Aquaponics System
Aquaponics System
Aquaponics System
KRISTAL G. ENTRINO
Research Adviser
June 2022
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XI
Schools Division of the City of Mati
Davao Oriental Regional Science High School
APPROVAL SHEET
KRISTAL G. ENTRINO
Research Adviser
Accepted and approved by the committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _____.
ALMA P. BRIONES
Secondary School Principal II
ABSTRACT
TITLE PAGE
Approval Sheet……………………………………………………………….....ii
Abstract……………………………………………………………………..….iii
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………….…iv
List of Tables……………………………………………………………....…….v
List of Figures……………………………………………………………...…....vi
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………..…vii
Chapter I- INTRODUCTION
Objectives………………………………………………………….……....6
Conceptual Framework…………………………………….….…..…….....6
Definition of Terms…………………………………………….……..…..11
Aquaponics System……………...……………..………………….........14
Lettuce Production……………………………………..……..……...….15
Tilapia…………………….…………………….………...…...…...…... 17
Summary……………………………………………...….…….……......26
Research Design…………………………………….………..….…..... 28
Materials…………….……………………………………………......... 29
Research Procedure…….………………………………..………....…....43
Research Instrument…...…………………..……………………..….…..48
Data Gathering……………………….……………………………..…...50
Summary............……………………………………..……..……..…... 61
Conclusion………...………………………………………...……..…... 62
Recommendation…………………………………………………......... 63
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A - Instrument
B – MAAS Prototype
C - Picture Story of MAAS Prototype Development
F- SMS Notification
G - Research Expenses
H - Software Development
CURRICULA VITAE
LIST OF TABLES
7 Arduino Breadboard 33
9 9V 1A Power Adapter 35
13 LCD Display 39
15 GSM Module 41
616 Water Temperature Sensor 42
First and foremost, praises and gratitude to God, the Almighty, for His showers of
The researchers would like to express their sincere appreciation, especially to the
research adviser, Ms. Kristal G. Entrino, as well as our respected panels, Mrs. Gene Pearl
Luna, Mrs. Lorie Mae Babiera, Sir Lloyd Andres, Sir Melbert Flores, Mrs. Haidee M.
Siason, and Sir Jaime Yu Jr., for allowing us to carry out this study and for providing us
guidance and recommendations. The researchers have been filled with determination by
their enthusiasm, passion, insight, sincerity, and motivation. They have willingly
enlightened the researchers on how to conduct the study and how to interpret their findings
as brief as possible. Working and investigating under their supervision was a wonderful
honor and privilege. The purpose of this research would not be possible to fulfill without
The researchers would also like to express their heartfelt gratitude to Neilwin
Guitguitin for aiding in setting up the sensors and for being their consultant and
programmer.
The researchers would also like to acknowledge the support, assistance, patience,
And lastly, the completion of this research could not have been possible without
the help of Sir Rodrigo A. Salimaco, Jr. for conducting the statistical analysis of the
research’s results. His assistance, help, and support are most appreciated.
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
As the world population continues to increase, there is a global concern about how
people in the future will produce more food economically (Hambrey Consulting, 2013).
There are many people across the world that needs sufficient food to feed themselves or
their families. World hunger is set to be humanity's most pressing concern as it moves
According to the most recent Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO, 2020) data, around 13% of the population living in developing countries is
suffering from undernourishment (Roser & Ritchie, 2019), while Porkka et al. (2013)
indicated that feeding the world’s population is a challenge that is likely to become even
more serious in the future. The global population exceeded 7.6 billion people in 2018
(FAO, 2020) and is predicted to reach 9.2 billion by 2050 (Silva, 2020), with a projected
increased food demand of 59%–102% (Elferink & Schierhorn, 2020; Fukase, & Martin,
2019).
(DOST, 2019), 3 out of 4 (74.9%) households in Davao Oriental experienced food acute
insecurity which was evident in households with poor health status. While on the other
hand, 3 out of 5 (58.0%) experienced chronic food insecurity. In view of these problems,
for the global population in 2050 (Silva, 2020). According to Foley et. al. (2011) and
Tilman et al. (2011), food production needs to as much as double by 2050 to meet the
increasing demand.
As the sector develops and modernizes, there is an expanding interest for work in
the industry and services sectors. Better food provision ensured by increasing the
productivity of agriculture and expanding the range of agricultural land use seems to be a
possible method to eradicate hunger (Smyth et.al, 2015). The sector's development is thus
critical to achieving inclusive growth, poverty reduction, and economic efficiency (Ahmed
resources: conversion of natural land to agriculture, nutrient leaching, and chemical usage
Closing the cycle between crops and animals is therefore viewed as the best means
to improve. Water and nutrient efficiency will be improved, as well as waste reduction.
treated and cleaned before being returned to the fish tank; and hydroponic (or soil-less)
Gaza have engaged in practicing and developing aquaponics since this time (PBS
NewsHour, 2015). USA, China, and Europe are the most creative regions with
individuals in Europe, the United States, and many other countries worldwide are
undertaking aquaponics as a hobby (König et al., 2018). The aquaponics research spread
from USA to Europe, research issues are expanding from internal components to external
characteristics, and aquaponics identity shifted from production to multi-roles (Hao et al,
2
2020). Significantly, the important thing in such a system is the requirement of proper
water quality monitoring; otherwise, the whole system could fail. The paper of Sallenave
balance between water quality conditions that are optimal for fish, nitrifying bacteria, and
plants is crucial to a healthy and productive aquaponics system. By monitoring key water
quality parameters such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and nitrate on a
regular basis, adjustments can be made in a timely manner to avoid problems and losses in
productivity.
In the Philippines, producing food has become more challenging and in line with
this dilemma, urban aquaponics could form part of the “new normal” approach to food
production (Howell M., 2021). Commonly known crops that are cultivated in aquaponics
are lettuce (Love et al., 2014). Furthermore, from an article by Megan Howell (2021)
stated that Dr. Rayos, a senior aquaculturist of the Philippines, claims that raising resilient
fish like carp, tilapia and catfish with vegetables would provide households with a year-
round food source and additional income stream, making families more food secure.
Mindanao-Matina from the College of Engineering Education (CEE) during the UMErge
Startup Challenge 2019 utilized an urban gardening system using the aquaponics method
that is targeted towards private farms and nature park owners; and utilized an online
monitoring system for various sensors such as soil moisture, humidity, water temperature,
pH level sensors and water temperature. In addition, research from Southern Philippines
system for Water temperature for fish and bell pepper, Water Turbidity, pH Level for the
3
fish and bell pepper and develops an automated fish feeder as well. The data were all
based from an online database using Ethernet shield which stores all the data ranges of
A lot of studies had already explored and established aquaponics from starting with
traditional methods to developing automated prototypes. Locally, the city has been
engaging with aquaculture practices that aim to upgrade the production and post-harvest
facilities of at least 22 rich fishing grounds of Mindanao (Jara, 2020). On the other hand,
Mati City is expected to build agri-projects and is planned for the establishment of the
However, they have not gone far enough in designing a new food production system that
industries, as well as local citizens, would profit from this type of method to maintain
food security.
to overcome the gaps mentioned. The study's purpose was to create a prototype that
monitors three (3) water quality parameters: Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH level, and
water temperature on a daily basis and deliver an SMS notification of the data. Developing
this form of food production technology considerably minimizes manual work and offer
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Philippine economy caused a major
4
recession in 2020 (Biswas, 2021). It has resulted in a substantial increase in hunger among
this existing problem is to provide urban inhabitants with aquaponics kits. Aquaponics
(planting without using soil). Through this type of method, the workloads or farmers and
This research helped them in stepping away from subsistence farming toward a more
mechanized and cost-effective agricultural food production system. Specifically, this study
1.1 pH level?
Research Objectives
The general objective of this research is to optimize aquaponics with automation and
monitoring system with water quality sensors which can benefit the agricultural and
fisheries sector for future food production. Specifically, this research aims the following:
5
parameters: Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH level, and water temperature.
b. Test the MAAS: Mini Automated Aquaponics System prototype, for monitoring
Aquaponics System) with SMS Notification to see if it meets the ISO 9126
portability
Conceptual Framework
There were theories associated with product design that involves the systematic
steps and strategy necessary for constructing an ideal product or device. The design
determines how many components make up the device, what are the features the device
can provide, and dictates how these components must work together to provide the
In 1996, the Theory of Systematic Engineering Design & Practice was introduced
by Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz in a book called Engineering Design: A Systematic
Approach. They claimed that it is necessary to assess the situation in designing a product
and choose an appropriate method for any design. Pahl and Beitz have set out a strategy
This theory is general enough to be applied to almost all aspects of design and
allows recovery from inevitable errors. As introduced by its authors, the said theory was
composed of four steps; namely product planning and task clarification, conceptual design
6
phase, embodiment design phase, and detail design phase (SpringerLink, 2020).
The first step, product planning, and task clarification is the time when the designer
should determine the purpose and aim of the device. The second step, the conceptual design
phase, is a step where the designer should identify and establish the functional structures
and search for an optimal way the product should be established. The third step, the
embodiment design phase, is a step where the designer should develop a layout and make
sure that the requirements in the construction of the device are met. The last step, detail
design phase, does not finish in the production of the final design drawings but extends to
The Theory of Systematic Engineering Design & Practice can be used in a related
study, IoT based automatic monitoring system for water nutrition in aquaponics system,
which also involved an automated system. The study followed a systematic method in
constructing the system and encountered some deviations during the process, in which the
theory can be utilized since it allows recovery from errors. This theory is ideal for this
7
study to create an exemplary model, considering this involves an automation attribute. In
this study, the said theory would be a necessary component since a desirable system should
INPUT OUTPUT
Preparation of grow bed PROCESS • Assess the data
section: Calibration and of the automated
• collection of lettuce programming of sensors: aquaponics
• collection of growing • pH system in
medium • TDS monitoring
Preparation for fish tank: • Water temperature different water
• collection of Juvenile quality
• SMS Notification
Tilapia parameters
Figure 2: Conceptual Framework of the Study
• cycling of water Monitoring of water • Transmission of
quality of
parameters. SMS
CollectionFigure 2 displays
of materials the framework
and the study. Aquaponics system will be separated
Notification
sensors
into two sections: the grow bed and the fish tank section. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and
Tilapia juveniles will be cultivated in the study. The system will undergo a span of water
cycling to sustain enough amount of nutrients for plants. The prototype will be attached
with different water quality sensors. The water quality parameters of the aquaponics system
such as pH, TDS, and water temperature will be monitored automatically. Also, obtaining
all the data needed from the sensors, it will be transmitted through an SMS Notification.
production. The wastewater from fishponds is nutrient-dense and plants are used as bio-
filters for water regeneration, while these nutrients are used for plant growth (Endut et.al.
8
2010).
Agricultural sectors. The growing population and food demands mean more
croplands to develop. There will be more deforestation projects to carry out, which will
consequently lead to more wasteful irrigation, greenhouse gases emission, and pollutants
in the form of fertilizers and pesticides – as in the case of industrial agriculture (FAO,
2017). With aquaponics, the future means there is no need to clear more land as this system
Aquaponics can help to increase food security and food sovereignty. The operation of
these units is more demanding in terms of technology, techniques, biology of cultured fish
and stringent water quality parameters. In view of the shrinking resources of land and
water, growing population, urbanization and change in lifestyle, there is a great demand
for fresh, hygienically and organically produced fish and vegetables in the cities.
Aquaponics has a huge potential for integrated fish and plant production in urban, suburban
as well as rural settings. The results of the study benefited the residents of the community
monitors different water quality parameters wherein plant and animal agriculture are
integrated, and recycling of nutrients and water filtration are linked together with
9
achieved impressive yields even in traditional methods of fish farming by harvesting
anywhere between 2–10 tonnes per hectare per year. However, an Aquaponics System can
produce up to five times the quantity of fish in same area per year, besides a good crop of
these units will therefore improve the knowledge base of fish farmers about emerging and
future technologies in aquaculture. The researchers believe that the findings of this study
had greatly benefited the agricultural society especially the farmers in lessening their
Researchers. As senior high school students under the strand STEM, aquaponics can
help to increase scientific literacy and give a beneficial instrument for learning such current
farming system.
aquaponics system that monitored different water quality parameters. The quality of the
water was determined by the following parameters: turbidity, pH level, and water
temperature. The water parameters were all monitored by the system. Only
this study. Yet, monitoring of these environments and water parameters did not include
The prototype of the automated aquaponics system was fabricated and installed at
Barangay Matiao, Mati City. The study was conducted for a span of two weeks from 1st to
2nd week of May 2022. Hence, the study restricts in determining if the automated system
10
prototype is applicable and functional for aquaponics by monitoring different water quality
parameters and by sending SMS notifications. Furthermore, this prototype used a common
200L blue container drum, which was also being divided into two. Moreover, the capacity
of the system made only worked efficiently to the specific volume of fish tank and grow
bed.
Definition of Terms
The following terms used in the study are defined conceptually and operationally to
for the plants and the plants kept the water clean
quality parameters.
11
program electronic components (Techopedia, 2011).
Total Dissolved Solids Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) referred to the amount
12
2014). In this study, this was classified as one of the
parameters monitored
13
Chapter II
In this chapter, prior literature about the Aquaponics system, lettuce, tilapia, water
Aquaponics System
Agricultural production has been declining because of growing population. The need
for food has risen in parallel with the rapid growth of the human population. Traditional
plant-growing methods demand a large amount of land, time, and workforce. As a result,
there is a growing concern for safe and sustainable food sources, prompting the
relationship (Yep & Zheng, 2019). It is gaining popularity due to its capacity to conserve
resources, as well as its high efficiency and low usage. Aquaponics has recently become a
combines hydroponics and aquaculture to produce edible plants and fish. It can be done in
unconventional agricultural settings and can produce locally grown crops without the need
for synthetic chemicals, fertilizers, or antibiotics (Genello et al., 2015). The paper by
Brandon Yep and Youbin Zheng (2019) on Aquaponic trends and challenges, proved that
works as a bio-filter and absorbs the nitrate required for plant growth. Fish are commonly
reared in indoor tanks, troughs, or outdoor ponds where they excrete, the wastewater from
the tank runs into a hydroponics plate, where plants grow without soil in the water. The
excrement is poisonous to fish, but it is a good fertilizer for plants. The water is cleansed
for the fish as the plants absorb the nutrients. Afterwards, the clean water can be returned
to the fish tank. It is a natural sustainable agricultural approach because pesticides and
chemical fertilizers would endanger the fish (Shafahi & Woolston, 2015).
development could ensure a significant portion of a more sustainable global food supply
was built in this study to develop an automated Aquaponics system that is more reliable,
cost-effective and minimizes the workload of Mati residents. This system excluded the use
contamination of soil and water, limited supply of water, pollution and reduction of natural
resources.
Lettuce Production
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a well-known leafy vegetable that can be used in a
variety of methods, from salads to medicinal goods. Since the concept of green products
has been prevailing worldwide, lettuce has gained importance not only for food application
but in various formations having other specific uses (Bhattacharjee & Das, 2020). It is the
most important crop in the group of leafy vegetables and one of the most widely consumed
15
vegetable worldwide, but its nutritional value has been underestimated. Lettuce is low
calories, fat and sodium. It is a good source of fiber, iron, folate, and vitamin C.
as folate, β-carotene, lutein, and phenolics (Waterland et al., 2016). Lettuce is among the
excellent aquaponics plants since it is one of the simplest to cultivate in any aquaponics
system.
It grows quickly and does well in water with temperature requirements that are not
too specific. It also has a minimal nutritional demand and requires little is the most common
aquaponics plant, with a short vegetative phase and a relatively high demand. Furthermore,
since aquaponic lettuce is not overly sensitive to water temperature, it is unlikely to wilt
In an Aquaponics system, plants do not just receive all the benefits of the system.
They serve a crucial role in keeping the aquaponics system’s overall cycle running
smoothly. They operate as a natural water filter, collecting nitrates and purifying the water,
allowing it to be recirculated back to the fish. The plants eliminate the need to clean trash
that has accumulated in the fish tank since they absorb nutrients for growth, particularly
In this study, the researchers used lettuce plants to act as a filter by removing fish
Tilapia
16
world. It has been contributing to the world aquaculture since the ancient Egyptian days
and remains a major freshwater fish species to be cultured (Amal & Zamri-Saad, 2011).
Tilapia is the term given to a group of primarily freshwater fish belonging to the
cichlid family. Despite its African origins, tilapia has been introduced all over the world
and is now farmed in over 135 nations. China is by far the world’s largest tilapia producer.
They generate about 1.6 million metric tons of tilapia per year and supply the majority of
the country’s tilapia imports (Pearson, 2017). Furthermore, tilapia is the second most
important farmed fish in the Philippines produced in ponds, cages, and pens, with an
Tilapia is one of the most prevalent fish species grown in aquaponics systems. It is
considered one of the toughest fish, able to survive in a wide range of water conditions.
They are often recommended in aquaponics because they thrive longer in a non-potable
water environment with low oxygen or high ammonia levels, they are easy to breed, mature
faster than most other cultured fish, they are omnivorous and enjoy diets composed of
animals and plants, which eliminates the need for expensive fish food, and tilapia breeding
In aquaponics, fish and feed waste provide most of the nutrients required by the
plants (Goosen et al., 2019). Fish consume the food and discharge waste, which is
transformed into nutrients that the plants may use. As they are living animals, the fish tank
is the area that requires the most maintenance. They are also one of the most important
In this study, the fish waste coming from tilapia was used as a natural fertilizer for
the lettuce plants to survive. Tilapia juveniles was used in this study, which weighed around
17
5 – 20 grams.
Water is the second most important need for life to exist after air. As a result, water
quality has been described extensively in the scientific literature. The most popular
definition of water quality is “it is the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of
water” (Spellman, 2013). Water quality is a measure of the condition of water relative to
the requirements of one or more biotic species and/or to any human need or purpose (Shah,
2017). In this study, the researchers designed an aquaponics prototype considering three
essential water quality parameters: Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH level, and water
temperature.
One of the simplest ways to determine the water quality is to measure its Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS). TDS are the amount of dissolved organic and inorganic materials
in a certain volume of water. TDS are basically a measure of dissolved ions in water that
is not recognized as H2O molecule. When water, which is a solvent, encounters a soluble
material, particles of the said materials will be dissolved, creating TDS. Total Dissolved
Solids can come from all manner of sources. Materials may leach into water from sewage,
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) is measured as a volume of water with the unit
milligrams per liter (mg/L), otherwise known as parts per million (ppm). Using a TDS
meter is the simplest way to measure for total dissolved solids. For instance, if the meter
reads 100 ppm, that implies that from one million particles, 100 are dissolved ions and
999,900 are water molecules. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
18
secondary drinking water regulations, 500 ppm is the recommended maximum amount of
TDS for your drinking water. Any value greater than 1000 ppm is considered as unsafe and
for the fishes to have a stable environment which have the same level of TDS and PH as
the original habit in aquariums or tanks. It is recommended for most freshwater fishes to
live in water with 400 ppm to 450 ppm TDS. High level of TDS concentration would cause
fish casualties and produce algae, whereas low level of TDS concentration will affect fish
B. pH
article written by Rossana Sallenave (2016), an aquatic ecology specialist. It claimed that
whether the water being tested is acidic, neutral, or basic. The pH of the water in
aquaponics growing systems should be between 6.0 and 8.0, with 7.0 being optimal (Autos
et al., 2020).
levels for pH. Very high (greater than 9.5) or very low (less than 4.5) pH values are
unsuitable for most aquatic organisms. Young fish and immature stages of aquatic insects
are extremely sensitive to pH levels below 5 and may die at these low pH values.
High pH levels (9-14) can harm fish by denaturing cellular membranes. Changes in
19
pH can also affect aquatic life indirectly by altering other aspects of water chemistry. Low
pH levels accelerate the release of metals from rocks or sediments in the stream. These
metals can affect a fish's metabolism and the fish's ability to take water in. At high pH (>9)
most ammonium in water is converted to toxic ammonia (NH3) which can kill fish.
important in aquaculture as a measure of the acidity of the water or soil. Fish cannot survive
in waters below pH 4 and above pH 11 for long periods. The optimum pH for fish is
between 6.5 and 9. Fish will grow poorly and reproduction will be affected at consistently
C. Water Temperature
20
Water temperature is a physical indicator for measuring how hot or cold it is.
energy, as hot and cold are both arbitrary words (Fondriest Environmental, Inc., 2014).
relocating to warmer or colder water after feeding, predator-prey interactions, and resting
temperature monitoring and analysis are critical for sustaining water quality, fish, and plant
life. Ammonia levels, PH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and water temperature are all important
water characteristics to keep an eye on. A successful aquaponic operation requires constant
monitoring and regulation of temperatures both outside and inside the system. For
biological reasons, to optimize growth patterns, and to prevent disease spread, plants and
fish in aquaponic systems must live within particular temperature thresholds (Grenn, 2021).
to 65°F for growth. The plants flower and generate seed when the temperature is between
Although tilapia is a freshwater species, it can thrive in saline water. They are very
adaptable to low water quality that they are frequently farmed in places where other fish
would perish. They’re ideal for starters to aquaponics since they can withstand a variety of
water conditions, including temperature, pH, nutritional levels, oxygen levels, and more
21
(Editorial Staff, 2019). Tilapia can withstand temperatures between 14 and 36 degrees
Celsius for a short time, however they cease eating or growing under 17 degrees Celsius,
and they die when the temperature goes below 12 degrees Celsius. 27–30 °C is the
A variety of inputs are made on a regular basis in aquaponics to ensure that the
could be greatly enhanced. The Arduino is a microcontroller with a standard form factor
2KB of RAM, has 14 digital I/O, 6 analog inputs, and both 5V and 3.3V power rails.
and electronic automation devices. It does not require any complex or longer code, just a
Another module that is commonly used in automation is GSM Module for SMS
Notification. Text messages known as SMS notifications are created when a situation
occurs. An event might be anything from an entertaining app update to something more
significant like a weather alarm. SMS (Short Message Service) notifications are transmitted
in the same manner that any other text message is. Generally, the notifications are limited
to 160 characters. While SMS can be used for marketing purposes, it can also be utilized
22
These days, GSM Module is widely used for sending SMS status of any kind of data.
The GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) is built and connected to the
system. In this study, the sms notification will be used to convey results of the sensors in
Several studies are published that discuss about the application of Arduino and other
New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets (2017) research found and
developed an automated aquaponics system. The aquaculture aspect of the system was
provided by a glass fish tank supplied with comet goldfish. Temperature sensors were
the plants, which were cultivated in a lit grow bed above the fish tank. They also included
a 4x20 LCD display for the system's users to see temperature information.
recirculation system, aquaponics control, and monitoring system using Arduino, GSM
shield, and NI LabVIEW, solar energy conversion system, and cooling and heating systems
Similarly, Galido et al. (2019) used an Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET)
as a pH sensor in their aquaponics system for optimal plant and fish growth. The ISFET-
based pH sensor's superiority and efficiency over the frequently used glass electrode pH
sensor were demonstrated through a series of experiments and evaluations. (Murad et al.,
2017) introduced an aquaponics system that utilized temperature sensor, pH sensor, water
sensor, servo, peristaltic pump, solar, liquid crystal displays (LCD), and GSM module
23
water monitoring. The information is presented on an LCD screen, and a notification is
constructed for a greenhouse that measures temperature, humidity, and soil wetness
humidity (Anire et al., 2017), as well as a lettuce growing chamber that detects light
intensity, temperature, and (Cabaccan et al., 2017). The development and innovation of an
IoT-based micro-farm prototype were offered by (Jorda Jr et al., 2019). The system uses
multiple sensors attached to the Arduino microcontroller to measure light intensity, soil
moisture, and temperature. (Calangian et al., 2018) used an image processing method to
construct a computer vision-based canopy area assessment system for lettuce. Finally, (de
Luna et al., 2020) used machine vision and image processing techniques to evaluate tomato
Thus, the Arduino UNO R3 was used as the micro-controller in this study. The R3
is the third, and latest, revision of the Arduino Uno. The microcontroller was attached with
variety of sensors respective to the specified water quality parameters. This study will use
TDS sensor, analog pH sensor, and water temperature sensor. The researchers used the
which goals/objectives of each of the water bodies are met. Three activities are involved
namely: establishment of water bodies for beneficial use, identification of water quality
indicators (or criteria pollutants) and water quality suitable for each use.
24
management since the application of effluent standards is dependent on this classification.
This administrative order classifies water bodies into five (5) classes, i.e. AA, A, B, C for
inland fresh waters, and four (4) classes for marine and coastal water, i.e. SA, SB, SC and
SD.
The National Water Quality Status Report 2014 shows the distinct five (5) water
body classifications of inland freshwater waters in table 1. Since this study involved an
aquaponics system, it qualifies under Class C, which is designated as Fishery Water for the
25
Units
Class
Class AA Class A Class C
B
Total Dissolved
ppm 200 - 500 200 - 500 < 1,000 < 1,000
Solids (TDS)
ml. /
Water Temperature - - - =
L.
Table 2 shows the measurements for each of the water quality parameters in each
water classification. The usual ranges in every type of water body are shown in the ranges
indicated in each parameter. Considering aquaponics falls under the fishery water sector,
the typical ranges for TDS and pH are under Class C in this study. According to the DENR,
the fishery water sector is under Class C for the growth of fish and other aquatic resources.
Summary
Aquaponics is a method of farming that produces food using water. Because of the
expanding population, agricultural productivity has been declining. Food demand has risen
in lockstep with the world's population growth. Traditional plant-growing methods need a
significant amount of room, time, and effort. As a result, there is increased concern over
Chemical, physical, and biological qualities are examples of water quality parameters
that can be examined or regulated depending on the desired water parameters of concern.
Researchers on this study will design an aquaponics prototype considering three essential
water quality parameters: Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH level, and water temperature.
As discussed, the use of automation in aquaponics with the use of Arduino is currently
26
explored by many researchers. New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets
sensors and an Arduino computer platform were used to monitor and provide input on the
plants, which were grown in a lit grow bed above the fish tank. Researchers have created
an IoT-based micro-farm that evaluates tomato plant growth and detects fruit and flowers
In line with this study, the researchers adapted the invention as to creating a prototype
of aquaponics with monitoring and automation for water quality parameters with a
transmitter, SMS notification, such as TDS, pH level, and water temperature. An Arduino
was used to read output and data from the sensors mainly for analog values of pH, TDS,
and water temperature and a GSM Module for transmitting messages to the owner.
27
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter focuses on the research design, locale and duration, method of
Research Design
(Siedlecki, 2020).
This design was used since the researchers described the effectiveness of the
automated aquaponics system in monitoring the TDS, pH level, and water temperature in
the end to answer if the automated system prototype applicable and functional for
aquaponics.
This study was held and constructed at Upper Kapayas, Barangay Matiao, City of
Mati. This study was conducted from May 8, 2022 until May 21, 2022
Source: https://www.google.com/maps
Figure 4. Map of Upper Kapayas, Barangay Matiao, City of Mati, Davao oriental
Materials
Grow bed
• Clay Pebbles
29
• Lettuce
Fish Tank
tank.
• PVC pipes
30
• Tilapia
• Garden Hose
31
Sensor Materials
https://www.diyelectronics.co.za/store/wall-adapters
performance yet low power consumption 8-bit AVR microcontroller. Its power supply can
be done simply with the help of the AC/DC adapter. The Arduino Uno R3 Development
Board used to read output analog values and data from the sensors (Hadwan & Reddy,
2016).
32
B. Arduino Breadboard
https://www.switchelectronics.co.uk
This breadboard is a solderless breadboard that allows users to make or erase physical
wirings with tangible input by hand. This breadboard was useful to the study since it
connects electronic components without the need for soldering, which can cause damages
to the circuit board. This breadboard was used to build and test circuits before deciding on
33
C. Jumper/ Dupont Wires Cable- Arduino
https://hallroad.org/10cm-pin-to-hole-jumper-wire-dupont-line-40-pin-male-to-female-arduino-jumper-wires-
in-pakistan.html
Breadboard jumper wires are simply wires that have connector pins at each end,
and they allowed the users to connect two points to each other without soldering, making
components such as the Arduino board and the sensors (Hemmings, 2018).
34
D. 9V 1A Power Adapter
https://www.ebay.com/itm/9V-1A-Power-Supply-Adapter-AC-100-240V-DC-9V-1000mA-for-Arduino-
Black/283710840278
An AC/DC Adapter converts alternating current (AC) from a wall outlet to a direct
recharge batteries, making AC adapters essential for electronic devices like laptops and
smartphones. It served as an external power supply which is essential for the whole system
35
E. Plastic Water Solenoid Valve
https://alexnld.com/product/12v-dc-electric-solenoid-valve-water-air-inlet-flow-switch-normally-closed-12mm/
Water solenoid valves are used wherever fluid flow must be controlled automatically.
They are being used to an increasing degree in the most carried types of plants and
equipment. They are controlled units which, when electrically energized or de-energized,
either shut off or allow fluid flow. The actuator takes the form of an electromagnet. When
energized, a magnetic field builds up which pulls a plunger or pivoted armature against the
action of a spring. When de-energized, the plunger or pivoted armature is returned to its
36
F. Analog TDS Sensor
https://in.element14.com/dfrobot/sen0244/analogue-tds-sensor-meter-kit/dp/3517934
Analog TDS Conductivity sensor is used for measuring the TDS value of the water,
this TDS values define the cleanliness of the water. It can be used to check the quality of
domestic water, hydroponic liquids, and in other fields of water quality testing. The
resistance of the probe changes with conductivity and measures the voltage across the
37
https://shop.mchobby.be/en/gravity-boson/
Analog pH sensor is designed to measure the pH value of a solution and show the
has an on-board voltage regulator chip which supports the wide voltage supply of 3.3-5.5V
DC, which is compatible with 5V and 3.3V of any control board like Arduino. The output
H. LCD Display
38
https://www.q26.co.uk/displays/
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of flat panel display which uses
liquid crystals in its primary form of operation. LEDs have a large and varying set
of use cases for consumers and businesses, as they can be commonly found in
39
https://k2.com.pk/product/l293d-motor-driver-shield-for-arduino/
Since Arduino UNO pins are limited to a certain amount of electric current, a motor
driver is needed. This motor driver received commands from the connected microcontroller
J. GSM Module
40
https://www.dev.faranux.com/product/sim800l-v2-0-5v-wirelessgsm-gprs-module-quad-band/
This Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) module can receive serial
data from radiation monitoring devices such as survey meter or area monitor and transmit
the data as text Short Messaging Service (SMS) to a host server. This module was used to
transmit data and accomplish one of the elements of the system which is the SMS
41
https://www.makerlab-electronics.com/product/waterproof-temperature-sensor-ds18b20/
DS18B20 sensor. Handy in terms of measuring something far away, or in wet conditions.
While the sensor is rated up to 125°C the PVC jacket soften at around 80°C. These 1-wire
digital temperature sensors are fairly precise (±0.5°C over much of the range) and can give
up to 12 bits of precision from the onboard digital-to-analog converter. They work great
with any microcontroller using a single digital pin, and can even connect multiple ones to
the same pin, each one has a unique 64-bit ID burned in at the factory to differentiate them.
Usable with 3.0-5.0V systems (MakerLab Electronics, 2020). This sensor was used to
Research Procedures
42
The arduino-based aquaponics system underwent four (4) stages of
development- test or trial, design and construction, working and the final stage. The
procedure that is being used in this study is based on the study of Gnanasagar and
Testing phase
a) Test the sensors
b) Monitor the water using the different types of sensors
c) Assess the performance of the sensors
Application phase
a)Tthe final system is completed
b) Placing of grow medium, drainage system, and fish tank
c) Nitrogen cycle takes place.
43
Testing phase
START
RTC Begin
TDS Sensing
pH Sensing
Water Temperature
Sensing TDS Sensing pH Level Sensing
NO NO
YES Time=
Time =
6:00 18:00
END
44
The sensors were evaluated before the arduino-based system was developed.
Sensors and an LCD screen were attached to the arduino. The pH level, water level,
and TDS of water is examined after the attaching the sensors. The researchers then
proceeded to plan the design of the arduino-based aquaponics system if the sensors
reading.
pH sensor
TDS sensor
SMS
Notification
+
GSM Module
Figure 19: Materials for the making of Aquaponics System Model with Arduino as
microcontroller and GSM Module as Message Transmitter
45
During this part of the study, the researchers planned the structural design of the
Arduino-based Aquaponics system that is depicted from the diagram above. The
researchers then proceeded to build the system after plotting the design. The
researchers began with constructing the Aquaponics system with grow bed and fish
tank. After the construction of the main system, the researchers attached the Arduino
and connect sensors to it interacting with (pH level, TDS and water temperature). To
improve the system's performance, GSM Module was also attached to establish
quality parameters. The researchers also put a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) to display
data. Arduino is used to manipulate the data and sensors are the most frequently used
component for the proper working of the system because if any abnormal conditions
In preparing the GSM module, insert a SIM card into the GSM module and lock it.
Connect an adaptor to the GS M module and turn it on. Then, after some time (about
1 minute), observe the blinking rate of the status ‘LED' or 'network LED' (GSM
module will take some time to establish connection with the mobile network). Finally,
once the connection is established successfully, the status/network LED will blink
The GSM module can be connected in two (2) ways. In any situation, the
to use serial pins of Arduino (Rx and Tx). Thus, if this method is going to be applied,
46
the Tx pin of GSM module to Rx pin of Arduino and Rx pin of GSM module to Tx
III. Installation
The device must be installed when the power supply is turned off. The module’s
power supply should be stable and free of impulsive interference. Since the module
board and GSM telephone are sources of electromagnetic interference, they should not
be placed near sensitive radio equipment such as radiolinks, wireless sensors, or other
wireless sensors. Avoid putting the phone in direct range to the module. Inside the
metal shell, the module should be inserted. Connect the phone connector to the cable
connecting the module to the phone, making that the plug pins are in good and secure
contact with the phone connector. A poor connection can cause the system to fail.
Application phase
ready to be used for the study. Grow medium, clay pebbles were used to fill the Grow
bed in this design. A fish tank was located beneath the Grow bed and filled with water
and fish (tilapia). To provide oxygen to the fish, an aerator or an air pump was attached
to the tank.
The water from the fish tank was pumped into the Grow medium through
a pump attached to the Grow bed. The water includes ammonia, which is produced by
necessary for plant growth. The extra water is filtered and returned to the fish tank
through a grow medium. Water is recirculating through the system in this manner.
47
This stage assessed the performance of the arduino-based agricultural
system in detecting changes in water temperature, pH, and TDS, as well as the
Research Instrument
Information was gathered using the tools identified on the following tables
(refer to Appendix A). Prior to monitoring the MAAS prototype, the researchers
conducted a pilot testing of the aquaponics system, which consisted of three (3) trial
stages:
(I) Testing the sensors to be used: TDS, pH level, and water temperature
used to show the prototype’s accumulated data in real- time, through daily logging of
data and the results is compared to the data accumulated from the fixed instruments
such as pH meter, TDS meter, and water temperature meter, The pH sensor reading
was compared to the pH meter reading, and the same was done for the other water
quality metrics. Then, Table 4 was used to show the information sent to the owner
from different times. It consisted of the readings of the sensors in each water quality
parameters.
48
Table 3: Ideal Water Quality Parameters
Parameters
Units Range
Table 3 displays the optimal water quality measurement for each parameter.
The pH and TDS ranges in the table are adapted from studies from the 2020 IEEE
Monitoring with SMS Notification for Tilapia Industry" and "Listing Methodology
for Determining Water Quality Impairments from Turbidity" from the Alaska
suggested and indicated that its range must be between 6-7, while TDS is advised not
to exceed 1000 ppm above as per criterion for aquaculture waters and should not go
below 200 ppm while for the water temperature, it can only be suitable from 18-30
Data Gathering
49
The MAAS (Mini Automated Aquaponics System) was operational and
evaluated for a two-week period only. It was monitored twice a day, therefore, every
twelve (12) hours during the actual time of feeding the fishes. The prototype was
tested for its ability to detect measurements of water quality parameters such as
turbidity, pH level, and water temperature and sent an SMS Notification to the owner
Data Analysis
The researchers used a descriptive type of analysis which described the data
points in a constructive way. The different functions of the sensors for the water
quality parameters (TDS, pH level, and water temperature) were tested beforehand.
Moreover, the system’s functionality in controlling the said water quality parameters
and SMS Notification was observed for two (2) weeks, every 12 hours a day. The
instrument: pH meter, TDS meter, and water temperature meter. The results of the
data gathered were analyzed through a descriptive type of analysis in order to find out
the significant success percentage in monitoring and controlling the parameters and to
50
Chapter IV
The purpose of this study was to create a prototype of an aquaponics system capable
of monitoring three water quality parameters, namely pH level, water temperature, and
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), sending notifications through SMS to the researchers. This
chapter includes the presentation of data from this study provided by the recorded values
of the three water quality sensors and the results of SMS Notification. The data gathered
from the three sensors was compared to the data collected from the established instruments,
namely Control A, which is the pH meter, and Control B, which is the TDS and Water
Temperature meter. Furthermore, using descriptive analysis, the researchers present in this
chapter the results through figures and tables to summarize data presentation which were
then analyzed.
Table 4 shows the twice daily (6:00 A.M. & 6:00 P.M.) recorded values of pH
level that lasted for twenty-eight trials. Recording of data was conducted every twelve
hours for fourteen days. The table shows the value of pH level displayed by the Mini
Automated Aquaponics System (MAAS) and the established instrument for detecting pH
(Control A).
Over the course of fourteen days, the pH values recorded by the MAAS were
revealed to have an average of 7.95. The system displayed the lowest value 7.49 on the 10th
trial and the highest value of 8.15 on the 15th trial. Simultaneously, the Control A recorded
the pH level for comparison. It displayed an average pH value of 8.03, with 7.32 on the
12th trial as the lowest and 8.42 as the highest on the 3rd trial. In this table, it was shown
that there was only a small difference, 0.08, between the calculated average pH level
52
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Recorded Values
Table 5 shows the twice-daily (6:00 A.M. & 6:00 P.M.) recorded values of Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS) that lasted for twenty-eight trials. Recording of data was conducted
every twelve hours for fourteen days. The table shows the value of TDS displayed by the
Mini Automated Aquaponics System (MAAS) and the established instrument in measuring
TDS (Control B). The values of the TDS were measured in parts per million (ppm).
53
The values displayed by the MAAS and the Control B were recorded in the table
above over the course of fourteen days, twice each day. The MAAS showed an average
TDS of 559.81 ppm. The said prototype detected the lowest TDS value of 459.98 ppm on
the 24th trial and the highest value of 682.93 ppm on the 8th trial. At the same time, in order
for the accuracy of MAAS in monitoring TDS to be measured, the researchers used the
ppm, with 466.00 ppm as the lowest value and 708.00 as the highest. The established
instrument only displayed whole numbers, unlike MAAS with its two decimal values, as
shown in the table. In this table, it was shown that there was only a difference of 11.90
between the calculated average TDS displayed by the MAAS and Control B.
Table 6. Recorded Values of Water Temperature (twice per day for 14 days)
No. Date Time MAAS CONTROL B
1 Sunday, May 8, 2022 6:00 AM 28.31 27.50
2 Sunday, May 8, 2022 6:00 PM 29.25 29.30
3 Monday, May 9, 2022 6:00 AM 27.31 27.00
4 Monday, May 9, 2022 6:00 PM 28.72 28.00
5 Tuesday, May 10, 2022 6:00 AM 27.56 26.30
6 Tuesday, May 10, 2022 6:00 PM 28.50 27.90
7 Wednesday, May 11, 2022 6:00 AM 27.32 26.30
8 Wednesday, May 11, 2022 6:00 PM 28.69 28.50
9 Thursday, May 12, 2022 6:00 AM 27.56 27.50
10 Thursday, May 12, 2022 6:00 PM 28.31 28.50
11 Friday, May 13, 2022 6:00 AM 27.15 26.30
12 Friday, May 13, 2022 6:00 PM 29.00 27.10
13 Saturday, May 14, 2022 6:00 AM 27.75 27.40
14 Saturday, May 14, 2022 6:00 PM 29.44 28.90
15 Sunday, May 15, 2022 6:00 AM 27.62 28.10
16 Sunday, May 15, 2022 6:00 PM 28.19 27.80
17 Monday, May 16, 2022 6:00 AM 26.94 26.30
18 Monday, May 16, 2022 6:00 PM 28.75 27.00
19 Tuesday, May 17, 2022 6:00 AM 26.69 27.70
20 Tuesday, May 17, 2022 6:00 PM 28.12 28.00
21 Wednesday, May 18, 2022 6:00 AM 27.93 27.00
54
22 Wednesday, May 18, 2022 6:00 PM 29.00 28.00
23 Thursday, May 19, 2022 6:00 AM 27.06 26.30
24 Thursday, May 19, 2022 6:00 PM 28.56 29.30
25 Friday, May 20, 2022 6:00 AM 27.87 25.50
26 Friday, May 20, 2022 6:00 PM 28.69 29.30
27 Saturday, May 21, 2022 6:00 AM 26.56 27.10
28 Saturday, May 21, 2022 6:00 PM 28.94 29.30
Average 28.06 27.61
Table 6 shows the twice-daily (6:00 A.M. & 6:00 P.M.) recorded values of water
temperature that lasted for twenty-eight trials. Recording of data was conducted every
twelve hours for fourteen days. The table shows the value of water temperature displayed
by the Mini Automated Aquaponics System (MAAS) and the established instrument in
measuring TDS (Control B). The values of the water temperature were measured in degrees
Celsius (°C).
The values displayed by the MAAS and the Control B were recorded in the table
above over the course of fourteen days, twice each day. The MAAS showed an average
water temperature of 28.06 °C. The system detected the lowest water temperature value of
26.56 °C on the 27th trial and the highest value of 29.44 °C on the 14th trial. At the same
time, in order for the accuracy of MAAS in monitoring water temperature to be measured,
the researchers used the Control B for comparison. Compared to MAAS, the established
instrument showed an average water temperature of 27.61 °C, with 25.50 °C on the 25th
trial as the lowest value and 29.30 °C on 2nd, 24th, 26th, and 28th trial as the highest value.
The Control B only displayed values with one decimal point, unlike MAAS with its two
decimal values, as shown in the table. In this table, it was shown that there was only a
difference of 0.45 between the calculated average water temperature displayed by the
55
The results reveal that the Mini Automated Aquaponics System (MAAS) was
monitoring the pH level, TDS, and water temperature of the water appropriately. It was
clear that MAAS was performing well in monitoring the water quality parameters as tested
in the duration of fourteen days. For the 14-day period, the system had not failed to monitor
even a single trial and successfully displayed the values of the parameters.
Shown on the table above are the results of the independent t-tests between the Mini
water condition. This shows that there is no statistically significant difference on the pH
level (t=-1.618; p=0.111), water temperature (t=1.793; p=0.079), and total dissolved solids
(t=-0.608; p=0.546) when the water was tested using the MAAS and the established
instrument. Thus, it indicates that the MAAS is statistically effective in the determination
meter to measure its accuracy. The pH sensor proved to be reliable as the comparison with
results obtained from a standard glass electrode pH-meter showed negligible differences
(< 0.09 pH units in the worst case) for measurements performed over a period of four days
56
on SMS Notification
Transmission of data Trial 1 - 6:00 AM Trial 2 - 6:00 PM Average
Day 1 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
Day 2 100.00% 0.00% 50.00%
Day 3 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
Day 4 0.00% 100.00% 50.00%
Day 5 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
Day 6 0.00% 100.00% 50.00%
Day 7 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
Day 8 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
Day 9 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
Day 10 100.00% 0.00% 50.00%
Day 11 0.00% 100.00% 50.00%
Day 12 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
Day 13 0.00% 100.00% 50.00%
Day 14 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
Overall Average 71.43% 85.71% 78.57%
System. This system was tested along with the three sensors in the same duration. The
MAAS must send a message containing the values of the water quality parameters detected
by the system. This was done twice per day with a 12-hour gap between each message. The
evaluation was separated by two trials: Trial 1 for 6:00 A.M message and Trial 2 for 6:00
P.M. message. Each day had these two trials and was conducted for fourteen days.
Displayed on the table above are the data on the performance of the Mini
Automated Aquaponics System (MAAS) prototype on SMS Notification for the 14-day
period. The table above shows that there were unsuccessful transmissions of data through
SMS and these were due to power outage and network connection issues. This result shows
that on the first trial, the prototype was 71.43% successful in the transmission of SMS
notification. On the second trial, the success rate increased into 85.71%. Taking the overall
average of the success rate, this shows that the MAAS prototype is 78.57% effective in
57
transmitting SMS notification.
development in the areas of employment, with over 41 million people worldwide, the vast
majority of whom live in developing countries (Finegold C., 2018). The researchers were
able to innovate the traditional farming into conversion of aquaponics system with
automation. The system was able to function based on its monitoring programs by checking
each of the water quality parameters and capable of sending SMS Notification to the owner.
To evaluate the system, the researchers used ISO/ IEC 9126 defined as a model of quality
characteristics of the software used to: discuss, plan and evaluate the quality of software
products. It includes measures to measure the degree of each quality attribute of the product
Figure 20 shows the results from the evaluation conducted for the system. The
questionnaire (see Appendix H- ISO 9126 Standard Evaluation) was used to evaluate the
system. The evaluators can respond through a scale of 5- Strongly agree, 4-Agree, 3-
Neutral, 3-Disagree, 2-Strongly Disagree. Consisting of six (6) characteristics, the device
maintainability.
In the figure, the y-axis indicated the mean value of each characteristic, while the
x-axis indicated the six characteristics that were highlighted in the ISO 9126. The results
showed that the total mean of each characteristic was: 4.3 in the functionality, 3.8 in
reliability, 4.4 in usability, 4.4 in efficiency, 3.9 in maintainability and 4 in terms of the
portability of the whole device. Each of the qualities had different associated sub
characteristics, as per the ISO 9126 Standard Evaluation. The first characteristic was
functionality which was divided into two sections: accuracy in monitoring the levels of
each water quality parameter and SMS notification, which was strongly agreed upon by
two of the evaluators and agreed upon by the other three, and suitability in carrying out its
functions, which was strongly agreed upon by one of the evaluators and agreed upon by
The second feature was reliability, which included two sub-features. The first was
if the equipment continued to operate without problems, which one highly agreed with, and
whether the faults are simple to correct, which three strongly agreed with, and the other
was neutral. Next, the prototype's usability, which was divided into two sub-characteristics,
was the third characteristic. The first sub-characteristic that three evaluators agreed on was
59
the ease with which the system could be used. The second sub-characteristic that received
The device's efficiency was the fourth characteristic, which was divided into two
sub-characteristics. The first sub-characteristic was whether the SMS were sent on time,
which four evaluators strongly agreed on, and the second sub-characteristic was the
system's high resource utilization, which three evaluators agreed on. The prototype's
maintainability was the fifth characteristic, which had three sub-characteristics. The first
was if the system's materials could be easily replaced, this garnered two agree, and two
neutral. The second sub feature was the system's stability in managing enough power
sources, which received two agrees and two neutrals in the evaluation. The third sub-
characteristic was the system's testing ease; the examination revealed that three people
agreed.
Lastly, the sixth characteristic focused on the portability of the device which
consisted three sub-characteristics. The first characteristic was the adaptability of the
setting up the technology was the second sub-characteristic, with three of the evaluators
60
Chapter V
This chapter discusses the summary of the overall findings of the study, the
conclusion based on the results discussed, and the recommendations proposed by the
researchers.
Summary
Water testing is essential to confirm and maintain good water quality in a system.
Bacteria cannot be seen or measured directly. Therefore, water testing is the only method
of indirectly diagnosing bacteria's health and activity, but checking the water quality
SMS notification. The system in this study detects the water quality parameters (Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH level, and water temperature) of the plant (lettuce) and fish
(tilapia) and sends an SMS notification to the researchers after detecting changes in the
water. The Mini Automated Aquaponics System was monitored at the researcher's
residence in Barangay Matiao, Mati City twice a day (6:00 A.M. & 6:00 P.M.) for 14
days. For the 14-day period, the Mini Automated Aquaponics System was performing
well in monitoring the water quality parameters and had not failed to monitor even a single
trial and successfully displayed the values of the parameters. However, there were
connection problem. The data showed that MAAS takes an overall average succession
(MAAS) showed that the researchers achieved their objectives to develop a prototype of
aquaponics that monitors water quality parameters, test MAAS prototype, for monitoring
and automation efficiency, and the performance of the SMS Notification as a transmission
mechanism for conveying the water condition and assess the MAAS Prototype
Notification to see if it meets the ISO 9126 Standards; functionalities. reliability, usability,
Conclusion
Based on the results through a fourteen - day observation, a low-cost small scale
aquaponics system with automation and SMS Notification was successfully designed. The
system effectively monitored the pH, TDS, and water temperature while also transmitting
SMS notifications to the user. GSM notifications were sent to mobile phones when the
pH, TDS, or water temperatures were outside of normal ranges. The findings of the
system's data when compared to the established meters, which were the study’s-controlled
variables, revealed no significant differences, indicating that the system is dependable for
reading aquaponics quality of the water. The system operated in the background,
maintaining critical set points and ensuring that the aquaculture and hydroponic
its necessary functions by sending its messages daily from the system's data. The
development for agricultural society and in minimizing farmer and future farmer human
labor. As a result, this study followed the Theory of Systematic Engineering Design and
62
Practice, in which it used a systematic manner to build the system and encountered certain
deviations along the way, in which the theory may be used since it provides for errors
recovery.
Recommendations
The researchers recommend this project to its beneficiaries if they could somehow
learn how to reproduce this Aquaponics version, so that they could create an efficient way
The researchers recommend that future researchers include the lettuce growth and
tilapia multiplication, making the tanks larger for the fishes and plants to have a bigger
space, be able to adopt the enhancing of the system. Also, in line with automation, future
The SMS transmissions in this study were not as successful as the automated system
because of signal and power outages problems. As a result, the researchers advise future
researchers to utilize a fast-adapting SIM card and a solar panel. Solar panel provide free
energy by converting sunlight into electrical energy. The researchers also suggest future
63
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Testing phase
Testing of Sensors
Calibration of pH meter (control)
Application phase
Fish Tank
5 4 3 2 1
Characteristics Sub-characteristics Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Score
Agree Disagree
Functionality The system is capable of
doing the necessary
functions.
The results in terms of
water quality parameter
monitoring and SMS
notification are accurate.
Reliability The system can continue
to function without
failure.
Malfunctions in the
system are simple to fix.
Usability The system is easy to
use.
The technology can be
used in a community
setting.
Efficiency SMS notifications are
sent on time by the
system.
The system makes high
resource utilization.
Maintainability In the case of damage,
the materials can be
simply replaced.
-the system is stable
enough to handle power
sources.
The system can easily be
tested.
Portability The system is adaptable
to different
environments.
The system is easy to
set-up
5 4 3 2 1
Characteristics Sub- Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Score
characteristics Agree Disagree
Functionality The system is
capable of doing
2 3
the necessary
functions.
The results in terms
of water quality
parameter
1 4
monitoring and
SMS notification
are accurate.
Reliability The system can
continue to
1 1 3
function without
failure.
Malfunctions in the
system are simple 1 3 1
to fix.
Usability The system is easy
2 3
to use.
The technology can
be used in a 3 2
community setting.
Efficiency SMS notifications
are sent on time by 4 1
the system.
The system makes
high resource 1 3 1
utilization.
Maintainability In the case of
damage, the
1 2 2
materials can be
simply replaced.
-the system is
stable enough to
1 2 2
handle power
sources.
The system can 1 3 1
easily be tested.
Portability The system is
adaptable to
1 3 1
different
environments.
The system is easy
1 3 1
to set-up
DAY 1
DAY 2
DAY 3
DAY 4
DAY 5
DAY 6
DAY 7
DAY 8
DAY 9 DAY 10
DAY 11 DAY 12
DAY 13 DAY 14
APPENDIX G- RESEARCH EXPENSES
• Tilapia -
//LCD Display//
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,20,4);
//RTC MODULE//
#include <DS3231.h>
Time t;
////////////////////////
////////////////////////
#include <EEPROM.h>
#include "GravityTDS.h"
#include <OneWire.h>
#include <DallasTemperature.h>
#define ONE_WIRE_BUS 7
#define TdsSensorPin A1
OneWire oneWire(ONE_WIRE_BUS);
GravityTDS gravityTds;
DallasTemperature sensors(&oneWire);
float tdsValue;
float Celsius;
//PUMP//
//PH Sensor//
#define samplingInterval 20
int pHArrayIndex=0;
//Water Level//
#define trigpin 8
#define echopin 9
//SMS//
#include<SoftwareSerial.h>
void setup()
Serial.begin(9600);
rtc.begin();
GPRS.begin(9600);
pinMode(trigpin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echopin, INPUT);
lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();
sensors.begin();
gravityTds.setPin(TdsSensorPin);
gravityTds.begin(); //initialization
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Calibrating Sensors");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Please Wait...");
delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
void loop()
t = rtc.getTime();
Serial.print(t.hour);
Serial.print(t.min);
Serial.print(" minute(s)");
Serial.print(t.sec);
Serial.print(" seconds(s)");
Serial.println(" ");
PH_LEVEL();
WATER_TEMP_TDS();
WATER_LEVEL();
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Serial.println("-------SMS ON-------");
Serial.print("pH Level:");
Serial.println(pHValue);
Serial.print("Water Temperature Level:");
Serial.print(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0));
Serial.println(" Celsius");
Serial.print(tdsValue);
Serial.println(" PPM");
updateSerial();
updateSerial();
GPRS.print("pH Level:");
GPRS.println(pHValue);
GPRS.print(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0));
GPRS.println(" Celsius");
GPRS.print(tdsValue);
GPRS.println(" PPM");
updateSerial();
GPRS.write(26);
delay(100);
}
Serial.println("-------SMS OFF-------");
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Serial.println("-------SMS ON-------");
Serial.print("pH Level:");
Serial.println(pHValue);
Serial.print(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0));
Serial.println(" Celsius");
Serial.print(tdsValue);
Serial.println(" NTU");
updateSerial();
updateSerial();
GPRS.print("pH Level:");
GPRS.println(pHValue);
GPRS.print(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0));
GPRS.println(" Celsius");
GPRS.print(tdsValue);
GPRS.println(" PPM");
updateSerial();
GPRS.write(26);
delay(100);
Serial.println("-------SMS OFF-------");
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Serial.println("-------SMS ON--------");
Serial.print("pH Level:");
Serial.println(pHValue);
Serial.print(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0));
Serial.println(" Celsius");
Serial.println(" PPM");
updateSerial();
updateSerial();
GPRS.print("pH Level:");
GPRS.println(pHValue);
GPRS.print(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0));
GPRS.println(" Celsius");
GPRS.print(tdsValue);
GPRS.println(" PPM");
updateSerial();
GPRS.write(26);
Serial.println("-------SMS OFF---------");
}
/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Serial.println("-------SMS ON--------");
Serial.print("pH Level:");
Serial.println(pHValue);
Serial.print(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0));
Serial.println(" Celsius");
Serial.print(tdsValue);
Serial.println(" PPM");
updateSerial();
updateSerial();
GPRS.print("pH Level:");
GPRS.println(pHValue);
GPRS.print(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0));
GPRS.println(" Celsius");
GPRS.println(" PPM");
updateSerial();
GPRS.write(26);
Serial.println("-------SMS OFF---------");
delay(500);
/*-------------------PH LEVEL------------------------*/
void PH_LEVEL()
pHArray[pHArrayIndex++]=analogRead(SensorPin);
if(pHArrayIndex==ArrayLenth)pHArrayIndex=0;
pHValue = 3.5*voltage+Offset;
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("pH_Val:");
lcd.setCursor(8, 0);
lcd.print(pHValue,2);
lcd.setCursor(12, 0);
lcd.print("-HIGH ");
lcd.setCursor(12, 0);
lcd.print("-NORMAL");
lcd.setCursor(13, 0);
lcd.print("-LOW ");
int i;
int max,min;
double avg;
long amount=0;
if(number<=0){
return 0;
for(i=0;i<number;i++){
amount+=arr[i];
avg = amount/number;
return avg;
}else{
if(arr[0]<arr[1]){
min = arr[0];max=arr[1];
else{
min=arr[1];max=arr[0];
for(i=2;i<number;i++){
if(arr[i]<min){
amount+=min; //arr<min
min=arr[i];
}else {
if(arr[i]>max){
amount+=max; //arr>max
max=arr[i];
}else{
amount+=arr[i]; //min<=arr<=max
}//if
}//for
avg = (double)amount/(number-2);
}//if
return avg;
/*-------------------WATER TEMPERATURE------------------------*/
void WATER_TEMP_TDS()
sensors.requestTemperatures();
lcd.print("TDS: ");
lcd.print(tdsValue,0);
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("W.Tmp:");
lcd.print(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0));
lcd.print((char)223);
lcd.print("C");
/*-------------------WATER LEVEL------------------------*/
void WATER_LEVEL(){
digitalWrite(trigpin, HIGH);
digitalWrite(trigpin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echopin,HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(0, 3);
lcd.print("Wat_Lvl:");
if( (distance > 16) && (distance <= 30) )
lcd.setCursor(9, 3);
lcd.print("NORMAL-");
//lcd.setCursor(16, 3);
lcd.print(distance);
lcd.print("CM");
} else
lcd.setCursor(9, 3);
lcd.print("LOW-");
//lcd.setCursor(16, 3);
lcd.print(distance);
lcd.print("CM");
//PUMP//
}
void updateSerial()
delay(100);
while (Serial.available())
while(GPRS.available())
}
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
NICKNAME: Danna
BIRTHDATE: December 15, 2003
BIRTHPLACE: Mati City
AGE: 18
NATIONALITY: Filipino
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
CIVIL STATUS: Single
SEX: Female
FATHER’S NAME: Danilo M. Garcia
MOTHER’S NAME: Annabel C. Garcia
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
CURRICULUM VITAE
JUSTINE LEIGH MAYMANAN
Purok Aroma Brgy. Matiao, City of Mati
Cellphone No.: 09639410150
maymananj01@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
NICKNAME: Justine
BIRTHDATE: August 1, 2004
BIRTHPLACE: Mati City
AGE: 17
NATIONALITY: Filipino
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
CIVIL STATUS: Single
SEX: Female
FATHER’S NAME: Silvestre K. Atay
MOTHER’S NAME: Sally M. Maymanan
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
CURRICULUM VITAE
MARC LAWRENCE SALVADOR
Purok Mabuhay - 1, Brgy. Matiao, City of Mati
Cellphone No.: 09109301075
salvadormarclawrence24@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
NICKNAME: Marc
BIRTHDATE: May 24, 2004
BIRTHPLACE: Dasmariñas City, Cavite
AGE: 18
NATIONALITY: Filipino
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
CIVIL STATUS: Single
SEX: Male
FATHER’S NAME: Wilman R. Salvador
MOTHER’S NAME: Cherryl L. Salvador
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
CURRICULUM VITAE
ADRIYEL JOHN PAGCAMAAN
Upper Kapayas, Brgy. Matiao, City of Mati
Cellphone No.: 09267258078
johnadriyel@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
NICKNAME: Japok
BIRTHDATE: March 4, 2004
BIRTHPLACE: Mati City
AGE: 18
NATIONALITY: Filipino
RELIGION: Born Again Christian
CIVIL STATUS: Single
SEX: Male
FATHER’S NAME: Nicolan M. Pagcamaan
MOTHER’S NAME: Maribel D. Pagcamaan
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
CURRICULUM VITAE
JAZI VHON DIZON
Purok Aroma, Barangay Matiao, City of Mati
Cellphone No.: 09467140260
jazidizon2@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
NICKNAME: Von
BIRTHDATE: February 26, 2003
BIRTHPLACE: Mati City
AGE: 19
NATIONALITY: Filipino
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
CIVIL STATUS: Single
SEX: Male
FATHER’S NAME: Zaldy V. Dizon
MOTHER’S NAME: Janice M. Dizon
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND