CARIBBEAN

ECONOMY
AND SLAVERY
Study Guide
Caribbean History Term 1

Made by
Ricardo
Edwards
 THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
The exchange of diseases, ideas, food crops, and
populations between the new world and the old world
following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher
Columbus in 1492..
 SYSTEMS OF LABOUR

● Repartimiento – the distribution

of the Tainos, parceling them out
in groups of thirty.
● A Spaniard was then granted
encomiendas over one or more
of these groups.
● This system of labour
was introduced by
Columbus.
 REQUIREMENTS OF REPARTIMIENTO

● A man who had been given an encomienda became known as an

encomendero.
● This means he was the protector of the Indians with the duty of seeing
that they were care for and taught to become more civilizied- giving
signs that they accepted the Christian faith.
● In return the Indians were to give service in the mines or fields.
 REQUIREMENTS OF REPARTIMIENTO

very Taino over 14 years was required to pay one

awksbill(small turtle) full of gold to Columbus every
three onths.
acique had to pay one calabash full of gold every
three onths
 REQUIREMENTS OF REPARTIMIENTO

● Those who could not pay were put to death

● They had to work for their new masters and
pay tribute to them
 SYSTEMS OF LABOUR

● Encomienda – system of forced labour where

the Tainos would work for the Spaniards and
they in return would protect them and teach
them Christianity.
 REQUIREMENTS OF ENCOMIENDA
● Settlers were allocated large tracts of land and indigenous
people to work them
● Indigenous people were forced to pay tributes of food, gold
and labour
● Tainos worked on ; sugar estates, cattle ranches, mines, food
production, transportation of goods, clearing land, ploughing,
planting, harvesting, domestic work, construction, pearl diving
and guides.
● Could be made to work wherever the encomendero desired.
● Many were forced to change their location
 EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SYSTEM

● It was a means of obtaining forced labour for the encomenderos

● No wages were paid for work done

● Neither churches nor schoolsweǐe

 EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SYSTEM
● Taino farms were ruined by herds of cattle or
swine belonging to the encomendero
● They could not grow their own food because they
had neither the time nor strength
● They were not free to leave the encomienda and
those who did were hunted down by men on horse
back with dogs.
FORMS OF RESISTANCE USED BY INDIGENO

The indigenous people resisted the hard labour system in a number of ways.
They committed
Infanticide, suicide ( Hung themselves or poison with cassava juice) and abortion.
 FORMS OF RESISTANCE USED BY INDIGENOUS

● Destruction of crops
 FORMS OF RESISTANCE USED BY INDIGENOUS

● Overworked
 FORMS OF RESISTANCE USED BY INDIGENOUS

● Refusal to work
FORMS OF RESISTANCE USED BY INDIGENOUS
FORMS OF RESISTANCE USED BY INDIGENOUS P

● Resistance Wars
● Pining away
FORMS OF RESISTANCE USED BY INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

● Running away – some Tainos ran away

to mountains and forested areas,
caves or other islands in order to
escape the harsh treatment and to
protect their families.
 ADVANTAGES OF THE FORMS OF RESISTANCE

● Numerical superiority of the indigenous peoples

● Fighting forces of the Europeans were less in numbers and had to
be spread over the vast land mass occupied by the indigenous peoples.
 ADVANTAGES OF FORMS OF RESISTANCE

● Indigenous people were operating in familiar territory. They knew were

to hide and ambush their opponents.
● Could move easily over difficult mountain, forest and swamp terrain
and over land.
 ADVANTAGES OF FORMS OF RESISTANCE

● Spaniards depended on indigenous people for

food supplies. This made the Spaniards vulnerable.
ADVANTAGES OF FORMS OF RESISTANCE

● Spanish depended on indigenous people as

collaborators, guides, workers and
soldiers.
 ADVANTAGES OF FORMS OF RESISTANCE

● Indigenous people were skilled sailors.

● They could use waterways as escape routes
or as means of attack.
 REASONS FOR LACK OF SUCCESS

● Indigenous societies were at different levels

of development from the Europeans. The
Europeans possessed a more modern and
efficient machinery.
● They were better equipped with weapons
and had the advantage of ease of mobility of
their fighting forces.
 REASONS FOR LACK OF SUCCESS

● Code of behavior was different.

Europeans believed in total war and
fought to kill their opponents while the
indigenous people focused on taking
captives
 REASONS FOR LACK OF SUCCESS

● The Indigenous people were not unified so

there were no mass uprisings against the
Spaniards. Spaniards were able to target
specific groups at their convenience and
were never forced to spread themselves thin.
 REASONS FOR LACK OF SUCCESS

● The belief systems of the indigenous people

sometimes served as a disadvantage in the
conflict.
● They held the invading Europeans in awe
identifying them with some religious symbols.
● This retarded their responses.
 EFFECTS OF
COLUMBIAN
EXCHANGE ON
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
 EFFECTS ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

● Succumbed to European diseases for which

they had no immunity. Eg. Small pox, measles,
fever, influenza cholera, dysentery etc.
 EFFECTS ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

● Lifestyle changed – were subjected to long hours of work

in mines, on plantations etc.
 EFFECTS ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

● Death due to European sports- they were hunted down and killed if left
the encomienda system

● Death due to overwork and starvation

● Some committed suicide, infanticide. Others died from starvation and

some pined away.

● Some fell victims to slave raiding expeditions where they were transported
from smaller islands to Hispaniola to work on mines.
 EFFECTS ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

● Destruction of the civilizations of the indigenous people

as their cultural activities were derided by the
Europeans.

● They did not have time to practice their usual activities

● They lost the guiding hands of their leaders as they

were defeated
 EFFECTS ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

● They were forcible Christianized and

their traditional religious beliefs ridiculed.
 EFFECTS ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

● Miscegenation – new group called the Mestizos

created from the relations between the
indigenous people and the Spaniards.

● The existence of this group complicated

the population and affected social
relations.
EFFECTS ON THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

● Spanish architectural influence became

dominant in the region as Spain constructed
administrative, religious and cultural
buildings
EFFECTS ON THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

● Food and cultivation changed. New crops. New

crops introduced by the Spaniards. For eg.
Wheat, barley, onions, beans, vegetables, olives,
oranges

● New animals such as horses, ,cows, sheep, dogs

goats and pigs. These multiplied rapidly, became
fertile and roamed freely destroying the
cultivated farms of the indigenous people.
BENEFITS OF
COLUMBIAN
EXCHANGE
ON
EUROPEANS
BENEFITS TO THE EUROPEANS
 BENEFITS TO EUROPEANS

Europeans gained increased geographical

knowledge of the region and acquired more
precise information on latitude, longitude, ocean
currents and cartography.
 BENEFITS TO EUROPEANS

● They encountered a range of new plants and animals

and knowledge of their uses.

● This knowledge facilitated studies in Botany and Zoology

in the region.
 BENEFITS TO EUROPEANS

● They had access to the services of indigenous people

as guides and skilled seamen. These were important in
their military campaigns and exploratory ventures.
 BENEFITS TO EUROPEANS

● Led to development in Europe/Spain.

● Evidenced by the fine buildings that were constructed eg.
Libraries, museums and support for the arts that occurred
in the period.
 BENEFITS TO EUROPEANS

● The New World provided an outlet for immigration

of European excess populations

● Employment opportunities developed for Europeans

in the empire
 BENEFITS TO EUROPEANS

● The Roman Catholic church enjoyed

increased membership, wealth and influence.
 BENEFITS TO EUROPEANS

● Naval expansion due to the need for trade in the region

● New business opportunities stimulated through trade.
 BENEFITS TO EUROPEANS

● They benefited from the food of the indigenous

people. Some of which were new to them eg.
Cassava, potato and maize. This widened the range
of the European diet.
 BENEFITS TO EUROPEANS

● They learned about medicinal cures and remedies

used by the indigenous people.
REASONS THE ENGLISH
AND FRENCH
CONCENTRATED ON
TOBACCO
CULTIVATION
TOBACCO PRODUCING TERRITORIES

▣ BARBADOS
▣ ANTIGUA
▣ DOMINICA
▣ GRENADA
▣ ST.KITTS
 Reasons English and French
Cultivated Tobacco

▣ Smoking of tobacco was becoming fashionable

or habitual in Europe and so this created a ready
market for the product.
 Reasons English and French Cultivated
Tobacco
▣ Foodstuffs such as fruits and vegetables were of
perishable nature. They could not remain sound for any
appreciable length of time.

▣ The slowness and irregularity of the transatlantic crossing

by sailing ships would result in spoilage. Once properly
cured tobacco would not spoil.
 Reasons English and French Cultivated
Tobacco

▣ Fruits and vegetables were only grown to sustain life

and until supplies arrived from Europe.

▣ The doubtful profitability of these crops

discouraged concentration on them.
 Reasons English and French Cultivated
Tobacco
▣ The small ships of the 17th century could not profitably transport
relatively bulky cargoes such as timber and cattle.

▣ Although other tropical crops could be grown colonists were

seeking maximum profits so crops such as corn which was cheap did
not interest them.

▣ Tobacco was not bulky so as to pose major problems of

transportation from the West Indies to Europe.
 Reasons English and French Cultivated
Tobacco
▣ Tobacco was easy to cultivate. It could be grown
on small plots.

▣ It did not require a large labour force. The

process involved in the preservation or curing of
tobacco were relatively simple and did not call
for large capital expenditure for the purchase of
heavy machinery, buildings and livestock.
 THE SUGAR
REVOLUTION
 The Sugar Revolution
▣ This term was used to describe the
change from tobacco cultivation to sugar
cane cultivation.

▣ This change took place in the mid 17 th century

in the Leeward islands and a number of social
changes accompanied it.
Reasons for Change From Tobacco To
Sugar
● Competition from Virginia- In the 17th century West
Indian tobacco could not compete neither in quantity
nor quality with that of the American colony of Virginia.

● The combination of West Indian and Virginian

tobacco created a glut in the European market which
adversely affected prices and profits.

● A crop of greater profitability had to be found.

 The role of the Dutch
The Dutch provided:

● advice to help with the development of sugar industry. The Dutch suggested sugar
cane as a new crop and this was accepted by the English and French.

● Credit to purchase equipment- the production of sugar required expensive capital

equipment and the Dutch helped to provide by supplying the necessary credit.

● Market – they bought the planters’ produce when the sugar was manufactured
and provided a ready market for the young industry.
 The Caribbean Climate
▣ Sugar cane is a tropical product so it could not be
grown with success in the temperature climate of
Europe.

▣ The West Indies was suitable both in climate and soil for the
cultivation of sugar cane.

▣ So on geographical grounds there was nothing

to prevent the change over from tobacco to sugar
cane.
 Transportation
● Sugar cane posed no transportation problems
- Sugar was not too bulky to be transported
economically in the small ships available.
 Social Habits in Europe
▣ The introduction of tea and coffee in Europe resulted in greate
use of these beverages.

▣ In order to meet the ever-increasing demand something

less expensive than honey was needed to sweeten
the new drinks.
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
IMPACT OF THE SUGAR
REVOLUTION
 Impact of the Sugar Revolution

● The processing of sugar-cane into sugar required

expensive buildings, livestock and heavy machinery
and for these to be economically worked meant that
large quantities of cane had to be obtained.

● Factories could not be kept idle.

 Production Scale
▣ Tobacco had been cultivated on relatively small
plots but these were too small for the
production of sugar cane in the economic
quantities.

▣ Where it was not possible to acquire large enough

holdings to cultivate sugar cane, a process of
absorption occurred to increase the size of
existing estates.
 Production Scale
▣ Small estates adjacent to larger ones were
acquired, by fair or fowl means and wealthy
and progressive planters took over the lands of
their poorer or more backward neighbours.

▣ This led to a reduction in the number of estates.

 Impact of the Sugar Revolution
▣ As sugar became more profitable the
demand for land increased.

▣ Forested areas were cleared to be used for

sugar cultivation.

▣ The demand for land also lead to increase

in prices.
 Impact of the Sugar Revolution
● The change to sugar affected the supply
of labour to the colonies.

● The dispossession of small landowners meant

that a large number of people were forced to
change their means of livelihood, few stayed
to work on sugar plantations.
 Impact of the Sugar Revolution
● Sugar cultivation required a large labour force.
● With the failure of voluntary and compulsory
migration to produce sufficient labourers to
suit West Indian demands the importation of
Africans began.
Impact of the Sugar Revolution
▣ The increasing wealth of the West
Indies aroused the greed of the
Europeans.

▣ They sought to gain control of the islands

from each other.

▣ Trade rivalry produced trade wars.

 Impact of the Sugar Revolution

▣ The Navigation Acts of the 1650s and 1660s

sought to end Dutch trading supremacy in
the West Indies and reserved the trade for
Britain
Economic Impact of the Sugar

▣ The emergence of new commercial

arrangements to facilitate the marketing of
plantation products and supplying
plantation needs.

▣ Emergence of new banking arrangements

to facilitate plantation arrangements.
 Impact of the Sugar Revolution
▣ Society became stratified – the social
structure changed .

▣ Interbreeding between the blacks and whites led

to the mulatto.
 Impact of the Sugar Revolution

▣ Race and colour were important distinction

for class.

▣ The whites were at the topic of the social

structure and the slaves at the bottom.
Impact of the Sugar Revolution
Impact of the Sugar Revolution
 Demographic changes

▣ The composition of the society changed from

90% white to 90% blacks due to the
importation of Africans in large numbers to
work on sugar plantations.
 Impact of the Sugar Revolution
▣ A fractured society – separation of families. Captives
taken across the Atlantic ocean were separated from each
other.

▣ Those of similar tribes were placed on different plantations

▣ Men could be sold to other plantations

▣ Sexual abuse was common.

 THE
TRANSATLANTIC
SLAVE TRADE
The Triangular Trade
The Triangular Trade
 Reasons Africans Were Favoured
● White indentured servants provided labour on the tobacco farms,
which needed relatively few hands to produce the crops successfully.

● The English and French settlers needed a large labour force. So they
imported captive Africans for the following reasons:
Reasons Africans Were Taken As Slaves
● The supply of both voluntary and involuntary white indentured servants
was declining and those who were available were very expensive.

● As the plantation system developed and became more entrenched,

planters no longer wanted to give prime sugar lands as incentives to attract
indentured servants and so they relied more on the enslaved Africans
since there was no need to give them land.
 Reasons Africans Were Taken As Slaves
● In territories like Barbados and Belize there was no large indigenous population
to provide a reliable source of labour.

● In the French territories of the Eastern Caribbean the Kalinago’s- the

only indigenous population, refused to be enslaved.

● The Mayans in Belize also refused to be enslaved. Planters therefore felt that
it would be easier to enslave and control imported labour than the indigenous
people.
○
 Reasons Africans Were Taken as Slaves
● White indentured servants were also reluctant to work alongside
the enslaved.

● Planters did not want to lose the support of any group of whites, a risk that
they faced, if they did not stop the use of white servants, a potential source of
support for white power, and so they became more dependent on the
enslaved Africans.
 Reasons Africans Were Taken As Slaves
● There already existed a system of moving captive Africans to Europe.

● The exploitation of enslaved Africans in the Iberian

Peninsula demonstrated their effectiveness.

● Dutch traders made it feasible for the planters to use enslaved African
labour by offering attractive terms of trade and introducing them to
the methods of production and control used by the Portuguese
 Reasons Africans Were Taken as Slaves
● Affordability - Planters saw a cost advantage in the use of the
enslaved Africans.

● Although it was expensive to purchase the Africans They could make a

profi from the goods produced by the enslaved Africans and their children
became the property of the masters.

● The supply of African was constant, cheap and reliable as more

traders gained access to the coast.

● Money was also available to purchase them so hundreds of thousands

wer imported into the English and French Caribbean territories.
 Reasons Africans Were Taken As Slaves

● Rationalization for the use of enslaved Africans - Planters believed the Africans
were better suited culturally to the rigours of plantation labour, possessed prior
experienced in agriculture and were accustomed to the tropical climatic conditions
of the Caribbean

● They were also seen as an inferior race whose role was that of “hewers of wood
and drawers of water” and people like Las Casas held the view that unless an
African was hanged he would not die. These were the kind of durable labourers
whom the Europeans preferred.
 Rationalization Cont’d
● Africans were not Christians and therefore deserved to be enslaved.
● Planters found that they were able to exploit the enslaved without impunity.
Reasons Africans Were Favoured as Slaves
● Suitability - Planters believed that Africans were physically suited for
plantation labour, possessed prior experiences in agriculture and
were accustomed to the tropical climate.
Ways in Which Africans Might Become Slaves

● As payment for debts

● As prisoners of war
● As punishment for crimes
● If born into slavery
● Enslaving self in search of better life
● In time of famine children put into slavery to ensure their
welfare.
 Slave Trading Ports in Europe
La Rochelle
Le Havre
 Preparation Which Took Place in Europe for
the Voyage
● Acquisition of capital for the voyage
● Secure a licence or a charter from the government
● Establishing a partnership or company
● Acquisition of ship
● Purchasing of trade goods - textiles, guns, iron bars etc,
● Purchasing of the tools of the trade - chains, handcuffs, shackles,
food containers, feeding bowls etc.
● Recruiting a captain, crew and doctor
Preparation Which Took Place in Europe For the
Voyage Cont’d
● Informing prospective customers in the Caribbean

● Take out insurance for ship and slaves

● Purchasing salt for use as ballast and for sale in Africa

 Ways Captives were Obtained

● Raids on Villages- this took place at nights.

● These made use of the elements of surprise and the

darkness of the night.

● Fires were usually set on villages and as terrified villagers

scampered to safety they were captured and chained and
marched to the forts.
 Ways Captives Were Obtained
● Ambush- unsuspecting individuals or small groups of
people were ambushed at rivers, on their way to or
from work or in isolated area captured and chained.
 Ways Captives Were Obtained

● Trickery - Some who sought to assist the traders

found themselves captives.

● Some were encouraged to join search parties, or go on

board ships to transact business and were taken
captives.
 As a means of community protection

● Some African rulers sought to protect their communities

by collaborating with the slave traders

● Prisoners of war were sold into enslavement

● The trans-Atlantic trade in captive Africans stimulated

internal conflicts which were used to generate captives for
sale.

● Penalty for offenders

Features of the Process in Bringing Slaves to
the Caribbean - Slave Raiding
● Captives were shackled together in a line called the slave coffle
and marched from their point of capture, which was usually inland.

● A coffle is a caravan/convoy of captive Africans fastened together

for transportation from one point to the other.

● The coffle made escape difficult. Those enslaved who were unable to
travel due to illness or aged were cut from the coffle and abandoned
to die.

● Coffles sometimes stopped in wayside towns/villages for the

nights until they arrived at the coast.
 Conditions at the Fort
● At the coast captives were held in barracoons which
were holding bays at the lowest level of the forts
until there were sufficient numbers to fill the slaver.

● Captives could be held there for as much as 200 days.

 Conditions at the Fort
● Barracoons were dark, hot , overcrowded
dungeons which lacked ventilation, sanitation and
privacy.

● Food was poor and women were subjected to abuse.

 Conditions at the Fort
● A rectangular hole at the top of the room was the only opening
which might allow any light or ventilation into the room.

● Its main function was to ensure that the captives were always
under scrutiny. Its value to permit light and ventilation was
minimised by overcrowding and by the fact that the room was
located in the basement and away from the source of light
and breeze.
 Conditions at the Fort

● Captives were fed through the rectangular opening as the “slop” was
thrown into the gutters in the room which were also used to drain human
waste.

● This allowed food to become contaminated resulting in a high incidence

and spread of diseases which contributed to the high death rate which was
a feature of the barracoons.
 Conditions at the Fort
● The opening was also used to conduct security checks
on the captives to ensure that they did not escape and
as the means for sailors or other men at the Fort to
select women victims for sexual abuse.
 THE
MIDDLE
PASSAGE
 The Middle Passage
● The slaver replicated the cramped insanitary conditions of
the barracoons .Slaver is the name of the ship .

● Physical conditions on the ships were worse as for many captives

sailing on the rough seas for an extended period was a new and
sickening experience.

● Captives were tightly packed like sardines. Sanitation was lacking as a

result the boat reeked of perspiration, faeces and rotting food.
 The Middle Passage

● . Captives were shackled to each other regardless of age

or gender. Sick, dying and dead captives were
shackled to each other. This was intended to prevent
rebellion and secure the cargo but it facilitated the
spread of diseases on the ships.
 The Middle Passage

● Diseases were rampant and contagious and killed a large number

of captives. Death was common during the journey. Dead captives
as a result of spread of diseases were thrown overboard.

● 10% of the captives died during the journey but some slavers lost
as much as 30% of their cargo.

● Sometimes ships were attacked by pirates and were engaged

in conflict causing some captives to be killed or wounded and
so increase mortality during the voyage.
 The Middle Passage

● Psychological torture ( trauma ) was a feature of existence on the slaver.

● The captives did not know where they were going and where they were when
they arrived. Most were unaccustomed to sailing and they had no idea when it
would end.

● Rough seas made the experience more terrifying. The visibility of human
suffering and its associated sounds added to the torture. Ships were moving
torture houses with sights and sounds of pain evident in the wailing, groans and
cries of hunger and affliction.

● The visible sounds of shackles punishment and disease, the screams of live
persons who were thrown overboard, the trail of red water left as sharks
devoured their human meal all contributed to the mental torture of living captives
on a slaver.
 The Middle Passage

● Bad weather could lengthen the period of the trip from its normal 50 days.

● This could cause food supplies to run low and captives made to do
without. During periods of stormy weather live captives were thrown
overboard to lighten the ship
 The Middle Passage

● Captives resisted by refusing to eat but the ships were

equipped with mouth openers to force feed them. There were
rebellions at sea as captives attacked the crew when they
could.

● Some jumped overboard.

ARRIVAL IN
THE
CARIBBEAN
 Arrival in the Caribbean

● As the ship came closer to port there was an attempt to clean

up and prepare the captives for arrival.

● On landing they got their first glimpse of the Caribbean.

 Arrival in the Caribbean
● They were washed and oiled in preparation for sale. This was an attempt
to cover unsightly marks, blemishes or wounds to try to obtain maximum
prices.
 Arrival in the Caribbean

● Captives were lined up in the market on shore where they

were examined by prospective purchasers.

● This was another activity that inflicted terror on the captives as they
were surrounded by mostly white males grabbing and poking at
them.

● Eyes, teeth and body parts were examined as purchasers tried to get
the best value for their money
 Arrival in the Caribbean

● Sale was done by auction when the captives were sold to the
highest bidder

OR

● Scramble when purchasers grabbed and tried to secure the

desired captives.

● They were then taken by their owners to the plantations where

they were introduced to plantation life by being handed over to
experienced enslaved Africans to be seasoned into the plantation
regime.
IMPACTS OF THE
SLAVE TRADE
ON AFRICA
Impact of Slave Trade on West African
Societies
 Impact of the Slave Trade on West African
Societies
● States such as Benin, Oyo and Dahomey acquired the strength to expand and
impose their authority upon their neighbours from the economic prosperity
derived from the slave trade.

● Corruption of the trade led to the decay of the political fabric of these states.
The responsibility of rulers and officials for the welfare of the people became
subordinate to the lust for wealth and power, which slave raiding and
aggressive wars could bring.
 Impact of the Slave Trade on West African
Societies
● The trade encouraged the corruption of the judicial process, with
lawbreakers being often sentenced to slavery for minor offences and the
innocent declared guilty in order to augment the supply of slaves.

● Slave trading built up the power of chiefs where it did not exist before, or
else transformed that power, where it was already present, from a
broadly representative character into autocratic one.
 Impact of the Slave Trade on West African
Societies
● Decline in agriculture due to the devastation of land during slave raids and
wars, the capture of farmers and the abandonment by farmers of agriculture
in favour of slaving.

● The trade robbed the country of skilled craftsmen. It helped to ruin the
livelihood of those craftsmen who remained, for example cloth, iron pots and
hoes.

● The imported goods made in European factories, were cheaper than the
locally produced ones and were bought with slaves. The influx of inferior
European goods undermined local industries, especially salt- making, the
manufacture of cotton goods and metal ware.
 Impact of the Slave Trade on West African
Societies
● The trade created a sense of insecurity which caused people to abandon
their homes and relocate to be more secure from the threat of slave raids.

● It contributed to the erosion of African moral values such as brotherhood and

community spirit. Certain religious institutions were warped to complement
the needs of the trade and therefore became debased. There was the growing
incidence of human sacrifice, as unsold or undesirable captives were
sacrificed.
1. African slave merchants got wealth
2. African customers obtained the European
goods they desired
3. Coastal farmers gained income from the sale of
food to slave ships for use in the Middle
Passage
4. Some coastal Africans gained income from work
while the slave ship was on the coast of Africa
eg. labourers, boat drivers
5. States gained income from anchorage
duties and other charges.
6. Coastal rulers benefitted from gifts and fees
from slave traders
7. States profitted from the following:
a. The development of harbours/ports
b. The growth of currencies
c. The development of trade routes to the
interior.
 TO BE
CONTINUED
Caribbean Economy and
Slavery
Made by Ricaǐdo Edwaǐds