EN 10002 Part 1, which
superseded the individual national standards, whereas ASTM continues to issue and revise ASTM-
E8. The equivalent International Standard covering room temperature
tensile testing is
ISO 6892. The standards associated with mechanical testing of metals
have been reviewed by Roche & Loveday (1992) and more recently
by McCarthy
(2003
That is the reason of using UTM for steel test.

Figure 1: UTM (universal Testing machine)

 METHODOLOGY
 First of all, measure total length of steel specimen.
 Take center of steel for measuring gauge length.
 Then take gauge length of steel sample of 8 inches on both side of center of steel.
 Measure diameter of specimen and from this measure area.
 Turn on UTM.
 Set rod sample and stroke method for tension test.
 Fixed maximum load to 950 KN.
 Set speed to 6 mm/min for rusted steel and 12 mm/min for new steel.
 Place the rod in the middle of jaws.
 Start the test.
 Note down all values on 20 seconds interval.
 After some time the sample feel failure.
 Machine will give steel behavior graph.
 After this, copy readings to excel for calculations of stress and steel to get appropriate
strength.
 In this way, we can find tension of sample using UTM.

FIGURE 2: Performing Test

 LIST OF TABLES

NEW STEEL SAMPLE NO. 1

DIAMETER = 24 mm GAUGE LENGTH = 8 inch

AREA = 452.38 mm2 GAUGE LENGTH = 203.2 mm

SR NO LOAD EXTENSION STRAIN %STRAIN STRESS

KN N mm mm N/mm2
1 0 0 0 0.000 0.00 0.0
2 74.96 74960 3.92 0.019 1.93 165.7
3 204.5 204500 8.13 0.040 4.00 452.1
4 207.3 207300 12.03 0.059 5.92 458.2
5 240.6 240600 16.14 0.079 7.94 531.9
6 261.5 261500 20.1 0.099 9.89 578.1
7 277.4 277400 24 0.118 11.81 613.2
8 288 288000 28.13 0.138 13.84 636.6
9 295.9 295900 32.08 0.158 15.79 654.1
10 301 301000 35.92 0.177 17.68 665.4
11 305 305000 39.87 0.196 19.62 674.2
12 307.6 307600 44.09 0.217 21.70 680.0
13 309.1 309100 48.08 0.237 23.66 683.3
14 309.6 309600 52.06 0.256 25.62 684.4
15 309.7 309700 55.49 0.273 27.31 684.6
16 308.9 308900 59.88 0.295 29.47 682.8
17 305.7 305700 63.86 0.314 31.43 675.8
18 -0.075 -75 66.98 0.330 32.96 -0.2
 NEW STEEL SAMPLE NO. 2

DIAMETER 24.8 mm
GAUGE
AREA 483.05 mm2 LENGTH = 8 inch
GAUGE
LENGTH = 203.2 mm

SR NO LOAD EXTENSION STRAIN %STRAIN STRESS

KN N mm mm N/mm2
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 58.3 58300 4.05 0.02 2.0 120.7
3 184.9 184900 8.07 0.04 4.0 382.8
4 255.1 255100 12.08 0.06 5.9 528.1
5 254.9 254900 15.87 0.08 7.8 527.7
6 281.7 281700 20.04 0.10 9.9 583.2
7 293 293000 24.04 0.12 11.8 606.6
8 309.9 309900 28.02 0.14 13.8 641.5
9 317.8 317800 31.82 0.16 15.7 657.9
10 323.6 323600 38.02 0.19 18.7 669.9
11 329.4 329400 44.02 0.22 21.7 681.9
12 330.6 330600 48 0.24 23.6 684.4
13 330.7 330700 52.03 0.26 25.6 684.6
14 329.8 329800 56.01 0.28 27.6 682.7
15 325.1 325100 60.03 0.30 29.5 673.0
16 0.02 20 65.45 0.32 32.2 0.0
 RUSTED SAMPLE NO. 1

DIAMETER GAUGE
= 15.12 mm LENGTH = 8 inch
GAUGE
AREA = 179.55 mm2 LENGTH = 203.2 mm

SR NO LOAD EXTENSION STRAIN %STRAIN STRESS

KN N mm mm N/mm2
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 32.82 32820 2.12 0.010 1.0 182.8
3 81.24 81240 4.1 0.020 2.0 452.5
4 111.38 111380 6.08 0.030 3.0 620.3
5 112.46 112460 8.11 0.040 4.0 626.3
6 112.86 112860 10.11 0.050 5.0 628.6
7 119.12 119120 12.15 0.060 6.0 663.4
8 122.9 122900 13.92 0.069 6.9 684.5
9 126.84 126840 16.2 0.080 8.0 706.4
10 129.4 129400 18.2 0.090 9.0 720.7
11 131.4 131400 20.14 0.099 9.9 731.8
12 132.98 132980 22.19 0.109 10.9 740.6
13 134.1 134100 24.2 0.119 11.9 746.9
14 134.84 134840 26.08 0.128 12.8 751.0
15 135.4 135400 28.17 0.139 13.9 754.1
16 135.7 135700 30.18 0.149 14.9 755.8
17 135.56 135560 32.07 0.158 15.8 755.0
18 133.28 133280 34.03 0.167 16.7 742.3
19 0.285 285 0.09 0.000 0.0 1.6
 RUSTED SAMPLE NO. 2

GAUGE
DIAMETER= 15 mm LENGTH= 8 inch
GAUGE
AREA= 176.71 mm2 LENGTH= 203.2 mm

SR NO LOAD EXTENSION STRAIN %STRAIN STRESS

KN N mm mm N/mm2
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 37.26 37260 2.12 0.01 1.04 210.9
3 94.86 94860 4.27 0.02 2.10 536.8
4 106.9 106900 6.18 0.03 3.04 604.9
5 108.4 108400 8.25 0.04 4.06 613.4
6 112.32 112320 10.24 0.05 5.04 635.6
7 117.12 117120 12.12 0.06 5.96 662.8
8 122.04 122040 14.51 0.07 7.14 690.6
9 124.82 124820 16.16 0.08 7.95 706.4
10 129.78 129780 20.36 0.10 10.02 734.4
11 131.28 131280 22.45 0.11 11.05 742.9
12 132.42 132420 24.41 0.12 12.01 749.4
13 133.32 133320 26.66 0.13 13.12 754.5
14 133.84 133840 28.44 0.14 14.00 757.4
15 134.1 134100 30.38 0.15 14.95 758.9
16 133.16 133160 32.52 0.16 16.00 753.6
17 104.16 104160 34.63 0.17 17.04 589.4
18 0.01 10 35.17 0.17 17.31 0.1
 LIST OF FIGURES

NEW STEEL SAMPLE NO.1

STRESS STRAIN GRAPH OF NEW SAMPLE

NO. 1
800.0
700.0
STRESS (Y-AXIS)(N/mm2)

600.0
500.0
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350
STRAIN (X-AXIS)(mm)

NEW STEEL SAMPLE NO.2

STRESS STRAIN GRAPH OF NEW

SAMPLE NO. 2

800
STRESS(Y-AXIS)(N/mm2)

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
STRAIN(X-AXIS)(mm)
 RUSTED SAMPLE NO.1

STRESS STRAIN GRAPH OF RUSTED

SAMPLE NO. 1
800

700
STRESS(Y-AXIS)(N/mm2)

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
STRAIN(X-AXIS)(mm)

RUSTED SAMPLE NO.2

STRESS STRAIN GRAPH OF RUSTED

SAMPLE NO. 2

800
STRESS(Y-AXIS)(N/mm2)

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
STRAIN(X-AXIS)(mm)
 DISCUSSION

As we have discussed above in introduction section that we will examine steel on basis of strength,
economical, safety and welfare of public.
Above 4 steel sample only one was near to 60 ksi which is suitable for using it in construction.

1 N/mm2
= 0.145

Constant
Samples load(N) Area(N/mm2) Strength(ksi)
N.S 1 207000 452.38 66.34908705
N.S 2 250500 483.05 75.19407929
R.S 1 110100 179.55 88.91395155
R.S 2 108000 176.71 88.61977251

Above mentioned test is Halting Method in which constant stress noted down during tension test
is multiplied with 0.145 to get results in ksi which will give us strength of each specimen. We can
also use offset method but speed is too high so it is difficult for us to measure through this because
0.2% offset is far away from elastic portion.
As we have two different diameters, so it takes long time if we keep the speed at 1mm/min. For
that, we increased the speed to 6 and then 12 for larger diameter.
Moreover, steel is stronger in tension so we preferred to use tension test using UTM.
Main thing to remember is safety precautions. Wearing gloves in changing samples and assembly.
From this we can easily find the suitable steel.

RESULT
From above results we can say that one with higher strength will be more suitable for construction.
But the point arises that the steel with lager diameter shows high strength. But in test done, the one
with smaller diameter shows high strength.
But it might be possible that the larger diameter have low quality materials used in its formation.
According to test performed, the one with smaller diameter is despite it is rusted but suitable for
construction.
The second thing is this all steels shows strength of more than 60 ksi. So all of them is suitable but
the most preferable is with economical point of view.

CONCLUSION
RUSTED SAMPLE NO. 1 is more suitable for considering it for construction as it has more
tensile strength. As it is economical, and safe for public.
Moreover, steel is stronger in tension because the material used in it makes steel isotropic and
homogeneous.
That’s why the above steel has good quality material as compared to other steel. For this, we
have used rusted sample.
FIG: RUSTED SAMPLE NO. 2

REFERENCES
In literature review section, the definition is taken from TENSILE TESTING OF METALLIC
MATERIALS

http://www.npl.co.uk/npl/cmmt/projects/tenstand/