FACULTY : ENGINEERING

EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

WASTEWATER TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS

COURSE CODE BNA 32003

EXPERIMENT CODE EXPERIMENT 5

EXPERIMENT TITLE Raw and treated wastewater quality using TSS

DATE
GROUP NO.
LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR/ 1)
TUTOR 2)
DATE OF REPORT
SUBMISSION

EXAMINER COMMENTS: RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP:

 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
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STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

KOD ETIKA PELAJAR

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
(KEP)
JABATAN
I hereby declare TEKNOLOGI
that I have KEJURUTERAAN
prepared this report KIMIA
with my own efforts. I also admit to

not accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in
FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN
it is true.
Saya dengan ini mengaku bahawa saya telah menyediakan laporan ini dengan daya
usaha saya sendiri. Saya juga mengaku tidak menerima atau memberi sebarang
bantuan dalam menyediakan laporan ini dan membuat ikrar ini dengan
1) Groupkepercayaan
Leader bahawa
__________________________________________(Signature)
apa-apa yang tersebut di dalamnya adalah benar.
Name : __________________________________
Matrix No. : __________________________________

1) Ketua kumpulan__________________________________________(Tandatangan)
2) Group Member 1 Nama :__________________________________
__________________________________________(Signature)
Name : No.Matrik : ____________________________
__________________________________
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2) Ahli 1 __________________________________________(Tandatangan)
3) Group Member 2 Nama :__________________________________
__________________________________________(Signature)
Name : No.Matrik : ____________________________
__________________________________
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3) )Ahli 2 __________________________________________(Tandatangan)
Nama :__________________________________
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TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO:
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1.0 OBJECTIVES
a) To determine the total suspended solid (TSS) a in raw and treated
wastewater sample.
b) To compare the laboratory result between influent and effluent of
wastewater sample.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this course students are able to:
a) To understand the concept of solids in a given wastewater sample.
b) Apply knowledge in solid determination.
c) Identify problems and use their generic skill to solve problems.
d) Develop their ability to work in group.

3.0 INTRODUCTION
3.1 Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or wastewater.
Solids may affect water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways.
Solids analyses are important in the control of biological and physical
wastewater treatment process and for assessing compliance with
regulatory agency wastewater effluent limitations.

3.2 Generally, total solids (TS) is term applied to the material residue left in
dishes after evaporated and dried to constant weight in an oven at 103 oC
to 105oC. The increase in weight over that of the empty dish represents
the total solids. The results may not represent the weight of actual
dissolved and suspended solids in water or wastewater sample.

3.3 Total suspended solids (TSS) are the portion of solids retained by filter
and this portion is dried to a constant weight at 103oC to 105oC. The
increase in weight of the filter represents the total suspended solids. If the
suspended material clogs the filter and prolongs filtration, it may be
necessary to increase the diameter of the filter or decrease the sample
volume.
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3.4 Volatile suspended solids (VSS) represent the weight of insoluble in
suspended solids that are combustible at 550oC. This test is useful for
obtaining an approximation of the amount of insoluble organic matter
present in the water sample.

4.0 INSTRUMENTS /APPARATUS / CHEMICAL / REAGENTS

4.1 Chemicals / Reagents
No chemical / chemical required in this experiment.

4.2 Apparatus /Instruments

a) Evaporating dish
b) Filter paper
c) Measuring cylinder, 10 mL and 100 mL
d) Pipette, 10 mL
e) Steam bath / Water bath
f) Oven
g) Muffle furnace
h) Desiccator
i) Analytical balance
j) Tongs
k) Cotton gloves
l) Buchner funnel and filtering flask
m) Vacuum pump
n) Aluminium foil

5.0 PROCEDURE
5.1 Total solids (TS) determination
1. Shake the water sample thoroughly to homogenize it.

2. Pipette 5 mL of sample into weighted evaporating dish, which has been

cleaned and dried to a constant weight in an oven previously.

3. Evaporate off the water on a steam bath at 100oC until dry and then dry
it in an oven at 103oC to 105oC for 1 hour.
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4. Cool the evaporating dish in a desiccator, before weighing it (drying is
repeated until constant weight obtained).

5.2 Total suspended solids (TSS) determination

1. Dry the filter in the oven at 103oC to 105oC for 1 hour and cool in a
desiccator (prepared by technician).

2. Shake the water sample to ensure homogeneity.

3. Pipette 50 mL of water sample onto centre of weighted filter in a buchner

funnel, using gentle suction (under vacuum).

4. Carefully wash the filter paper with 10 mL of distilled water, dry the filter
at 103oC to 105oC for 1 hour* and cool in a desiccator before weighing.

*dying repeated until constant weight obtained (i.e. difference of less

than 0.5 mg). Filter paper can be placed on a piece of aluminium foil to
avoid loss of suspended solids to air movement.

5.3 Volatile suspended solids (VSS) determination

1. Wrap the suspended solid (SS) from experiment in part 5.2 with
aluminium foil and ignite it at 550oC in the muffle furnace for half an
hour. (Ask the technician for help to operate the furnace).

2. Cool in a desiccator and weigh. Repeat till a constant weight is obtained

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6.0 RESULTS & CALCULATIONS
6.1 Results

Table 6.1: Total solids (TS)

Influent Effluent
Volume of sample, mL 1 2 3 1 2 3
Weight of empty
evaporating dish, g
Weight of evaporating dish
+ solids, g
Weight of solid, g
Total solid, mg/L
Average Total solid, mg/L

Table 6.2: Total suspended solids (TSS)

Influent Effluent
Volume of sample, mL 1 2 3 1 2 3
Weight of empty filter, g
Weight of filter + solids, g
Weight of solid, g
Total suspended solid, mg/L
Average Total suspended
solid, mg/L

Table 6.3: Volatile suspended solids (VSS)

Influent Effluent
Volume of sample, mL 1 2 3 1 2 3
Weight of empty filter, g
Weight of filter + solids before
ignition, g
Weight of filter + solids after
ignition, g
Weight of volatile solids, g
Volatile suspended solid,
mg/L
Average Volatile suspended
solid, mg/L

6.2 Calculations
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Calculate the Total Solids (TS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Volatile
Suspended Solids (VSS) in the samples of water or wastewater using the
equation below;

a) Total Solids (TS)

Total Solids, mg/L = A - B x 106

C

Where; A = weight of evaporating dish + remaining solids, g

B = weight of dry empty evaporating dish, g
C = volume of sample used, mL

b) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Total Suspended Solids, mg/L = A - B x 106

C

Where; A = weight of filter + solids, g

B = weight of dry empty filter, g
C = volume of sample used, mL

c) Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS)

Volatile Suspended Solids, mg/L = A - B x 106

C

Where; A = weight of filter + solids before ignition, g

B = weight of dry empty filter + solids after ignition, g
C = volume of sample used, mL

7.0 ANALYSIS
Please analyze the data and results obtained in this experiment
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8.0 DISCUSSIONS
Discuss your results both on the basis of any theory presented and on their
relevance to practical applications and current industrial practise. Comment
on the variation of your results and compare them with the recommended
standard values from the Department of Environment, Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment or other international organization such as EPA,
WHO, EC, etc.

9.0 ADVANCED QUESTIONS

1. Name the various forms of TS that can be found in wastewater.

2. Explain the importance of total solid determination with respect to

wastewater treatment plant.

3. What are the impacts of TSS on wastewater quality?

4. The suspended solid for a wastewater sample was found to be 175 mg/L.
if the following test results were obtained, what was the size of sample
used in the analysis?
Tare mass of glass fibre glass = 1.5413 g
Residue on glass fibre filter after dying at 105 oC = 1.5538 g

5. What is the significance of the determination of TSS and VSS in wastewater?

10.0 CONCLUSION
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION:
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Conclusion is merely a summary, presented in a logical order, of the
important findings already reported in the discussion section. It also relates
to the objectives stated earlier.

Prepared by/Disediakan oleh : Approved by/Disahkan oleh :

Signature/Tandatangan : Signature/Tandatangan :
Name/Nama : NUR HANIS HAYATI HAIROM Name/Nama :

Date/Tarikh : Date/ Tarikh :