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GENDER AND
DEVELOPMENT
WARNING:
ANG USAPANG
ITO AY RATED
SPG.
WARNING:
-Not a war of the sexes.
-Not an anti-male stance.
-Both women and men
are victims although
women are affected
more than men.
In practically all cultures
women have a lower status than
men.
ACTIVITY No. 1
GENDER vs SEX:
AN ANALYTIC
TOOL
1. WOMEN EARN LESS
MONEY THAN THEN
MEN DO.
2. A HUSBAND CANNOT
FOLLOW HIS WIFE IN A
DIPLOMATIC POSTING.
3. GIRLS DROP OUT OF
SCHOOL MORE THAN
BOYS DO.
4. IN MOST
TRADITIONS, WOMEN
DO NOT OWN LAND.
5. A MAN IS THE HEAD
OF THE HOUSEHOLD.
6. IT IS NOT THE JOB OF
THE FATHER TO
CHANGE DIAPERS.
7. MEN DON’T CRY.
8. A WIFE CANNOT
INITIATE SEX WITH HER
HUSBAND.
9. THERE ARE MORE
MALE LEADERS THAN
FEMALE LEADERS.
10. BOYS CLIMB
TREES, GIRLS DON’T.
11. WOMEN
MENSTRUATE, MEN
DON’T.
12. A GIRL CANNOT
PROPOSE MARRIAGE
TO A BOY.
13. WOMEN CANNOT
BE RELIGIOUS LEADERS.
14. WOMEN ARE
NATURAL CHILD CARE
PROVIDERS.
15. A MAN CANNOT
GET PREGNANT.
16. Onlywomen
can breastfeed
babies.
17. Women are
emotional and men
are rational.
18. Malevoice
break at puberty.
19. Women have
broad hips than men
and so their gait is
more attractive.
20. Menare sexually
more aggressive
than women.
ACTIVITY No. 2
TRUE OR FALSE
Question 1
YES or NO
Ang babaeng bungangera ay dapat
lang bugbugin.
Kasalanan ng babaeng magahasa kung
siya ay naglalakad nang alas dose ng
gabi.
Sakit ang pagiging lesbyana o bakla.
❑ BIOLOGICAL ❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL
DIMENSION CONSTRUCTION
- chromosomes ❑ LEARNED
- hormones -gender of rearing
-gender identity
- reproductive parts
-gender role
- physical ❑ VARIABLE ACROSS
AGE AND TIME
❑ RELATIVELY FIXED ❑ VARIABLE ACROSS
AT BIRTH CULTURE
❑ UNIVERSAL ❑ SHIFTING AND FLUID
Gender Source: WHO
Shirt sold in SM
“The Naked Truth” fashion show where Coco Martin pulled a female
model on a leash which netizens saw as an act commodifying women.
@inquirerdotnet
Sexist Comments and
statements on women
including rape
= 44,034
http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/376614/news/specialreports/special-report-rape-in-the-philippines-numbers-reveal-disturbing-trend
Abusive Cultural Practices
• Child Brides
• Circumcision – both male and female (FGM)
• Breast ironing
• Acid Throwing, eve teasing
• Stoning to death
• Defense of honor
On Women Leadership
Women Leaders in Place in 2015
•Germany
Germany •South Korea
Germany
Liberia Cyrpus (North)
Argentina Senegal
Bangladesh Norway
Lithuania Latvia
Trinidad and Tobago Central African Republic
Brazil Chile
Kosovo Malta
Denmark Poland
Jamaica Switzerland
Slovenia Croatia
http://www.jjmccullough.com/charts_rest_fe
male-leaders.php
World's 10 most populous nations
and female leader status:
1 China No
2 India Yes
3 United States No
4 Indonesia Yes
5 Brazil Yes
6 Pakistan Yes
7 Bangladesh Yes
8 Nigeria No
9 Russia No
10 Japan No
“Womennomics” Shinzo Abe
The number of female CEOs at Fortune 500 companies stands at 23, with
exactly the same number occupying equivalent positions in the rest of the
Fortune 1000.
http://www.topmba.com/admissions/women-leadership-top-10-b-
schools-females
In the Corporate World
Women in the workforce (they now occupy more than
40% of all managerial positions in the United States)
Women:
an all-important resource for human
talent
Some Statistics
Women Men
Not working full-time/ 1 in 3 1 in 20
with MBA
% who opt out 37 24
Age 25-29 87% 100%
Age 40-44 71% 100%
With ambition 33% 50%
Growth rate of graduate degrees 16% 1.3%
Keeping Talented Women
Statistics
93% want to return
74% manage to do so
40% return to full-time jobs
24% take part-time jobs
9% become self-employed
Career Goals of Women
82% ability to associate with people they
respect
79% freedom to be themselves
64% opportunity to be flexible with
schedule
61% opportunity to collaborate with
others
56% give back to the community
51% recognition from the company
Reversing the Brain Drain
•Reduced-Hour Jobs
•Flexibility in the Day
•Flexibility in the Arc of a Career
•Removing the Stigma
•Stopping Burning Bridges
•Providing Outlets
•Nurturing Ambition
Adopting an On-Ramp
• Why do women leave careers after having invested
heavily in developing skills?
• Would men leave their careers if they ahd a spouse
who was earning enough?
• What would employers have to do? How would the
other women (and the men) be affected?
• Why do more women work part-time than men?
• What are the costs and benefits of having part-time
employees?
• What are the risks of this kind of policies?
• Are women more likely to leave a job than men?
ENGENDERING JOBS
KEY MESSAGES
• Gender inequality is a major part of global jobs
challenge. Appropriate responses require levelling
the playing field and creating the types of jibs that
can empower women.
• Reducing gender gaps in the world of work can
yield big development pay offs. These extend
beyond benefits to the women themselves,
including spillover effects on children, enhanced
poverty reduction, catalyzing business
productivity, and broader social cohesion.
FACTS ABOUT GENDER AT WORK
KEY MESSAGES
• Gender gaps in the world of work arise in multiple
forms, including types of jobs, firms and farming;
earnings; and rates of participation.
• Women and men sort into different types of
economic activity, including different occupations,
sectors, industries, and types of firms.
• Women consistently earn less than men.
• Women’s labor for participation globally has
stagnated.
IGNITING GENDER EQUALITY IN THE
WORLD OF WORK
KEY MESSAGES
•Government can play a critical role in
levelling the playing field for women’s
economic opportunities.
•Sound job strategies to reduce gender
inequality in the world of work star with
careful country-level diagnostics to
understand local priorities and key
constraints to women’s work.
•To private sector is the largest source of
jobs and therefore essential to engage
for equality in the world of work.
•Significant data and knowledge gaps
pose major challenges to evidence-
based policy-making and need to be
addressed.
Why study gender?
• Violence
• Exclusion
• Discrimination
• Marginalization
• Exploitation
Effects of Gender Construction on
Women and Men
•Stereotypes men’s roles,
identities and attributes
•Places on men expectations
and roles not of his own choice
and decision
•Puts unnecessary burdens on
men
•Perpetuates Violence
It is not what you see; it is how (filter) you see.
Context and Social Location
self 88
Existential Restlessness
• Augustine’s interpretation of this eros was seen
as the proper one: “You have made us for
yourself, Lord, and our hearts are restless until
they rest in you.”
• And so we should ask ourselves the question:
What kind of lovers are we?
• Are we still fired into life by a madness which
lets us understand the insatiability of our hearts
as a call to infinite love?
• Do we still see ourselves as pursuing each other,
embracing each other, and loving each other
against the horizon of the infinite?
Fire -metaphor
power
possession
India's Daughter.mp4
Cultural ideologies
Female identity
Male identity-
✓ Work ❖ relationality
✓ Power ❖ Care
✓ Sex ❖ Nurturing
History Herstory
We are sexual beings
Female fears
3 fears of Men
Feelings –bad daughter
Death Bad wife
Woman - Bad mother
intimacy
I care for you. I care for you too
I love you. I love you too.
Emotionally demanding insecurities
sex
I want to be free
I want control
Autonomy- Share
relationality
Female desire
Male desire ▪ Connections
✓ hegemonic
✓ ambivalent ▪ Autonomy –self-
✓ Androcentric – male experience
as the norm love and self-
sex Emotionally demanding sex
phallus
Autonomy- intimacy
relationality
As an outcome:
Male gender-roles
and
Female gender-roles develop.
Traditional Gender Roles Divide
Men and Women
but
•They are in the invisible and
marginalized sector or the so-
called non money economy
❖ bearing and rising children
❖ domestic and unpaid
economic labor
❖ subsistence agriculture
Second, they are already in the
money economy
•Informal sector
•Wage employment
•Trading
but, in being so, they experience a lot of
hardships
•Multiple roles
•Violence and sexual harassment
•Lack of protection
•Exploitation
•Poor skills
•Discrimination
Third, women have unique stakes,
roles and insights to share in order to
attain development objectives, such
as in:
•Sustaining the environment
•Managing population growth
•Imparting values that have
profound impacts on
human progress and
economic development.
GENDER AWARENESS
IS THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY
AND RESPOND TO PROBLEMS
ARISING FROM GENDER
INEQUALITY AND
DISCRIMINATION.
GENDER EQUITY
•Fairness of treatment for women
and men to their respective needs.
•May include equal treatment or
treatment that is different but
considered equivalent in terms of
rights, benefits, obligations and
opportunities.
GENDER EQUALITY
•Both women and men are free
to develop their personal
abilities and make choices
without the limitations set by
stereotypes, rigid gender roles
and prejudices.
•Different behavior,
aspirations and needs of
women and men are
considered, valued and
favored equally.
•Their rights,
responsibilities and
opportunities will not
defend on whether they
were born female o male.
Gender equality implies that
the interests, needs and priorities
of both women and men are
taken into consideration----
recognizing the diversity of
different groups of women and
men.
Equality between women and
men is seen both as a human
rights issue and as a
precondition for, and indicator
of sustainable people-centered
development.
To be GENDER RESPONSIVE:
•To realize that social norms have
led to differences in the roles
and expectations of women and
men, resulting in discriminatory
practices against women and
men, especially women.
•To believe that human
relationships should be
guided by the principles of
equality, equity and active
non-discrimination in all
spheres of interaction.
•To work for the eventual
elimination of these sources
of discrimination in the home,
the workplace, the
community and society as a
whole.
Basic Principles of Gender Equality
• Belief in the full dignity of human beings.
• I am proud of myself. I am not an object.
• Belief in human freedom (informed consent).
• I am a subject. I choose, I decide what is best for me.
• No one possesses me.
• Belief in the giftedness of human life.
• My life is a gift. I am not an accident.
• Belief in the uniqueness of the human person.
• I am unique. I am different from others.
• Respect for personal conscience.
• I follow my conscience.
• No one can force me to act against my conscience.
•Belief in the goodness of the human
body, sexuality and sensual joy.
• My body is beautifully created. I am not
suspicious of my body. I celebrate my
body-blessings.
•Belief in friendship, intimacy, and love.
• Friendship is the best metaphor to
experience intimacy and love.
•Belief in the full dignity of
women and children
•Call us to listen to their
stories (herstory)
•Recognition of women rights
•End to the violence against
women and girls
Signification