Cdin-5-Reviewer 3
Cdin-5-Reviewer 3
Cdin-5-Reviewer 3
TECHNICAL REPORTING 1
Report
Is a detailed account of an event, situation, etc., usually based on observation or
inquiry (PNP, 2014).
It is a specific form of writing that is organized around concisely identifying and
examining issues, events, or findings that have happened in a physical sense (Massey
University, 2010).
* Report – Shooting incident that is an event or situation, what is your
observations. Spot Report (Detailed Account), Investigation report
-you can make a report base on your observations.
-you need facts, what are your observations on that particular event.
- Hnd pwede na gumawa ng report na ganto dapat concise.
Report Writing
Is a communication' that lends itself to a useful tool for people in a free society to
express their thoughts and ideas and to obtain what they need or want (PNP, 2014).
It is a natural and necessary part of the very job description of an investigator
(Sennewald and Tsukayama, 2001).
a communication, Spot report ito yung nag transfer para mapadala yung.
- Express their thoughts
- 5 W and 1 H because it is a communication.
- To lower unit or higher to vice versa.
- Very difficult as investigator to make a report of the job discription of
report.
Ex. Shooting Incident – Blanko lahat lahat, Job description ( It is a process)
- It is an art kase wala tayo alam from a begging kaya need facts info and data
to make a report and can make amd submit to the higher quarters.
Common Types of Report
1. Formal or Informal Reports
Formal reports are carefully structured; they stress objectivity and organization,
contain much detail, and are written in a style that tends to eliminate such
elements as personal pronouns.
Casual and carefully structed – Police Report is a formal report. Title, Time
and Place and Who is the Victim or suspect and then that facts of the case.
Style and Format of particular report.
Informal reports are usually short messages with natural, casual use of language.
The internal memorandum can generally be described as an informal report
(University of Delhi, n.d.).
SMS informal report to
2. Short or Long Reports
A long report is a major study that provides an in-depth view of the problem
or idea. The implications of a long report are wide-ranging for a business or
industry.
Provide an in dept view of problem
- What is the problem about
- Investigation report ( What is the problem, arise of problems and
recomendation )
A short report can be defined as an organized presentation of relevant data
on any topic-money, travel, time, personnel, equipment, management-that a
company or agency tracks in its day-to-day operations.
Shooting Incident ( You need to follow or what are the resolution and
recomendation
The long report examines a problem in detail, while the short report covers
just one part of the problem.
Reports vary by size, format, and function, writing them involves adjusting to the
needs of the audience while respecting conventions and guidelines.
Investigative Reporting
Is an objective statement of the investigator's findings. It is an official record of
information relevant to the investigation which the investigator submits to his/her superior
(PNP, 2014). It is a document that details the findings evidence a formal complaint or
allegation. These reports are often common immediately upon the receipt of a formal
complaint, and generally used to establish whether an allegation is supported facts.
Appropriate Investigative Report Writing
Regardless of whether the investigation will proceed into a court of law, all
investigative reports should be structured to communicate relevant and factual information.
At a minimum, author/s should ensure that the following goals are consistently applied to
every type of report that is being presented (Sachowski, 2016):
Report contains an accurate description of all event and incident details,
Content is clear, concise, and understandable to relevant decision-makers,
Content is deemed admissible and credible in a court of law;
Content not portray opinions or information that misinterpretation,
Report contains sufficient information to establish factual relevance of conclusion;
Report is completed and presented in timely manner.
Grammar is the study of the classes of words, their inflections, and their functions
and relations in the sentence (merriam-webster.com, n.d.). It is the structure of our
writing. Without correct grammar usage, our ideas and thoughts cannot be
communicated effectively or efficiently (University of Arizona, n.d.).
It is the structural foundation of our ability to express ourselves. The more we are
aware of how it works, the more we can monitor the meaning and effectiveness of
the way we and others use language. It can help foster precision, detect ambiguity,
and exploit the richness of expression available in English (Ontario Tech University
2022)
What is composition?
1. Nouns
These are names of people, places, or things. They are often the subject in a
sentence. A singular noun takes a singular verb in a sentence; a plural noun takes a plural
verb.
Capitalize proper nouns that name specific people, places, or things. Do not
capitalize common nouns that name general people, places, or things.
Example:
Manila is the capital of the Philippines.
In my travels in the USA, I have visited all fifty states.
Some nouns ending in -s are singular, some are plural, and some are both singular
and plural.
Example:
Singular: News, Pass, Lens
Plural: Earnings, Assets, Thanks
Both Singular and Plural: Series, Species, Headquarters
If a noun ends in -ics and refers to a body of knowledge, a science, or a course of
study, it is usually singular.
Example:
Mathematics, Phonetics, Semantics, etc.
If a noun ends in -ics and refers to concrete activities, practices, or phenomena, it is
usually plural.
Example:
Athletics, Mechanics, Acoustics, etc.
A collective noun
Refers to a group (army, audience, board, etc.) and may be singular or plural.
If the group is acting as a unit, the noun is singular and takes a singular verb.
Example:
- The band is ready to perform.
If members of the group are acting individually, the noun is plural and takes a plural
verb.
Example:
The band are practicing their instruments.
To make the sentence clearer, insert a plural noun after the collective noun.
Example:
- The band members are practicing their instruments
A compound noun
Consists of two or more words joined or used together to refer to one person, place,
or thing.
Compound nouns may have a hyphen, but most do not:
Example:
Truck stop, Bathroom, Sister-in-law, part time student, etc.
Use the articles a, an, the before nouns you can count.
Countable nouns have singular and plural forms and can be used after the words
many or several.
Example: Chair, Pen, Apple, etc.
Do not use articles before uncountable nouns
Uncountable nouns have no plural forms and cannot be used after the words many
or several.
Example: Wisdom, Furniture, Information, etc.
2. Pronouns
It refers to or substitutes a noun in a given sentence.
There are three kinds of pronouns:
Subject Pronouns
Object Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Subject Pronouns
I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who, whoever
Use a Subject Pronoun when:
The pronoun is the subject of the sentence.
Example: John Arcilla is terrific as Heneral Luna in the movie. He was my
favorite actor.
The pronoun is used after a "be" verb (am/is/are, was/ were, be, being,
been).
Example: Aunt Martha was annoyed that I did not defrost the turkey in time.
Actually, it was she who forgot.
Object Pronouns
Me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whom, whomever
Use an Object Pronoun when:
The pronoun is the object of the sentence; it receives the action or is acted
upon.
Example: Our parents gave Mimi a cat for her birthday, but they expected us
to clean its litter box.
The pronoun is used after the prepositions between, except, and with.
Example: Amy divided the task of canvassing all three neighborhoods
between us and them.
Possessive Pronouns
My, your, his, her, our, their, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs, whose
Use a Possessive Pronoun to show ownership
Example: The sandwich in the kitchen is mine.
Yours is in the fridge next to hers.
3. Verbs
It shows action (walk, run, write) or a state of being (be, feel, smell, and
seem). Some verbs can stand alone in a sentence; other verbs are helping verbs.
Helping verbs
Are forms of the words do, be, and have, or the words shall/will, might/must,
would/could/should, and can/may. They combine with other verbs to form a
complete verb phrase (e.g. was sleeping). Other verbs are called linking verbs.
Linking verbs
Link the subject of a sentence to a description that follows. Linking verbs
include forms of the verb be and the verbs seem, appear, become, grow, remain,
stay, prove, feel, look, smell, sound, and taste.
Verbs have four primary forms:
Present Form- It is the main entry in the dictionary
Past Form- It is created by using the present form and adding-dor-ed (for regular
verbs)
Past Participle Form- It is created by using the past form and adding a helping verb
(for regular verbs). The helping verb (do, be, and have) should agree with the
subject.
Present Participle Form- It is created by adding -ing to the present form and adding
a helping verb (for regular verbs). The helping verb (do, be, and have) should agree
with the subject.
If a verb is regular, it follows the forms above. If a verb is irregular, a dictionary will
list the verb's present form, past form, and past participle form, in that order (go, went,
gone). If the dictionary lists only two forms (wash, washed), then the past and the past
participle forms are the same.
Verbs also have tenses that show the time an action occurred. The most common
tenses are the present tense, the past tense, the future tense, the perfect tenses, and the
progressive tenses.
Present Tense- It is used to show action that is occurring now. Create the present
tense by using the present form of the verb.
Example: I work in the Faculty Department.
Past Tense- It is used to show action that was completed in the past. Create the past
tense by using the past form of the verb.
Example: Last year, I worked in the Faculty Department.
Future Tense- It is used to show action that is expected to occur in the future. Create
the future tense by putting the helping verb will before the present form of the verb.
Example: I will work in the Faculty Department after my assignment here.
Present Perfect Tense- It is used to show action that started in the past and is
continuing or is linked to the present. Create the present perfect tense by putting
the helping verb has or have before the past participle form of the verb.
Example: I have worked in the Faculty Department for most of my career.
Past Perfect Tense- It is used to show action that was completed before another
past action. Create the past perfect tense by putting the helping verb had before the
past participle form of the verb.
Example: Marilynne had worked in Human Resources before she joined the
Faculty Department.
Future Perfect Tense- It is used to show action that will be completed before
another future action. Create the future perfect tense by putting the helping verbs
"will have" before the past participle form of the verb.
Example: I will have worked for this firm for twenty-five years when I retire.
Present Progressive Tense- It is used to show an action that is occurring now and is
continuing. Create the present progressive tense by using the present participle and
putting the helping verb is, am, are, was, were, or be before it.
Example: I am working as hard as I can to renovate this house.
Past Progressive Tense- It is used to show a continuing action that occurred in the
past. Create the past progressive tense by using the present participle and putting
the helping verb was or were before it.
Example: I was working at my computer when they arrived.
Future Progressive Tense- It is used to show a continuing future action. Create the
future progressive tense by using the present participle and putting the helping verbs
"will be" before it.
Example: I will be working on this task until next week
Adverbs-It describes action verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They answer the
questions HOW? WHY? WHEN? WHERE? HOW MUCH? Or TO WHAT DEGREE? To
determine whether to use an adverb or an adjective, locate the word it describes
Adverbs that end in -ly. Many adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective.
Sometimes the spelling changes when the -ly is added. When an adjective ends in -ly,
it usually has no adverb form. To use the word as an adverb, use the adjective in an
adverb phrase. For example, beautiful-beautifully, easy- easily, and so on.
Example: He responded to the crowd in a friendly manner.
-Place adverbs as close as possible to the words they are supposed to modify. Putting
the adverb in the wrong spot can an awkward sentence at best and completely
change the meaning at worst.
Examples: We are quickly approaching the deadline.
-To make the comparative form of an adverb that ends in-ly, add the word more:
Example: He smiled more warmly than the others.
Adjectives- These are words that describe or indicate degree. Adjectives are used to
describe nouns or pronouns. Adjectives are also used after linking verbs. Adjectives
are easy to identify in a sentence because they fall right before the nouns they
modify.
Example: The old clock hung upon the wall.
-Adjectives used in sentences or clauses with linking verbs fall after the nouns they
modify. Linking verbs describe a state of being rather than an action; the most
common linking verb is to be, and others include sense verbs like appear, seem, look,
smell, sound, and taste.
Example: Cynthia is fatigued.
Compound adjectives are compound words that act as adjectives. It communicates a
specific person, place, thing, or concept. It is any word that’s made up of two or
more words, like: Doghouse, Fire truck, and so on.
Example: The meat was undercooked, but the pasta was perfect.
For comparative (regular) adjectives follow this rules:
For adjectives that are just one syllable, add -er to the end.
-For two-syllable adjectives not ending in-y and for all three-or-more-syllable
adjectives, use the form “more + adjective.”
-For two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, change the -y to-i and add -er.
-For superlative (regular) adjectives follow this rules:
For adjectives that are just one syllable, add -est to the end.
-For two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y and for all three-or-more-syllable
adjectives, use the form “most + adjective.”
-For two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, change the -y to-i and add-est
-It’s important to note that there are irregular adjectives that a writer has to
memorize because they don’t follow the rules above.
Example: Good/well
Articles These are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific The articles in
the English language are the, a, and an
Definite Article - It limits the meaning of a noun to one particular thing. The definite
article is the word the. It can be used with singular, plural, or uncountable nouns.
Example: Please give me the hammer.
Indefinite Article-It takes two forms. It’s the word a when it precedes a word that
begins with a consonant. It’s the word an when it precedes a word that begins with a
vowel. The indefinite article indicates that a noun refers to a general idea rather than
a particular thing.
Example: Please hand me a toy, any toy will do.
Prepositions. It is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun
phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce
an object (Walden University, 2031).
Prepositions of Direction -Used to refer to a direction, use the prepositions “to,”
“in,” “into,” “on,” and “onto” (Walden University, 2001).
Example : She drove to the store.
Prepositions of Time Used to refer to one point in time, use the prepositions “in.”
“at.” And “on” (Walden University, 2021). Use “in” with parts of the day (not specific
times). Months, years, and seasons.
Example: He reads in the evening.
Use “at” with the time of day. Also use “at” with Noon, night, and midnight.”
Example: I go to work at 8:00.
To refer to extended time, use the prepositions “since,” “for,” “by,” “during,”
“from...to,” “from...until,” “with,” and “within” (Walden University, 2021)
Example: I lived in Minneapolis since 2005. (I moved there in 2005 and still live
there.)
Prepositions of Place
To refer to a place, use the prepositions “in” (the point itself), “at” (the general
vicinity), “on” (the surface), and “inside” (something contained) (Walden University,
2021).
Example: They will meet in the lunchroom.
To refer to an object higher than a point, use the prepositions “over” and “above.”
To refer to an object lower than a point, use the prepositions “below,” “beneath,”
“under,” and “underneath” (Walden University, 2021).
Example: The bird flew over the house.
To refer to an object close to a point, use the prepositions “by,” “near,” “next to,”
“between,” “among,” and “opposite” (Walden University, 2021).
Example: The gas station is by the grocery store.
Prepositions of Location- It is used to refer to a location, using the prepositions “in”
(an area or volume), “at” (a point), and “on” (a surface) (Walden University, 2021).
Example: They live in the country. (an area)
Prepositions of Spatial Relationships- It is used to refer to a spatial relationship, use
the prepositions “above,” “across,” “against,” “ahead of,” “along.” “among.”
“around,” “behind,” “below,” “beneath,” “beside,” “between,” “from,” “in front of,”
“inside,” “near,” “off,” “out of,” “through,” “toward,” “under,” and “within”.
(Walden University, 2021).
Example: The post office is across the street from the grocery store.
Conjunctions These are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses together. It
allows the writer to form complex, elegant sentences and avoid the choppiness of
multiple short sentences (Grammarly, 2021)
Coordinating conjunctions allow the writer to join words, phrases, and clauses of
equal grammatical rank in a sentence. The most common coordinating conjunctions
are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so; you can remember them by using the
mnemonic device FANBOYS (Grammarly, 2021).
Example: I’d like pizza or a salad for lunch.
Correlative Conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together. Some
examples are either/or, neither/ nor, and not only/but also (Grammarly, 2021).
Example: Not only am I finished studying for English, but I’m also finished
writing my history essay.
Subordinating Conjunctions are used to join independent and dependent clauses. It
can signal a cause-and-effect relationship, a contrast, or some other kind of
relationship between the clauses. Common subordinating conjunctions are because,
since, as, although, though, while, and whereas. Sometimes an adverb, such as until,
after, or before can function as a conjunction (Grammarly, 2021).
Example: I can stay out until the clock strikes twelve.
According to the Purdue Online Writing Lab (2021), the following are rules in making
Subjects and Verbs agree:
3. When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by or or use a singular
verb (owl.purdue.edu, 2021). Example: The book or the pen is in the cabinet.
4. When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural noun or pronoun
joined by or or nor, the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is nearer
the verb (owl. Purdue.edu, 2021). Examples: The boy or his friends run every day.
5. Doesn’t is a contraction of does not and should be used only with a singular subject.
Don’t is a contraction of do not and should be used only with a plural subject. The
exception to this rule appears in the case of the first person and second person
pronouns I and you. With these pronouns, the contraction “don’t” should be used
(owl.purdue.edu, 2021). Examples: He doesn’t like it.
6. Do not be misled by a phrase that comes between the subject and the verb. The verb
agrees with the subject, not with a noun or pronoun in the phrase (owl.purdue.edu,
2021) Examples: One of the boxes is open
7. The words each, each one, either, neither, everyone, everybody, anybody, anyone,
nobody, somebody, someone, and no one are singular and require a singular verb
(owl.purdue.edu, 2021).Examples: Each of these hot dogs is juicy.
8. Nouns such as civics, mathematics, dollars, measles, and news require singular verbs.
When talking about an amount of money, it requires a singular verb, but when
referring to the dollars themselves, a plural verb is required (owl.purdue.edu, 2021).
Example:The news is on at six.
9. Nouns such as scissors, tweezers, trousers, and shears require plural verbs. (There
are two parts to these things.) (owl.purdue. edu, 2021). Examples: These scissors are
dull.
10. In sentences beginning with “there is” or “there are,” the subject follows the verb.
Since “there” is not the subject, the verb agrees with what follows (owl.purdue.edu,
2021). Examples: There are many questions.
11. Collective nouns are words that imply more than one person but that are considered
singular and take a singular verb, such as group, team, committee, class, and family
(owl.purdue.edu, 2021). Examples: The team runs during practice.
12. Expressions such as with, together with, including, accompanied by, in addition to, or
as well do not change the number of the subject. If the subject is singular, the verb is
too.
What is a Sentence?
Sentence variety helps make writing more interesting and improves readability.
There are four different kinds of sentences.
1. Declarative sentence
2. Exclamatory sentence
3. Imperative sentence
4. Interrogative sentence
It is a sentence that asks a question. A sentence written in the interrogative form can
be direct or indirect, begin with or without pronouns, and feature yes/no
interrogatives, alternative questions, or tag questions. Interrogative sentences often
start with interrogative pronouns and end with a question mark. Question words,
typically “wh” words, include “who,” “what,” “when,” “where,” “why,” “which,”
“whose,” and “whom.” You can also use auxiliary verbs in interrogative sentences,
such as “Did she mean to sound so angry?” Here, “did” is an auxiliary verb (or
helping verb), transforming the sentence “she meant to sound so angry” into a
question (masterclass.com, 2022).
1. Simple Sentence
It contains a subject’ and a verb, and it may also have an object and modifiers’.
However, it contains only one independent clause’ (Walden University, 2021).
Example: The suspect ran.
2. Compound Sentence
It contains at least two independent clauses. These two independent clauses can be
combined with a comma and a coordinating conjunction or with a semicolon
(Walden University, 2021). Example:
The suspect ran, and he left the knife at the crime scene.
3. Complex Sentence
It contains at least one independent clause and at least one dependent clause”.
Dependent clauses can refer to the subject (who, which) the sequence/time (since,
while), or the causal elements (because, if) of the independent clause (Walden
University, 2021). If a sentence begins with a dependent clause, note the comma
after this clause. If, on the other hand, the sentence begins with an independent
clause, there is not a comma separating the two clauses (Walden University, 2021).
Example: Although the suspect ran after committing the crime, she was caught by
the responding police officers.
4. Compound-complex Sentence
It contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause
(Walden University, 2001). Example: She completed her literature review, but she
still needs to work on her methods section even though she finished her methods
course last semester.