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The document summarizes theories about how massive stone monoliths called moai were transported across Easter Island to their final resting places. It describes experiments showing that the statues could be rolled while lying down on wooden logs acting as a platform or pulled upright using ropes to "walk" them forward. The most recent experiments demonstrated that small teams of people could successfully transport multi-ton statues upright by rocking them forward with three ropes attached to the head, providing evidence that this was likely the method used by the ancient Rapa Nui people to move the statues.

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Reading 2

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Jeber De Jesús

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[1] In the southeastern Pacific Ocean, on the piece of land known as Easter Island (now a

territory of Chile), stand several hundred massive stone monoliths. These carvings, called
“moai,” are recognizable by their oversized heads, with their heavy brows, long noses,
elongated ears, and protruding lips. While they average four meters in height and 12.5 tonnes,
the largest is almost 10 meters tall and the heaviest weighs a full 86 tons. The upright
sculptures are scattered around Easter Island, many installed on platforms called “ahu” along
the coast, while others are more inland and several stand near the main volcanic quarry of
Rano Raraku. The Rapa Nui people of the island built a total of 887 of these impressive
statues between the 12th and 16th centuries. They were, it is said, symbols of religious and
political authority, embodiments of powerful chiefs or ancestors which faced inland toward the
island’s villages, perhaps watching over their creators, keeping them safe.

[2] While the very creation of such monoliths – most out of volcanic ash with stone
hand chisels – is an impressive feat, what is more remarkable (not to mention
mysterious) is how they were transported to their resting places. In the past, most
researchers associated the building and transportation of the moai with widespread
deforestation on the island and eventual collapse of the Rapa Nui civilization. This hypothesis
is based, in part, on the fact that the pollen record suddenly disappears at the same time as the
Rapa Nui people stopped constructing the moai and transporting them with the help of wooden
logs. How exactly would logs facilitate the movement of the statues? Most proponents of this
method believe that the people created “rollers” by arranging parallel logs on which the prone
statues were pulled, or pushed. They would not have required an entire roadway of logs, since
logs from the back could be placed at the front, creating a moving platform of sorts. To make it
easier to roll, and keep in position, the statue would be placed on two logs arranged in a V
shape.

[3] One proponent of this idea of rolling the statues in a prone position is Jo Anne Van
Tilburg, of UCLA. Van Tilburg created sophisticated computer models that took into account
available materials, routes, rock, and manpower, even factoring in how much the workers
would have to have eaten. Her models supported the idea that rolling prone statues was the
most efficient method. As further evidence, Van Tilburg oversaw the movement of a moai
replica by the method she had proposed. They were successful, but evidence that it was
possible is not necessarily evidence that it actually happened.

[4] Van Tilburg was not the only one to have experimented with rolling the statues. In the
1980s, archaeologist Charles Love experimented with rolling the moai in an upright position,
rather than prone, on two wooden runners. Indeed, a team of just 25 men was able to move
the statue a distance of 150 feet in a mere two minutes. However, the route from the stone
quarries where the statues were built to the coast where they were installed was often uneven,
and Love’s experiments were hampered by the tendency of the statues to tip over. While
Love’s ideas were dismissed by many, the idea of the statutes tipping over along the route was
consistent with the many moai found on their sides or faces beside the island’s ancient roads.
And local legend held that the statues “walked” to their destinations, which would seem to
support an upright mode of transportation. In fact, rolling was not the only possible way of
transporting the moai in an upright position.

[5] In the 1980s, Pavel Pavel and Thor Heyerdahl had experimented with swiveling the
statues forward. With one rope tied around the head and another around the base, they were
able to move a five-ton moai with only eight people, and a nine-ton statue with 16. However,
they abandoned their efforts when their technique proved too damaging; as they shuffled the
statues forward, the bases were chipped away. This confounding factor led most to believe that
an upright, rope-assisted walking method was incorrect.

[6] But many now believe that they were, in fact, transported upright. In 2012, Carl Lipo of
California State University Long Beach and Terry Hunt of the University of Hawaii teamed up
with archaeologist Sergio Rapu to refine the upright walking idea. They found that the statues
that appeared to be abandoned in transit had bases with a curved front edge. This meant they
would naturally topple forward and would need to be modified once they reached their
destinations. But that curved edge also meant that they could easily be rocked forward using a
small team of people and three ropes attached to the head. Indeed, their experiments
demonstrated the feasibility of this method, and their theory has gained traction