Type of Modulation List

Type of modulation[edit]
Character Description
A Double-sideband amplitude modulation (e.g. AM broadcast radio)
B Independent sideband (two sidebands containing different signals)
C Vestigial sideband (e.g. NTSC)
D Combination of AM and FM or PM
F Frequency modulation (e.g. FM broadcast radio)
G Phase modulation
H Single-sideband modulation with full carrier (e.g. as used by CHU)
Single-sideband with suppressed carrier (e.g. Shortwave utility and

J
amateur stations)
K Pulse-amplitude modulation
L Pulse-width modulation (e.g. as used by WWVB)
M Pulse-position modulation
N Unmodulated carrier (steady, single-frequency signal)
P Sequence of pulses without modulation
Q Sequence of pulses, with phase or frequency modulation in each pulse
R Single-sideband with reduced or variable carrier
V Combination of pulse modulation methods
W Combination of any of the above
X None of the above

Type of modulating signal[edit]
0 No modulating signal
1 One channel containing digital information, no subcarrier
2 One channel containing digital information, using a subcarrier
3 One channel containing analog information
7 More than one channel containing digital information
8 More than one channel containing analog information
9 Combination of analog and digital channels
X None of the above
Types 4 and 5 were removed from use with the 1982 Radio Regulations. In previous
editions, they had indicated facsimile and video, respectively.
Type of transmitted information[edit]

A Aural telegraphy, intended to be decoded by ear, such as Morse code
Electronic telegraphy, intended to be decoded by machine

B
(radioteletype and digital modes)
C Facsimile (still images)
D Data transmission, telemetry or telecommand (remote control)
E Telephony (voice or music intended to be listened to by a human)
F Video (television signals)
N No transmitted information (other than existence of the signal)
W Combination of any of the above
X None of the above

Details of information[edit]
A Two-condition code, elements vary in quantity and duration
Two-condition code, elements fixed in quantity and duration, error-

C
correction included
B Two-condition code, elements fixed in quantity and duration
H Stereophonic or quadraphonic broadcast-quality sound
X None of the above
E Multi-condition code, one condition per "signal element"
Multi-condition code, one character represented by one or more

F
conditions
G Monophonic broadcast-quality sound
M Greyscale images or video
N Full-color images or video
D Four-condition code, one condition per "signal element"
Commercial-quality sound, independent FM signals, such as pilot tones,

L
used to control the demodulated signal
Commercial-quality sound—frequency inversion and-or "band-splitting"

K
employed
J Commercial-quality sound (non-broadcast)
W Combination of two or more of the above

Multiplexing[edit]
C Code-division (excluding spread spectrum)
F Frequency-division
N None used / not multiplexed
T Time-division
W Combination of Frequency-division and Time-division
X None of the above
Common examples
There is some overlap in signal types, so a transmission might legitimately be described by
two or more designators. In such cases, there is usually a preferred conventional
designator.
Broadcasting[edit]
A3E or A3E G - Ordinary amplitude modulation used for low frequency and medium
frequency AM broadcasting
A8E, A8E H - AM stereo broadcasting.
F8E, F8E H - FM broadcasting for radio transmissions on VHF, and as the audio
component of analogue television transmissions. Since there are generally pilot tones
(subcarriers) for stereo and RDS the designator '8' is used, to indicate multiple signals.
C3F, C3F N - Analogue PAL, SÉCAM, or NTSC television video signals (formerly
type A5C, until 1982)
C7W - ATSC digital television, commonly on VHF or UHF
G7W - DVB-T, ISDB-T, or DTMB digital television, commonly on VHF or UHF
Two-way radio[edit]
A3E - AM speech communication – used for aeronautical & amateur communications
F3E - FM speech communication – often used for marine radio and many
other VHF communications
20K0 F3E - Wide FM, 20.0 kHz width, ±5 kHz deviation, still widely used for Ham
Radio, NOAA weather radio, marine, and aviation users and land mobile users below 50
MHz[2]
11K2 F3E - Narrow FM, 11.25 kHz bandwidth, ±2.5 kHz deviation – In the United States, all
Part 90 Land Mobile Radio Service (LMRS) users operating above 50 MHz were required
to upgrade to narrowband equipment by 1 January 2013.[3][4][5]
6K00 F3E - Even narrower FM, future roadmap for Land Mobile Radio Service (LMRS),
already required on 700 MHz public safety band
J3E - SSB speech communication, used on HF bands by marine, aeronautical and amateur
users
R3E - SSB with reduced carrier (AME) speech communication, primarily used on HF bands
by the military (a.k.a. compatible sideband)
Low-speed data[edit]
N0N - Continuous, unmodulated carrier, formerly common for radio direction finding (RDF)
in marine and aeronautical navigation.
A1A - Signalling by keying the carrier directly, a.k.a. Continuous Wave (CW) or On-Off
Keying (OOK), currently used in amateur radio. This is often but not necessarily Morse
code.
A2A - Signalling by transmitting a modulated tone with a carrier, so that it can easily be
heard using an ordinary AM receiver. It was formerly widely used for station identification
of non-directional beacons, usually but not exclusively Morse code (an example of
a modulated continuous wave, as opposed to A1A, above).
F1B - Frequency-shift keying (FSK) telegraphy, such as RTTY.[a]
F1C - High frequency Radiofax
F2D - Data transmission by frequency modulation of a radio frequency carrier with an audio
frequency FSK subcarrier. Often called AFSK/FM.
J2B - Phase-shift keying such as PSK31 (BPSK31)
Other[edit]
P0N - Unmodulated Pulse-Doppler radar

Type of Modulation List

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Type of modulation[edit]

A Double-sideband amplitude modulation (e.g. AM broadcast radio)

B Independent sideband (two sidebands containing different signals)

C Vestigial sideband (e.g. NTSC)

F Frequency modulation (e.g. FM broadcast radio)

H Single-sideband modulation with full carrier (e.g. as used by CHU)

Single-sideband with suppressed carrier (e.g. Shortwave utility and

L Pulse-width modulation (e.g. as used by WWVB)

N Unmodulated carrier (steady, single-frequency signal)

P Sequence of pulses without modulation

Q Sequence of pulses, with phase or frequency modulation in each pulse

R Single-sideband with reduced or variable carrier

V Combination of pulse modulation methods

W Combination of any of the above

X None of the above

1 One channel containing digital information, no subcarrier

2 One channel containing digital information, using a subcarrier

3 One channel containing analog information

7 More than one channel containing digital information

8 More than one channel containing analog information

9 Combination of analog and digital channels

X None of the above

Type of transmitted information[edit]

A Aural telegraphy, intended to be decoded by ear, such as Morse code

Electronic telegraphy, intended to be decoded by machine

C Facsimile (still images)

D Data transmission, telemetry or telecommand (remote control)

E Telephony (voice or music intended to be listened to by a human)

F Video (television signals)

N No transmitted information (other than existence of the signal)

W Combination of any of the above

X None of the above

A Two-condition code, elements vary in quantity and duration

Two-condition code, elements fixed in quantity and duration, error-

B Two-condition code, elements fixed in quantity and duration

H Stereophonic or quadraphonic broadcast-quality sound

X None of the above

E Multi-condition code, one condition per "signal element"

Multi-condition code, one character represented by one or more

G Monophonic broadcast-quality sound

M Greyscale images or video

N Full-color images or video

D Four-condition code, one condition per "signal element"

Commercial-quality sound, independent FM signals, such as pilot tones,

Commercial-quality sound—frequency inversion and-or "band-splitting"

J Commercial-quality sound (non-broadcast)

W Combination of two or more of the above

C Code-division (excluding spread spectrum)

N None used / not multiplexed

W Combination of Frequency-division and Time-division

X None of the above

A8E, A8E H - AM stereo broadcasting.

C7W - ATSC digital television, commonly on VHF or UHF

G7W - DVB-T, ISDB-T, or DTMB digital television, commonly on VHF or UHF

A3E - AM speech communication – used for aeronautical & amateur communications

F1B - Frequency-shift keying (FSK) telegraphy, such as RTTY.[a]

F1C - High frequency Radiofax

J2B - Phase-shift keying such as PSK31 (BPSK31)

P0N - Unmodulated Pulse-Doppler radar