EUE Lab - Manual

Electrical Utility Engineering Manual (20EE54I)
LAB MANUAL
ELECTRICAL UTILITY ENGINEERING LAB (20EE54I)
V SEM ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Prepared by
K.MURUGAN
DEPT OF EEE
DSIT, BENGALURU-111
NAME OF STUDENT:
REGISTER NUMBER:
ROLL NUMBER :
DAYANANDA SAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (POLYTECHNIC)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SHAVIGE MALLESHWARA HILLS, KUMARASWAMY LAYOUT, BENGALURU-560111
Academic year 2022-2023

WEEK NO-1
Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 1
1a. Draw the layout of any large scale factory showing – security room ,entrance gate, exit gate, parking,
transformer substation, DG power plant, LT room, UPS room, computer network server room, office, Engineering
department design department, purchase department, accounts department, canteen, board room, production line,
packing section, dispatch section, fire hydrant pumping station, solar power plant, rain water storage and pumping
station , STP,ETP, earth pits etc. Functions of each department.
Note: This would give an idea about overall industrial setup and understanding of role of engineering
department.
1b.Identify and demonstrate the use of industrial electrician tools and meters- basic tools, megger, earth tester, lux
meter, db meter, thermography meter, smart meters with communication port.




1. Pliers: It is referred to as cutting plier. They are mainly used for cutting wire, or gripping, twisting, bending, or
straightening wires. Needle nose pliers/long nose pliers, side-cutting pliers, and reaming pliers for tightening locknuts,
fittings, and caps. Klein Tools, for example, manufactures a popular and trusted line of pliers focused on electrical
applications.
2. Screwdrivers: Electricians use a variety of high-quality insulated screwdrivers, or a screwdriver set, for loosening and
fastening various pieces of hardware. Many professionals now carry ergonomic ratchet screwdrivers with interchangeable
bits, so they're never stuck without the proper electrical maintenance tool.

3. Tape Measure: When working with wiring, it's essential to know exact measurements when cutting and stripping. A
simple tape measure models with magnetic tips, multi-step locks, and other features make this process easier.
4. Electrical Tape Made from plastic, vinyl, or fiberglass cloth, this adhesive material is pressure sensitive and essential
for insulating wires or other materials that conduct electricity. Electrical tape prevents the electrical current from
accidentally passing to other wires, and possible electrocution when touching live wires.
5. Cable Ties: it is inexpensive fasteners are essential tools for binding electrical cables or wires together. Keep your
electrical space neat and organized with cable ties.
6. Electric Drills: Electricians regularly install new lighting fixtures or need to disassemble installed hardware to access
wiring and other electrical components. A handheld electric drill with various bits helps speed up these tasks — and allows
professionals to affix specialty drill bits (like the reaming bit, see below) for industry-specific purposes.
7. Level: When installing light fixtures, finding precise points for placement is necessary. An electrical tools list isn’t
complete without a standard level, it helps electricians ensure fixtures, screws, and other installations are placed exactly
where they need to be.
8. Wire Strippers: Professional electricians regularly strip the plastic sheathing from wires to expose the copper and make
the connections with other wiring or components. Wire stripping tools come in a variety of models and types.
9. Voltage Tester: To safely perform electrical work, A handheld voltage tester allows electricians to test outlets for
power, so they know when they’re safe to work on. Electricians also use this tool to confirm power has been restored
10. Conduit Bender: Conduit benders are electrician tools used to curve conduit piping to accommodate these
routes and ensure the conduits remain nonintrusive and efficiently placed in the customer’s home.
11. Insulated Gloves: Electrocution poses real danger for electricians, so they need to take precautions. Wearing
insulated gloves provides another layer of protection from electric shocks, so include them as one of your
electrical maintenance tools. Insulated gloves come in various styles for fit and comfort, so choose the type that
works best for you.
12. Flame Retardant Work Shirt: Skilled and trained electricians learn how to take precautions against
dangerous arc flashes, electrocutions and fires. They wear work shirts made with fire-resistant material to prevent
serious burn injuries.
13. Safety Glasses: Electricians need to protect their eyes when closely examining electrical wiring, when they
cut wire, or when they operate power tools.
14. Rescue Rod/Hook: Rescue rods (or hooks) are used to remove large items or unconscious people who have
been electrocuted from a hazardous area. Because a dangerous electrical current may still be live, emergency
first-responders must use the rescue rod to pull a victim away from the electrical source without getting
electrocuted themselves.
15. Circuit Analyzers: Circuit analyzers, a digital handheld electrician tool, provides virtually instant
information about the circuit connected to an individual outlet. In seconds, these electrical maintenance tools
measure voltage, polarity, line voltage, reversals, and more.
16. Circuit Finders: Modern electricians use circuit finders with two main components incorporated into the
device: a handheld digital transmitter and a small receiver that plug into outlets around the home. When an
electrician holds up the transmitter to circuits in the breaker, the device sends a signal to the receiver to indicate
which circuit the outlet belongs to.
Megger : An instrument that is used to measure insulation resistance is a Megger. It is also known as meg-
ohm-meter. It is used in several areas like multi-meters, transformers, electrical wiring, Etc. Megger device is
used since the 1920s for testing various electrical devices which can measure greater than 1000meg-ohms.
Construction of Megger : Megger is used to measure a high value of resistance. Megger consists of the
following parts.
1. DC generator
2. 2 Coils (Coil A, Coil B)

3. Clutch
4. Crank handle
5. terminal X & Y
Block Diagram of Megger
1. Crank handle present here is rotated manually, and the clutch is used to vary the speed. This arrangement
placed between magnets, where the entire set-up is called a DC generator.
2. A Resistance scale is present towards the left of the DC generator, which provides the value of resistance
ranging from 0 to infinity.
3. There are two coils in the circuit Coil-A and Coil-B, which are connected to the DC generator.
4. The two testing terminals X and Y which can be connected in the following manner.
5. To calculate the resistance of the winding of the transformer, then the transformer is connected between
the two testing terminals X and Y.
6. If we want to measure the insulation of the cable, then the cable is connected between the two testing
terminals A and B.
Working of Megger
Megger here is used to measure
 Insulation resistance
 Machine windings
According to the principle of DC generator, whenever a current-carrying conductor is placed between the magnet
fields, it induces a certain amount of voltage. The magnetic field generated between the two poles of the
permanent magnet is used to rotate the rotor of the DC generator using the crank handle.
Whenever we rotate this DC rotor, some voltage and current are generated. This current flows through the Coil A
and Coil B in an anti-clockwise direction.
Where coil A carries current = IA and
Coil B carries current = IB.
These two current produces fluxes ϕA and ϕB in two coils A and B.
 On one side motor requires two fluxes to interact and produce reflecting torque, then the only motor runs.
 Whereas on the other side the two flux’s ϕ A and ϕB which are interacted with each other and then the pointer
which is presented will experience some force by the production of deflecting torque “T d”, where the pointer
shows the resistance value on the scale.

Pointer: The pointer on the scale initially indicates infinity value, Where ever it experiences a torque, the pointer
moves from infinity position to zero position on the resistance scale.
Earth Tester: Definition: The earth tester is one type of equipment, used to measure earth resistance. If the
earth resistance value is very low then this tester is also known as ground resistance tester.
The instrument used for measuring the resistance of the earth is known as earth tester. All the equipment of
the power system is connected to the earth through the earth electrode. The earth protects the equipment and
personnel from the fault current. The resistance of the earth is very low. The fault current through the earth
electrode passes to the earth. Thus, protects the system from damage.
The Earth Resistance Tester uses a hand-driven generator. The rectifier and the rotational current reverser are the
two principal components of the Earth Tester. The rectifier converts AC (Alternating Current) into DC.
The Earth Tester works only on DC (Direct Current). The rectifier and current reverser have clambered on the
shaft of the DC generator.
The tester has two commutators installed simultaneously with the current reverser and rectifier. Each commutator
consists of four fixed brushes. A commutator is a device used for switching the direction flow of the current. It is
connected in a series combination with the armature of the generator. The brushes are used for transferring the
power from stationary components to the moving portion of the device. The brushes and commutator are always
connected to facilitate the continuous flow of current.
The Earth Resistance Tester consists of the following components:
1. Two pressure coils

2. Two current coils
3. A permanent magnet
4. A DC generator
5. Current reverser
6. Rectifier
7. Potential coil
8. Analog resistance indicator
Working of Earth Resistance Tester
The pressure and current coils have two-two terminals each. These pairs are placed across a permanent magnet.
One synchronized pair of current and pressure coils are short-circuited, and connected to the ancillary electrodes.
The other pressure coil is connected to the rectifier at one end and an earthing electrode at another end. The
current coil is too connected in a similar manner.
The potential coil is undeviatingly united to the DC generator. The potential coil is placed amidst the permanent
magnet. This coil is connected to the pointer and the pointer is calibrated to the scale. This resistance pointer
indicates the measurement of the earth’s resistance.
Note: The deflection of the pointer depends on the quotient of the voltage of the pressure coil to the current of
the current coil.
The short-circuit passes the current to the soil. And hence the resistance is measured using Ohm’s Law which
states,
V=IR;
Where V=voltage, I=current, and R=resistance.
How to use it
The used method is a four-point method. The required pieces of equipment for the precise measurement are:

1. Earth Tester (4 terminal).

2. 4 electrodes.
3. 4 insulated wires.
4. A hammer.
5. Measuring tape
How to connect: Procedure
Firstly: Take the grounding electrode and isolate it from the rest of the system for measurement.
Secondly:Mark the current terminals of Earth Resistance Tester as C1 and C1 and potential centers as P1 and
P2.
Thirdly; Colorise the leads as per the standards as:
1. C1=Black
2. C2=Red
3. P1=Green
4. P2=Yellow
Fourthly; Drive four small-sized electrodes into the soil at the same depth and equal distances from each other.
Note: The measure of electrode depth in the earth should be at least 20 times smaller than earthing
electrodes.
Fifthly;The earth electrode is connected to the C1 terminal of the Earth Resistance Tester.
Sixthly:The electrode is connected to the rest of Earth Resistance Testers terminal and potential terminals as per
the rules of the Four Point Method. Press start on the Earth Resistance Tester to test the resistance. Record at
least six values of resistance and take the average as the exact value of the resistance measured.

A lux meter is a device for measuring brightness, specifically, the intensity with which the brightness appears to
the human eye. A lux meter works by using a photo cell to capture light. The meter then converts this light to an
electrical current, and measuring this current allows the device to calculate the lux value of the light it captured.
A Sound Level Meter (SLM) is an instrument (commonly hand-held) that is designed to measure sound levels in a
standardized way. It responds to sound in approximately the same way as the human ear and gives objective,
reproducible measurements of sound pressure levels.
A decibel meter uses a microphone to capture sound. The mic captures sound pressure deviations and converts
them into an electrical signal that is made stronger by a preamplifier. The decibel meter then uses signal
processing to apply frequency and time weightings to the signal according to international standards.

Thermography measures surface temperatures by using infrared video and still cameras.

These tools see light that is in the heat spectrum. Images on the video or film record the
temperature variations of the building's skin, ranging from white for warm regions to black for
cooler areas.
A smart meter is an electronic device that records information such as consumption of electric energy, voltage
levels, current, and power factor. Smart meters communicate the information to the consumer for greater clarity
of consumption behavior, and electricity suppliers for system monitoring and customer billing. Smart meters
typically record energy near real-time, and report regularly, short intervals throughout the day. [7] Smart meters
enable two-way communication between the meter and the central system. Such an advanced metering
infrastructure (AMI) differs from automatic meter reading (AMR) in that it enables two-way communication
between the meter and the supplier. Communications from the meter to the network may be wireless.

1c.Examples of design thinking

Definition
Design thinking is a process for solving problems by prioritizing the consumer's needs and it is also an approach
used for practical and creative problem-solving. It is based on the methods and processes that designers use
(hence the name), Design thinking can also be applied to any field.
Design thinking is extremely user- centric. It focuses on humans first and foremost, seeking to understand
people’s needs and come up with effective solutions to meet those needs. It is what we call a solution-based
approach to problem-solving.
Examples

Design thinking process examining real-world examples. Here are five examples of well-known brands that have
design thinking to solve business problems.
1. UBER: Uber is famous design thinking example. With the help of design thinking and a user-focused
approach, it eliminated simple problems that had been plaguing customers in the past. It introduced features such
as cashless payments, another great design thinking process example, to make transactions straightforward and
reduce the chances of fraudulent activities. By providing the power to give ratings for both drivers and users, it
increased the incentive for good behaviour. Simple design tweaks, aided by a substantial user understanding,
helped Uber pivot itself to the behemoth it has become today. It is one of the best design thinking problem
statement examples.
2. UBEREATS; The go-to food delivery service app UberEats attributes its success quickly and empathizes with
customers. The designers observe cities in which the company operates. They inspect food culture, cuisine,
infrastructure, delivery processes, and transportation. One of the innovations that came from their immersive
research is the driver app, which focuses on delivery partners’ pain points around parking in highly populated
urban areas. To address this, the driver app provides step-by-step directions from restaurant to customer to ensure
smoother delivery processes. Understanding that pain points vary between geographic locations helps UberEats
implement effective upgrades to its service that solve problems in specific locations.
3. CLEAN TEAM Working with Unilever & Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor, Clean Team is
helping to design dignified and clean sanitation systems for people in Kumasi, Ghana. They are helping to
make lives cleaner, healthier, and more dignified. By integrating design thinking principles, the team worked
closely to understand the full waste ecosystem and how the people responded to the challenges they faced.
Today, Clean Team has constructed over 600 toilets and is working with over 4,500 people to design and
deliver a sanitary toilet system.
4. IBM When people think of IBM, the first thing that comes into their mind is technology, business, and
computers. As their former CEO Thomas Watson Jr. declared, “Good design is good business”, IBM has
invested heavily in design thinking. They started holding empathy map sessions and kept users in mind
while designing processes and products. Consequently, they have witnessed significant ROIs with this
change in approach. They have also made it openly available.
5. STANFORD HOSPITAL The hospital has been using design thinking principles to design better hospital
wards and emergency rooms. They kept the interest and specific needs of the patients in mind, which
boosted patients’ well-being and psychology. It is another great example of how design thinking is spreading
beyond the field of traditional business strategy.
1d.How can ‘Design Thinking’ help utilities prepare for a new energy future?
Reinventing solar energy supply for rural Africa
Design Thinking’ is one of the key elements of the “Digital Toolbox” that every inspirational business is seeking
to adopt. The MIT Sloan School of Management defines Design Thinking is as an innovative problem-solving
process rooted in a set of skills. It offers a unique methodology that can help businesses solve complex problems
by applying empathy to ask better questions and engage more collaboratively with consumers.
Design Thinking can have a huge positive impact on utility businesses, and can help them innovate and survive
disruption resulting from grid defection and the rise of increasingly competitive markets and new entrants. The
initial stages of Design Thinking can help businesses to identify and define a specific business problem, and
derive possible solutions. Toward the later stages of prototyping and testing, businesses have the opportunity to
tweak and improvise a new design to create a "wow" moment for consumers and improve resiliency of the grid
network. For smart, sustainable and profitable utilities, Design Thinking is an invaluable methodology for
addressing utilities’ most pressing business issues, progressing on the journey toward a new energy cloud
ecosystem, and preparing for three key tipping points:
1. Shifting business models before off-grid energy reaches cost and performance parity with Grid-delivered
energy
2. Accommodating the growth of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), particularly as electric Vehicles
(EVs) move toward price and performance parity with combustion engine vehicles.
3. Engaging consumers before the cost of transporting electricity exceeds the cost of generating and storing
it `
4. locally
Let's see how Design Thinking can be applied to adapt to the changing energy cloud landscape by leveraging the
"Digital Toolbox”.
Stage 1: Applying empathy to successful design a next generation digital grid network, a business needs to be
empathetic to the customer by empowering them to become “prosumers” and building resilient networks by
engaging with the grid and its operators. Similarly, businesses need to identify key flashpoints at which they can
provide consumers with personalized communications that will help maintain the relationship when grid
defection becomes imminent. Empathy can also help digital consultants uncover hidden problems to deliver
value – an important step in the Design Thinking.
Let's say you're looking to achieve 20% consumer participation in a demand response program. How
would you design your engagement program?
In this situation, design professionals and business stakeholders alike can be brought together to identify key
empathy flashpoints during the program design process. Some consumers may want to purchase the program,
while others may be more drawn to the environmental benefits offered. Deep learning-based prescriptive models
can establish consumer classifications and cognitive analytics that can help your business engage with them and
deliver a tasteful user experience, while achieving key business outcomes at same time.
Stage 2: Defining the problem- Once the business objectives and grid / customer perspectives have been defined,
the problem should be clearly identifiable. Everyone involved in the process should feel empowered to contribute
toward framing the solution. Continuing with the example above, the problem in question may ultimately be
defined as follows: “We need to see a 10% uptick in consumer-engagement compared with last year, so we can
help them plan their energy budgets & achieve the same. We must address their concerns around high costs with
more empathy.”
Stage 3: Ideating potential solutions- At this stage business need to encourage the best and worst ideas in the
room. This calls for the “I3” approach, to cultivate independent, irrational and innovative thinking. I3-based
ideas have the potential to revamp the business and its operating models by delivering the value proposition for
every idea conceived.
A great example of this approach is the adoption of gamification among some leading global utilities companies.
By deploying gaming-led management platforms and tools, utilities can get their consumers engaged while
providing them with affordable electricity plans before energy delivery prices begin to rise across the industry.
Stage 4: Rapid prototyping Now that the best ideas have been shortlisted, one of a number of emerging
technology platforms can be applied to build quick prototypes such as AI-enabled models and intuitive
dashboards. They can then be tested in an immersive environment. Utilities can pilot the prototypes with a group
of consumers, to gather initial feedback. This stage allows businesses to "fail quickly" and apply their learnings
to the next iteration. In this way a valuable offering that serves the business’ goals can be generated with
consumer and stakeholder buy-in, and in just a few days. For example, if a business is aspiring to make the
traditional grid viable for next generation challenges – such as safely integrating DERs – the evolved grid design
might look something like this:

Stage 5: Testing and tweaking- Once a prototype has been created it can be deployed and tested with
stakeholders. If, for example, a business has developed a tool to help engage consumers, a select group of
consumers will need to be enrolled to test and validate the prototype. Based on the feedback provided, learnings
can be applied to self-learning models or prototypes. Utilities can then roll-out their new and approved
offering(s) to a larger population, thereby helping them to remain competitive, agile, profitable and sustainable in
this swiftly changing energy landscape.
Forward looking utilities are leveraging Design Thinking in order to design innovative solutions that respond to
real needs among the customer and grid network – thereby helping to realize the adoption of new grid services.
Rather than using a more traditional, engineering-style solution, Design Thinking is adding value to the design
process by leveraging digital technologies and moving closer toward seamless migration of energy cloud based
services.
Assessment Review and corrective action
WEEKJ-2
2a. Sources of power supply in industries- ESCOM, DG Set And On Grid Solar PV Power Plant.
ESCOM means Electricity Supply Company in the State such as BESCOM (Bangalore Electricity Supply
Company Limited), MESCOM (Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited), HESCOM (Hubli Electricity
Supply Company Limited), GESCOM (Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company Limited), and CESC
(Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply .
The Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi (ESCOM) is a limited liability company established under the
Companies Act of 1984. The mandate of the Corporation is to procure, transmit and distribute Electricity in the
country.
Transmission operates the national electricity grid. It comprises of transmission power lines and substations
which are operated at high voltage levels. Distribution provides interface between ESCOM and its customers. It
is responsible for the distribution of electricity throughout the country. It also supplies electricity to some border

towns of Milanje, Mandimba, Zobwe and Villa Ulongwe in Mozambique as well as Lundazi and Chama in
Zambia.
The transmission system is the backbone of any electricity supply industry. Here at ESCOM, the transmission
division operates the national electricity grid, transmitting power at high voltages over long distances through
overhead power transmission lines. Transmission comprises of transmission power lines and substations.
The transmission lines total route length is 2,395 km of which 1121 km are operated at 66 kV and 1274 km are
operated at 132 kV. The lines are constructed on both wood structures and steel structures. These lines transmit
bulk power at 66, 000 volts and 132, 000 volts, and feed power to over 70 transformers which are located at 39
substations in the country.
Power transformers step-up generation voltages of 11, 000 volts to 66, 000 or 132, 000 volts for transmission to
major load centres where these voltages are then stepped down to 33, 000 and 11, 000 volts for distribution to
customers.
Our transmission network is currently isolated from neighboring countries; other than supplying small cross-
border towns through distribution networks to Mozambique and Zambia.
In future it is expected that a 220 000 volts or higher voltage transmission line will link Malawi to CaborraBassa
in Mozambique thereby enabling the two countries' power utilities to conduct power trading and also trade power
on the regional power pool.
Diesel Power Plant

How do Diesel Generators work : The diesel power plants are installed where the supply of coal and
water is not available in sufficient quantity or where power is to be generated in small quantity or where standby
sets are required for continuity of supply such as in hospitals, telephone exchanges etc. These plants in the range
of 2 to 50 MW capacities are used as central stations for small supply authorities and works.
Block Diagram: A simple diesel power plant is shown in the figure. The diesel engines are generally classified
into four strokes and two-stroke engines. Generally, two-stroke engines are used for diesel power plants.

The compressor draws the air from the atmosphere and compresses it. The compressed air is supplied to the
engine through the filter for starting, where it is compressed by a piston in a cylinder. The fuel oil is supplied
from the tank through the filter to the fuel injectors. The fuel injector injects the fuel into the cylinder and mixes
it with compressed air.
The injected fuel gets ignited and combustion takes place. This liberates the huge amount of energy which is
utilized to run the generator to produce the electric power. The cooling water is continuously supplied to cool the
engine and lubricating oil is supplied to lubricate the engine parts. The air intake supplies the air to the engine for
subsequent operations.
Components of Diesel Power Plant
The diesel power plant essentially consists of the following components:
1. Engine
2. Starting system
3. Air filter and supercharger
4. Fuel system
5. Exhaust system
6. Cooling system
7. Lubricating system
8. Governing system.
1. Engine: It is the main component of the plant which develops the required power. The engine is directly
coupled to the generator.
2. Starting System: This includes compressed air tanks. The function of this system is to start the engine from
the cold by supplying compressed air.
2. Air Filter and Supercharger: The function of the air filter is to remove the dust from the air which is taken by
the engine. The use of the supercharger is to increase the pressure of the air provided to the engine to increase the
power of the engine.
3. Fuel System: It includes a storage tank, fuel transfer pump, strainers, and heaters. The fuel is supplied to
the engine depends upon the load on the engine.
4. Exhaust System: This includes the silencers and connecting ducts. The temperature of the exhaust gases is
sufficiently high; therefore, the heat of the exhaust gases may be used for heating oil or air supplied to the
engine.
5. Cooling System: This includes water circulating pumps, cooling towers, and water filtration
plants. The purpose of the cooling system is to carry the heat from the engine cylinder and to keep
the temperature of the cylinder in the safe range and extend its life.
6. Lubricating System: It includes oil pumps, oil tanks, filters, coolers, and connecting pipes. The function of
the lubricating system is to reduce the friction of moving parts and reduce the wear and tear of the engine parts.
8. Governing System: This consists of the governor and its function is to maintain the speed of the engine
constant irrespective of load on the plant by controlling the fuel supply to the engine according to the load.
The layout of Diesel Power Plant
The layout of a diesel power plant is shown in the figure. Air from the atmosphere is drawn into the
compressor and it is compressed. The compressed air is sent to the diesel engine through the air filter. In the air
filter, dust, dirt from the air is filtered and only clean air is sent to the diesel engine.
Fuel oil from the tank is passed through the filter, where the oil gets filtered and the clean oil is injected into the
diesel engine through the fuel pump and fuel injector. The mixture of the compressed air and spray of fuel oil are
ignited in the engine and the combustion takes place. The released heat energy is utilized for driving the
generator, which produces power.

Diesel Generator Usage for Following Industries Below:

Mining
Diesel generator widely used for mining operations. They needed 80% of the power supply for mining
operations because they are having heavy-duty equipment such as excavating machinery, drillers, conveyor belts,
and cranes. Mining operations mainly used to get gas, coal, iron, and metals being mined. So, diesel generators
are used always and number one option for easily used far-fetched mining zones with very extreme situations.
Healthcare
Healthcare is one of the most sensitive industries. Hospitals have a lot of medical facilities for patients and also
have diesel generators facility for emergencies. If not have generators facilities in hospitals many patients lose
their lives in case of power failure or interruption of electricity.
Patients are seriously ill and injured such as those patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) it would be at risk
because life with the support of machines like oxygen pumps would fail to function with the slightest power
outage and also used ventilators in ICU that helps to breathe when patients are in sick, injured or sedated for an
operation.
In hospitals, diesel generators are widely used for backup power sources and provide uninterrupted power supply
when the utility power grid fails. All-time maintain a full tank of diesel can last an entire hospital more than 8
hours depending on its size and compare to other generators, diesel generators can provide the backup power
source for more than 48 hours. It depends on fuel storage.
Commercial
In the commercial industry without a power backup plan lose money in business. Power Failure can make this
thorn in the flesh. Commercial industries without investing the cost in standby diesel generator, losses huge
revenue at the case register, safety challenges for both people and finances, trouble for IT industries, and other
automated equipment finally complete operations shutdown. So, diesel generators allow you to protect your
business interests & revenues.
Oil & Gas
Diesel generators are mandatory usage for the oil & gas industry because diesel generator is an integral part of
this industry all activities are based on gas fields including drilling, pumping, and loading. In most cases oil and
gas exploration works remote locations with tough conditions. So, without diesel generator on-site would be
quite impossible because most of the sites away from power grids. Only diesel generators fit for this site.

Telecommunication and Data Centers

Electronic machines, Computers, and data centers are the heart of every industry. Banks, IT industries,
government sectors, railway, airways, and many industries have their own data stored servers.
Manual and cloud servers using to access data at all times for their business to operate without interruption of
power supply. With constant power supply issues or power interruptions, these servers unable access and
business have to halt their operations. Losing business and money in the process.
Education
Nowadays, All schools, colleges, and other educational institutes of higher learning required generators. Several
systems in the education system mandatory need for electricity. Causes of power outages are a lot more than
students getting the rest of the day off. So, better institutes hire generators to resolve power interruption or power
cut problems and serve continuous high-quality education for students. Educational institutes without power
cannot provide the kind of safety they need to ensure.
Military
This industry is heavily dependent on diesel generators. Soldiers need all time good and stable power sources
that can be carried the toughest environments and still function efficiently. So, the military use diesel generators
for a wide range of applications including a power supply for their gear, hospitals, lighting for the training camps
and Operating the IT equipment.
Advantages of Diesel Power Plant
1. Design and installation are very simple.

2. Can respond to varying loads without any difficulty.
3. The standby losses are less.
4. Occupy less space.
5. Can be started and put on load quickly.
6. No problem with ash handling.
7. Requires less quantity of water for cooling purpose.
8. Low capital investment
9. Requires less operating and maintenance staff.
10. More economical lubrication system.
11. These plants can be located very nearer to the load centres,
12. The cost of the building becomes very low.
13. More efficient than the steam power plant.
Disadvantages of Diesel Power Plant
1. High operating cost.

2. High maintenance and lubrication cost.
3. Diesel units capacity is limited.
4. Noise is a serious problem.
5. It cannot supply overloads continuously.
6. Overload is not possible.
7. Releases unwanted emissions.
8. Life is quite small (7 to 10 years).
On Grid Solar PV Power Plant.

On-grid solar systemsOn-grid solar power system is a solar power generation system where it is connected
to the utility grid. The electricity produced by the system is routed to the grid from where it is used to run the
various appliances. Major Components of Solar PV Power Plant:
1. Solar PV modules and array

2. Module mounting structure
3. Junction Boxes
4. Power Conditioning Unit
5. DC & AC Switches
6. Cables and installation accessories
7. Earthing and lightning protection
Solar PV modules and array:
When wiring solar panels in a series, the voltage is additive, but the amperage remains the same. eg. If you had 4
solar panels in a series and each was rated at 12 volts and 5 amps, the entire array would be 48 volts and 5 amps.
Remember: just like batteries, solar panels have a negative terminal ( - ) and a positive terminal ( + ). Current
flows from the negative terminal through a load (current consumed by a piece of equipment) to the positive
terminal.
Wiring Solar Panels in a Series Circuit.
1. Connect the positive terminal of the first solar panel to the negative terminal of the next one.
2. eg. If you had 4 solar panels in a series and each was rated at 12 volts and 5 amps, the entire array would
be 48 volts at 5 amps.
Wiring Solar Panels in a Parallel Circuit
1. Connect all the positive terminals of all the solar panels together, and all the negative terminals of all the
panels together.
2. eg. If you had 4 solar panels in parallel and each was rated at 12 volts and 5 amps, the entire array would
be 12 volts at 20 amp

Solar modules shall be Crystalline (Mono/Poly) (or) Thin Film (or) Concentrator PV modules type. The peak
power output of the PV Module shall be min 100Wp under STC. Module Voc shall be minimum 21V. The power
output of the PV module must be reported under standard test conditions (STC). The mechanical structure shall
withstand gusts of wind / cyclonic wind up to 150km/hr from the back side of the panel. Module Junction box
(weather proof), where the module terminals shall be interconnected and output taken, shall be designed for long
life outdoor operation in harsh environments as per the relevant BIS specifications and protected against surges.
It should have a provision for “Opening” for replacing the cable, if required
Module Mounting Structure: The PV modules will be mounted on fixed metallic structures of adequate
strength and appropriate design, which can withstand loads of modules and high wind velocities up to 150 km
per hour. The support structure used in the power plants will be hot dip Galvanized Iron (G.I).
The “Mounting Structure” should have the following features:
1. The modules support structure shall be Mild Steel /hot dipped Galvanized (at least 120 micron) Iron for
holding the PV modules. The size of angle iron should not be less than 50x50x5 mm.
2. Each panel frame structure shall be so fabricated as to be grounded on the roof on its legs. The legs of the
structure shall be fixed and grouted in the PCC foundation column made with 1:2:4 cement concrete. The
foundation shall support SPV modules at a given orientation, absorb and transfer the mechanical loads to
the ground properly and shall withstand a maximum wind speed of 150 km/hr.
3. All nuts and bolts should be made of good quality Stainless Steel.

4. The structure should be designed to allow easy replacement of any module.
5. The array structure shall be so designed that it will occupy minimum space without sacrificing the output
from the SPV panels.
6. The minimum clearance of the lowest part of the module structure and the developed ground level shall
not be less than 500 mm.
Junction Boxes: The junction boxes must be dust proof, vermin proof, and waterproof, and they must be
manufactured of FRP / ThermoPlastic. The terminals must be linked to a copper bus bar configuration of
appropriate size. The junction boxes must have sufficient cable entry ports with proper cable glands for both
incoming and outgoing cables. For simple identification, suitable markings must be supplied on the bus bar, and
cable ferrules must be installed at the cable termination positions. Each main junction box must include an
adequate rated blocking diode. The junction boxes must be of high quality.
Power Conditioning Unit (PCU): As SPV array produce direct current electricity, it is necessary to convert this
direct current into alternating current and adjust the voltage levels to match the grid voltage. Conversion shall be
achieved using an electronic Inverter and the associated control and protection devices. All these components of
the system are termed the “Power Conditioning Unit (PCU)”. In addition, the PCU shall also house MPPT
(Maximum Power Point Tracker), an interface between Solar PV array & the Inverter,
DC & AC Switches
DC SIDE:
1. MCB of suitable rating shall be provided for connection and disconnection of array & PCU for
maintenance purpose.
2. Switches and Circuit Breakers on the DC side shall be DC rated or they shall be sufficiently de-rated, if
AC rated switches are used.
AC SIDE:
MCB of suitable rating shall be provided for connection and disconnection of PCU & load.
Cables and accessories: All the cables shall be supplied conforming to IEC 60227/IS 694 & IEC 60502/IS
1554 shall be of 1.1 kV grade as per requirement. Only PVC copper cables shall be used. The size of the cables
between array interconnections, array to junction boxes, junction box to PCU, PCU to AC Distribution Box etc
shall be selected to keep the voltage drop and losses to the minimum. Permissible Wire Drop on DC side shall be
<= 1%
Earthing and Lightning Protection:
Earthing: The array structure of the PV yard shall be grounded properly using an adequate number of earthing
kits. All metal casing or shielding of the power plants shall be thoroughly grounded to ensure safety of the solar
power plants.
Lightning: The SPV power plants shall be provided with lightning & over voltage protection. The main aim in
this protection shall be to reduce the over voltage to a tolerable value before it reaches the PV or other sub
system components. The source of over voltage can be lightning, atmosphere disturbances etc.

Advantages:
1. On-grid solar systems are very cost-effective and easy to install.
2. Businesses can recoup the cost of their investment by offsetting electricity bills in just 3-8 years. If a
private, commercial or industrial building sets up a solar PV rooftop system it will be eligible to avail an
‘Accelerated Depreciation Benefit’ which is currently 80% in a year. At this rate, a business can
completely depreciate the whole value of the project in approximately 4 years.
3. Residential users and business owners can earn a passive income for the surplus energy generated by the
system.
Case study : Capacities of power sources details of anyone industry
2b.Familiarize with HT metering panel switchgears, components and their function. Note down the
specifications.

HT panel : HT panel is a metal enclosure fitted with HT Circuit Breakers, relays &metering that is used to
receive 11KV/33KV supply (from one or more source) & distribute the power through its outgoing feeders.
Outgoing feeder may be one or more it depends on the load of the building.
HT panel is installed in substations of Commercial complexes, residential colonies, factories, schools, hospitals
etc. to receive & distribute HT supply.
Main functions of HT panel –

1. To make & break HT supply (or switch on or switch off supply),
2. To receive & distribute HT supply,
3. To provide protection against faults,
4. To provide metering to monitor various parameters.
Main components of HT Panel –
HT panel consists of following components –
1.Circuit breakers – these circuit breakers are used for switching ON / OFF HT supply (11KV or 33KV).
The switching On/OFF may be done manually, automatic through relays, locally or remotely. Different –
different circuit breakers are available such as Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB), SF6 (Sulphur Hexa Fluoride)
Circuit Breaker & Oil type circuit breakers, but VCB is mostly used in HT panels. A HT panel may have one
or more circuit breakers depending on the requirement of electrical distribution system. The circuit breaker
may be operated mechanically (through a push button) and electrically (through a switch).
2.Relays – Different relays may be used in a HT panel to protect electrical system from fault such as earth
fault, overlading & short circuits. Different relays are used to protect from different faults. The function of
relay is to sense the fault & give tripping command to circuit breaker of the panel. WTI & OTI relays are
used to protect transformers from over heating of winding & Oil.
3.Meters – Different meters may be installed on HT panel to measure/record various parameters such as
incoming voltage, current, power factor, energy consumption, Load in Kw etc. These parameters may be
measured through multifunction meter or individual meters.
4.CT & PT – Current transformers (CT) & Potential transformers (PT) are also important component of HT
panel. The function of CT & PT is to reduce the actual value of current & voltage respectively to a very low
value so that low values could be used for metering & protection purpose. For example, 200A ampere current
can be reduced to 5A or 1A. Similarly, 11KV voltage can be reduced to 110V.
Working of HT panel –

HT panel in electrical system is a switching point where HT supply can be connected or disconnected with load.
HT cables are connected to circuit breakers from incoming side & outgoing side also. HT supply can be switched
on or off by operating electrically operated switch (or by using push button of the breaker). When supply is ON,
metering system starts measuring/recording electrical parameters (depending on the panel design).
HT panel provides protection also from various faults (depending on the fault protection relays installed in the
panel). When fault occurs in the system HT panel is switched off automatically (this process is also known as
tripping). Each relay gives fault indication when it operates. Before switching on HT supply again, fault should
be identified & rectified. If fault persists in the system, then relay will not be reset & HT panel can’t be switched
on because of interlocking between relay & panel. Therefore, it is very important to clear the fault first & then
switch on HT supply again.
Features of HT panel (for 11KV or 33KV) –
1. HT panel receives electrical Supply 11KV or 33KV) from H – pole by 3 core HT cable & then it
distributes power through one or more outgoing feeders.
2. These outgoing feeders are connected with distribution transformers which convert HT supply into 415V,
3-phase 4 wire AC supply.
3. To measure electrical power consumption, Energy Meter is installed in it,
4. Meters are installed to measure electrical Voltage, Current, frequency, power factor etc.
5. Transformer protection relays are installed in it such as –
For Dry type transformer – WTI (Winding Temperature Indicator) – Alarm & Trip,
For Oil type Transformers – WTI & OTI (Oil Temperature Indicator) – Alarm & Trip and Buchholz relay (gas
operated relay) – Alarm & Trip.
1. Short circuit protection, over load protection, earth fault protection relays can be installed in it against
protection from faults.
2. HT Circuit Breakers such as VCB, SF6, etc but VCB is the most commonly used HT breaker are used to
make & break HT supply.
3. HT circuit breakers can be switched ON & OFF either manually or electrically.
4. 24V (or 30V) DC supply which is an external source to HT panel is used for various purposes like for
metering, relay operations, indicating lights,
5. 240 V ac supply is also used in HT panel for 16A power sockets provided inside panel, for panel lights &
space heater.
6. Space heater is provided in HT panel to avoid moisture inside the panel.
7. To measure Incoming Supply voltage, 11KV is converted into 110V through PT (Potential Transformer).
And 110V voltmeter is used for voltage measuring purpose.
8. To measure building load in terms of current, total current of the building is converted into 5A or 1A
through CT (Current Transformer). CTs are available in different range – 600/5A, 400/5A, 300/5A ….. or
600/1A, 400/1A, 300/1A …
Transformer substation maintenance-

Do various periodic checks on transformer substation. Tap changing (on/offload) and its operation.

1. DAILY:-
1.General cleaning of control & Relay panels, LT-AC,DC panels, Battery Charger & Equipments in
Control Room.
2. Inspection of Battery Charger for Healthy Charging of Batteries, Electrolyte level in Batteries etc.
Check readings of Pilot Cells.
3. Visual Inspection of Oil Level in HV-Bushing, Main and OLTC Conservators, OLTC Counter
Readings, Silicagel in Breathers.
4. Recording the No. of OLTC Operations in the Day and recording cumulative No. of operations.
5. Observing any abnormal change in transformer humming.
6. Cleaning of Out Door Yard, Earth Electrode Pits etc..
7.Operation of D.G. Set if provided & to run for 10 minutes for its Battery Charging.
WEEKLY
1.Inspection of Level of Electrolyte in Batteries & Top - up with Distilled Water if necessary.
2. Inspection ot Level & Condition of Oil in Air Compressors.
3. Draining of condensed water in the Air receiver tanks of breakers as and when required.
4. Checking of Auto Start/ Stop of Compressors/Pumps of breakers.
5. Checking of Alarm & Lock Out for Air/Gas in breakers.
MONTHLY
1. Cleaning & Applying Petroleum Jelly for battery terminals.
QUARTERLY
TRANSFORMERS
1.Cleaning of all HP/LV Bushing, Checking Bushing Oil Level and earthing cap of capacitor bushing for
tightness by taking necessary line Clear.
2. Checking of Cooling Fans, Pumps, Oil Coolers wherever provided for Auto Start, Local/Remote
Start/Stop.
3. Checking of Oil Leaks if any and rectification.
4. Checking of OLTC and its drive mechanism for Local Remote Operation and lubrication.
5. Air Release in Main Tanks, Bucholtz Relays, Bushing turret, etc
6. Checking of Transformer Alarm Circuits/Trip circuit.
7. Transformer Neutral Earth Connections at both ends & Tightening of Connectors.
8. Check for pressure in Nitrogen Injection fire protection system.

B) BREAKERS :-
1.Maintenance as per manufactures manual / recommendation to be done.
2. Check Compressed Air and SF6 Gas Pressures, if any Leaks, Rectify(In
each pole for 220 KV Breakers).
3.Checking of Oil Leaks & Rectification. In case of BOCB, MOCB's, Hydraulic Operated Breaker
4.Lubrication of Operating & Linkage mechanisms as well as Trip & Close mechanism.
5. Replacing of oil in MOCBs as per manufacturers recommendation.
6. Checking of Breaker status indicator (Mechanical).
7. Tightening of clamps, jump connections, breaker assembly frame,
foundation and structural bolts.
8. Check closing and tripping of breaker through local/remote switch and relays. Check capacitor tripping
device operation by removing the DC supply of the breaker.
9.Check for loose connection in control wiring.
CT'sz PT's & CVT's
1.Checking for Oil Leaks & Oil Level. (CT, PT & CVT).
2. Visual Inspection of HF Point Bushing for any damage & Earthing if not used for PLCC. (CVT).
3. Measurement of Voltages at Marshalling Box & Control Room in case of PT & CVT.
4.Cleaning.
5. Checking & Tightning of Secondary Wiring & Vermin proof of Marshalling Box.
6. Check Earth Connection of Secondary Circuit.

7. Checking & Tightning of Jumps & Clamps (can be avoided if fire wedge connectors are provided/)
ISOLATORS
1. CheckLinkages for Simultaneous Operation,Operating Mechanism, Stopper Bolts, dash pot etc.
2. Checking of Earth Switch Copper flexibles.
3. Earth Connections of Earth Blade.
4. Cleaning of Insulators & Checking for Cracks in the Insulators.
5. Checking of Interlocks.
6. Cleaning of Main Contacts, Earth Blade and Spring Assembly.
7. Applying Petroleum Jelly to contacts and lubrication of Moving Parts & Bearings.
8. Checking and Tightning of Jumps, Clamps.
9. Checking of Auxillary Switches and Control Wiring.
CAPACITOR BANK :-
1. Checking of blown out external fuses.
2. Checking leakage of Oil / Bulging of Capacitors.
3. Capacitance Measurement and Balancing.
4. Checking of Clamps, Jumps and Earth Connections.
GENERAL :-
1. Out Door Yard Illumination Checking & Replacement of Bulbs etc.
2. Cleaning of Control & Relay Panels(Internal), Vermin Proof for Cable entry, Earth Connections.
3. Cleaning of Battery Charger & Checking of Earth Connections
4. Checking of Fire Hydrant Extinguishers Systems (Wherever provided).
5. Switch off the Nitrogen Injection fire protection system when transformer is taken for maintenance
purpose.
Half YEARLY - transformers

1.Measurement of IR Value's and Polarization Index for condition monitoring.
2. Testing of bottom oil of Main Tank for BDV.
Breakers
1.Changing of Compressor Oil.
2. Measuring IR values of breaker between contacts with breaker in open condition and between contacts
and ground.
3. Tightening of Control Circuit terminals

YEARLY (TRANSFORMERS )

1.Testing of Main Tank Oil, Replace OLTC oil for every 5000 operations/once in a year whichever is early.
2.Check for Transformer Alarms, Trip Circuit for Bucholtz Relays, PRO, OLTC, Diverter eté.
3.Tan - Delta and Capacitance Measurement
4.Check Operation of Bucholtz Relay by external Air Injection for Alarm & Trip.
5.Check the Contactors for OLTC, Fan, Pump Control & Tightening of terminals & Vermin Proof of
Marshalling Box.
8.Checking Arcing Horn Gaps of Bushings
LIGHTENING ARRESTOR
1. Cleaning of L.A. Stacks.

2. Observe any Cracks.
3. Check earth connections at L.A. & Electrode, Line Jump connections.
4. Determine IR Values for comparison with earlier values.
TAP CHANGER
It is a normal fact that increases in load lead to decrease in the supply voltage. Hence the voltage supplied by the
transformer to the load must be maintained within the prescribed limits. This can be done by changing the
transformer turns ratio. The taps are leads or connections provided at various points on the winding. The turns
ratio differ from one tap to another and hence different voltages can be obtained at each tap.
Tap changing methods
Tap changing causes change in leakage reactance, core loss, copper loss and perhaps some problems in the
parallel operation of dissimilar transformer. There are two methods of tap changing.
1. Off load tap changing
2. On load tap changing
1. Off load (No load or off circuit) tap changing
As the name indicates, in this method tap changing is done after disconnecting the load from the transformer. Off
load tap changing is normally provided in low power, low voltage transformers. It is the cheapest method of tap
changing. The tap changing is done manually though hand wheel provided in the cover. In some transformers
arrangements to change the taps by simply operating the mechanical switches are also provided
The winding is tapped at various points. Since the taps are provided at various points in the winding single tap
must be connected at a time otherwise it will lead to short circuit. Hence the selector switch is operated after
disconnecting the load.To prevent unauthorized operation of an off load tap changer, mechanical lock is
provided. To prevent inadvertent operation, electromechanical latching devices are provided to operate the circuit
breakers and de-energize the transformer as soon as the tap changer handle is moved.

2. On load tap changing
On load tap changers are used to change the turns ratio without disconnecting the load from it. Tap changing can
be done even when the transformer is delivering load. On load tap changers considerable increases the efficiency
of the system. Nowadays almost all the large power transformers are provided with on load tap changers.The
reason for providing On load tap changer in power transformers are1. During the operation of on load tap
changers the main circuit remains unaffected.2. Dangerous sparking is prevented.The taps on the windings are
brought to a separate oil filled compartment in which the on load tap changer switch is housed. The tap changer
is a form of mechanical selector switch which is operated by a motor by local or remote control.
A handle fitted for manual operation in case of emergency.The selector switch is a form of make before break
switch and during the transition of the tap changers from one tap to another, momentary connection must be
made between the adjacent taps. This results in short circuit between the adjacent taps. The short circuit current
must be limited by including resistor or reactor. Hence all forms of on load tap changer are provided with an
impedance to limit short circuit current during tap changing operation. The impedance may be resistance or a
center tapped reactance. In modern designs it is invariably carried out by a pair of resistors.

(Perform the experiment on disconnected old transformer if available at the campus )
2c. Carry out maintenance work on DG set- check radiator water level, engine oil level, battery condition,
AVR (automatic voltage regulator). crank and check for normal working condition.
1.DAILY MAINTENANCE
1.General inspections
2.checking oil level
3.checking water level in the radiator
4.Lubrication
5.Cleaning Dg set
6.cleaning the battery andapplying white petroleum jelly on battery terminals
7.Cooling system servicing
8.water level in the battery
2.Weekly Generator Maintenance Checklist

During any inspection, whether weekly, monthly, or annually, begin by looking for oil leaks or other signs of wear.
It’s also important to keep your generator clean by removing dirt and debris, and making sure no rodents, birds, or
harmful insects have infiltrated the enclosed unit (if there is one). During weekly maintenance
1.Do a visual inspection
2.Run the generator
3.Check fluid levels
4.Check for leaks
5.Check auto mode
To exercise the generator, check the fuel level and start the motor, then leave it running for 30 minutes or so to
make sure it’s working properly.
Once you’ve started the generator, check the exhaust system. Examine the muffler, manifold, and exhaust pipe for
leaks, and be sure the pipes aren’t overheating any nearby components. Be sure the engine is purring; look and
listen for signs of a misfire, such as vibrations, smoke, or power fluctuations.
3. Monthly Generator Maintenance Checklist

Inspect battery cables and electrolyte levels monthly. Remove the plastic tops from the cell ports and use a
toothbrush and baking soda to clean away corrosion or dirt.
Check engine coolant and oil levels (the oil should be close to full without overflowing), and look for signs of leaks in
the oil or coolant lines. Also check the coolant concentration: It should be roughly half purified water and half
antifreeze. If you live where freezing is a risk, the antifreeze level can be as high as 60% (but no higher).
Use a load bank to conduct a load test monthly for at least 1 hour to make sure everything is in running order. You
should also do an electrolyte specific gravity test or electrical conductance test at this time.
How often you use a generator matters, and for how long. If you use the generator more often, you’ll likely have to
adjust how often you perform certain maintenance tasks to account for wear and tear.
Here’s a list of other steps to take on a monthly basis:
1.Clean generator
2.Clean surrounding area
3.Check engine coolant levels
4.Check battery charger
5.Check engine oil levels
should change the oil after 100 hours of use, and sooner the first time. It’s recommended that you do the first oil
change after 30 hours. Also, switch out plugs and the air filter every 200 hours. But if, on the other hand, you keep
your generator in storage and don’t use it often, you should drain it of fuel

Simple trouble shooting.
Visit nearby industry with diesel power plant with at least 1000 KVA capacity.
2d.Connect and test AVR of DG set.
Generator Automatic Voltage Regulator : An automatic voltage regulator (AVR) is a solid state electronic
device for automatically maintaining generator output terminal voltage at a set value. It will try and do this as
the generator load or operating temperature changes. The AVR is part of the alternators excitation system.
Who provides the automatic voltage regulators: Normally in a generating set, the alternator manufacturer will
supply an automatic voltage regulator with their AC alternator. The biggest manufacturers of alternators for
diesel generators are Stamford AVK, Mecc Alte, Leroy Somer and more recently WEG. The model supplied will
depend on the alternator and any accessories fitted to it, which may need a different AVR. An example of such
accessory would be a PMG or auxiliary winding.
Where an AVR located in a generator is: Normally the generator AVR is located in one of three places. It can
be in the main control box of the generator, in the alternators terminal box or it could be (only on very small
portable units usually) located under the alternators rear cover.
How does an AVR work : It controls output by sensing the voltage from the generator terminals and comparing
it to a stable reference. The error signal is then used to adjust the field current by increasing or decreasing the
current flow to an excite stator, which in turn will lead to a lower or higher voltage at the main stator terminals.
What happens if a generator AVR fails : If the AVR on your generator fails, then the generator will lose
excitation. This loss of excitation will cause the voltage to fall suddenly at the generator and this loss of
voltage should cause the generator to shut down on an under-voltage fault. If your generator does not have

under-voltage protection set, then the generator may continue to run, which could cause severe damage to your
equipment

Check the batteries condition and Conduct load test on batteries.
Battery load testing involves measuring the amperes produced by a charged battery and is particularly
relevant for vehicle batteries. The battery in a car or truck needs to produce high amperes to power the starter
motor and turn the vehicle's engine. The term used to describe the battery's power is "cold cranking amps" or
CCA. To do an accurate battery load test, you need to use a battery load tester.
STEP 1: Charge your battery fully to get an accurate load test reading. Examine the label on the battery to
ascertain the output voltage and then use a multimeter to check that the voltage reading is the same as that
indicated on the battery label.
STEP 2: Set the multimeter to "Voltage." Connect the red sensor from the meter to the positive battery
terminal and attach the black sensor to the negative terminal. The battery terminals are labeled "+" and "-" for
convenient identification. Read the meter. If the reading is more than 10 percent lower than the voltage on the
battery label, you need to charge the battery before doing a load test.
STEP 3; Remove the sensors from the battery terminals.
STEP 4: Examine the battery label to determine its ampere rating. You will see "CCA" followed by a number
that denotes the cold cranking amps. Divide this number by two on your calculator to arrive at the optimum
figure for your load test. For example, if the battery label reads CCA 500, then divide 500 by 2 to get 250. Jot
down the result of your calculation.
STEP 5: Attach the load tester sensors to the battery terminals. Again, connect the red lead to the positive
battery terminal and the black lead to the negative terminal as you did earlier.
STEP 6: Look at your watch or a timer. Leave the sensors connected to the battery posts for 15 seconds. Then,
read the measurement on the load tester and compare it to the number that you calculated in Step 4. If the
reading is more than 15 to 20 percent below that number, it indicates your battery is not able to produce the
correct power and won't be able to get your engine running. Remove the sensors from the battery posts and
replace the battery if necessary.
How to Check Battery Amperage Output

Battery capacity is measured in amp hours (Ah) or milliamp hours (mAh), depending on the type of battery.
Small batteries, such as AA batteries, are measured in mAh, while deep-cycle lead-acid batteries, fitted in

items such as golf carts and wheelchairs, are measured in Ah. Both refer to the time a battery can last, when
it's fully charged, but as the battery discharges, so the mAh or Ah decreases. A good method to determine the
charge retained in your battery is to check the amperage output using a multimeter.
STEP 1: Look for the label on the side or top of your battery to find out the Ah your battery delivers, when it's
fully charged and in good condition. For example, a deep cycle battery may have 12V 50Ah on the label,
meaning it produces 12 volts and 50 amp hours.
STEP 2: Turn on the multimeter. Check that the jacks on the ends of the two wires to the meter are inserted in
the Ah jack sockets on the meter, if your meter has several sockets, or set it to measure Ah by turning the dial
to the appropriate setting or by pressing the Ah button. Refine the Ah setting to a range that fits the Ah on the
battery's label. For example, if the label says 50Ah, then set the range between 0 and 60Ah.
STEP 3; Connect the metal alligator clip on the end of the black wire from the meter onto the negative
terminal of the battery; it's likely to be labeled "-" or "Neg." If the meter doesn't have clips then you need to
hold the sensor onto the terminal.
STEP 4: Connect the other alligator clip on the end of the red wire from the meter onto the positive terminal of
the battery, or hold the metal sensor on the terminal; it's labeled "+" or "Pos."
STEP 5: Look at the reading on the meter display. The reading matches the battery label, if it's fully charged.
You can work out the percentage charge in your battery by using a calculator to divide the meter reading by
the figure on the battery's label and then multiplying the result by 100. For example, if the meter reading is 20,
then 20 divided by 50 equals 0.2, multiplied by 100 equals 20, meaning you have 20 percent capacity
remaining.
STEP 6; Use a calculator to work out how long your battery will power your electrical device by checking the
amperes on the label on the electric motor or device that the battery powers. For example, if the device
consumes 5Ah and the reading on the meter is 20Ah, divide 5 into 20 to get 4, meaning your battery will
power your device for 4 hours.

WEEK NO-3
3a.SOLAR HYBRID POWER PLANT-
Components of solar PV ON Grid power plant and their specifications.
1. Solar PV modules and array: The specification for the PV Module is detailed below:
1. The PV modules must be PID compliant, salt, mist & ammonia resistant and should withstand weather
conditions for the project life cycle.
2. The back sheet of PV module shall be minimum of three layers with outer layer and shall be made of PVDF or
PVF. The Back sheets for PV Module with 2 layered or 3 layered Polyester types or the back sheets with
Polyester (PET type) at Air side material are not permitted for the empanelment; The minimum thickness of the
core layers (without adhesive and inner EVA coated) must be 300 microns. The maximum allowed water vapour
transmission rate shall be less than 2 g / m2/day and shall have a Partial Discharge > / = 1500V DC
3. The front glass shall meet the following specifications:
a. The facing glass must be Tempered, PV grade with Low iron and high transmission.
b. The transmission shall be > 93 %
c. Thickness shall be min 3.2 mm
d. The glass shall have an Anti-reflective coating for the better transmission and light absorption.
f. Tempered glass to meet the external load conditions
4. Each PV module used in any solar power project must use a RF identification tag (RFID), which must contain
the following information.
a) Name of the manufacturer of PV Module.
b) Name of the manufacturer of Solar cells.
c) Month and year of the manufacture (separately for solar cells and module).
d) Unique Serial No. and Model No. of the module.
5. The Performance of PV Modules at STC conditions must be tested and approved by one of the IEC/NABL
Accredited Testing Laboratories.
6. PV modules used in solar power plant/ systems must be warranted for 10 years for their material,
manufacturing defects, workmanship. The output peak watt capacity which should not be less than 90% at the
end of 10 years and 80% at the end of 25 years
8. The PV modules shall conform to the following standards:
a. IS 14286: Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules —design.
b. IEC 61701 : Salt mist corrosion testing of photovoltaic modules
2. Module mounting structure

1. Photovoltaic arrays must be mounted on a stable, durable structure that can support the array and withstand
wind, rain, and other adverse conditions. The modules will be fixed on structures with fixed arrangement.
2. The module mounting structures shall have adequate strength and appropriate design suitable to the locations,
which can withstand the load and high wind velocities.
3. Each structure with fixed tilt should have a tilt angle as per the site conditions to take maximum insolation
4. The PV module mounting structure shall have a capacity to withstand a wind velocity of 150 km/hr.
5. The materials used for structures shall be Hot dip Galvanized Mild Steel conformed to IS 2062:1992 or
aluminium of suitable grade minimum alloy 6063 or better.
6. The minimum thickness of galvanization for hot dip Galvanized Mild Steel should be at least 80 microns as
per IS 4759.
7. The Bolts, Nuts, fasteners, and clamps used for panel mounting shall be of Stainless Steel SS 304.

8. No Welding is allowed on the mounting structure

9. Aluminium structures used shall be protected against rusting either by coating or anodization.
10. The structure shall be designed to withstand operating environmental conditions for a period of minimum 25
years. And shall be free from corrosion while installation.
11. Minimum distance between the lower level of PV Module and the ground shall be 0.6m from the ground
level.
12. The PV Panel area shall be accessible for cleaning and for any repair work.
13. Sufficient gap need to be provided between the rows to avoid falling of shadow of one row on the next row..
3.ARRAY JUNCTION BOX (AJB)/ STRING COMBINER BOX (SCB)
1. AJB comprises of an enclosure, copper busbars, Fuses, Surge Protection Device (SPD) and Isolator. AJB bus
& panel shall be provided for the incoming DC supply from array yard.
2. The Array Junction Boxes are to be provided in the PV array for termination of connecting cables. The Array
Junction Boxes shall be made of GRP/FRP/with full dust, water& vermin
3. All wires/cables must be terminated through cable lugs. The JBs shall be such that input & output termination
can be made through suitable cable glands.
4. Suitable markings shall be provided on the bus bar for easy identification and the cable ferrules must be fitted
at the cable termination points for identification.
5. Copper bus bars/terminal blocks housed in the junction box with suitable to prevent water entry, Single/
double compression cable glands, provision of earthing
6. All fuses shall have DIN rail mountable fuse holders and shall be housed in thermoplastic IP65 enclosures
with transparent covers.
7. Fuse for both positive and negative inputs of each strings, Isolator of MCB, SPD of type 2 shall be provided.
8. One spare input terminal along with connector shall be provided for each SCB/AJB.
9. Every SCB/AJB input shall be provided with fuses on both positive and negative side.
4.POWER CONDITIONING UNIT (PCU)/ INVERTER
General Specifications:
.1 . All the Inverters should contain the following
a. The name or trademark of the manufacturer or supplier.
b. A model number, name or serial number, code or other markings allowing identification of manufacturing date
d. Input voltage, type of voltage (A.C. or D.C.), frequency, and maximum continuous current for each input.
e. Output voltage, type of voltage (A.C. or D.C.), frequency, maximum continuous current, and for A.C. outputs,
either the power or power factor for each output.
2 The Hybrid inverter output shall be 415 VAC, 50 Hz, 3 phase or 230 VAC, 50 Hz, 1 phase.
3. The Hybrid inverter should have all the technical requirements for connecting to the Grid and provision for
connecting to a battery bank
4 The Hybrid inverter shall include appropriate self-protective and self-diagnostic feature to protect itself and the PV
array from damage in the event of internal or external causes.
5. The Technical Specification of Hybrid Inverters are summarized below:

5.SOLAR METER
A separate Energy Meter called Solar Meter shall be provided at the output of PCU to record the energy generation
from the Solar System. (This energy meter should not be integrated with PCU). Solar energy meter means a
unidirectional meter to be installed at the delivery point of the solar energy system to measure the solar electricity
generated. This Energy Meter should be tested along with the Net Meter (Import-Export Meter).
6. AC DISTRIBUTION BOARD
1.AC Distribution Board (ACDB) shall control the AC power from inverter and should have necessary surge
arrestors.
2.An ACDB panel shall be provided in between PCU and Utility grid. It shall have MCB/MCCB/ACB or circuit
breaker of suitable rating for connection and disconnection of PCU from grid.
3. The connection between ACDB and Utility grid shall be of standard cable/ Conductor with suitable termination. It
shall have provision to measure grid voltage, current and power.
4.The incomer shall be selected at required rating. The ACDB enclosure shall be of good protection and suitable for
mounting on the trenches / on wall.
5. All the 415 V AC or 230 V AC devices/equipment like bus support insulators, circuit breakers, isolators shall be
suitable for operation
6. Switches/ circuit breakers/ connectors meeting general requirements and safety measurements as per IS 60947
7.AC/DC CABLING
Cabling is required for wiring from AC output of inverter/PCU to the Grid Interconnection point. It includes the DC
cabling from Solar Array to AJB and from AJB to inverter input.
1. All cables of appropriate size to be used in the system shall have the following characteristic:
a. Shall conform to IEC and IS standards.
b. Temperature Range: -10 degree Celsius to +80 degree Celsius
c. Voltage rating: 660/1000V
d. Excellent resistance to heat, cold, water, oil, abrasion, UV radiation
e. Flexible
2.Sizes of cables between any array interconnections, array to junction boxes, junction boxes to inverter etc. shall be
so selected to keep the voltage drop (power loss) of the entire solar system to the minimum (2%).
3. For the DC cabling, XLPE insulated and sheathed, UV stabilized single core flexible copper cables shall be used;
Multi-core cables shall not be used.
5. For the AC cabling, PVC or XLPE insulated and PVC sheathed single or, multi-core flexible copper cables shall be
used. However, for above 25kWp systems, XLPE insulated Aluminium cable of suitable area of cross section can be
used in the AC side subject to a minimum area of cross section of 10 sq.mm.
6.The DC cables from the SPV module array shall run through a UV-stabilized PVC conduit pipe of adequate
diameter with a minimum wall thickness of 1.5mm

7.Cables and wires used for the interconnection of solar PV modules shall be provided with solar PV connectors
(MC4) and couplers
8.All cables and conduit pipes shall be clamped to the rooftop, walls and ceilings with thermo-plastic clamps at
intervals not exceeding 50cm; the minimum DC cables size shall be 4.0mm 2 copper; the minimum AC cable size shall
be 4.0mm2 copper. In three phase systems, the size of the neutral wire size shall be equal to the size of the phase
wires.
9.Cable Marking: All cable/wires are to be marked in proper manner by good quality ferule or by other means so that
the cable can be easily identified. The following colour code shall be used for cable wires
a. DC positive: red (the outer PVC sheath can be black with a red line marking
b. DC negative: black
c. AC single phase: Phase: red; Neutral: black
d. AC three phase: phases: red, yellow, blue; neutral: black
e. Earth wires: green
10. Cables and conduits that have to pass through walls or ceilings shall be taken through PVC pipe sleeve.
8.Earthing and lightning protection

1. Earthing System shall connect all non –current carrying metals, electrical boxes, appliance frames, chassis and PV
module mounting structures in one long run. The earth strips should not be bolted. Earthing GI strips shall be
interconnected by proper welding.
2. The earthing conductor should be rated for 1.56 times the maximum short circuit current of the PV array.
3. the earthing conductor for PV equipment should not be less than 6 mm 2 if copper, 10 mm2 if aluminium or 70 mm2
if hot-dipped galvanized iron. For the earthing of lightning arrestor, cross-section of the earthing conductor should not
be less than 16 mm2 of copper or 70 mm2 if hot-dipped galvanized iron. The complete Earthing system shall be
mechanically & electrically connected to provide independent return to earth.
4. the earth pit size not less than 400mm X 400 mm(depth) complete with cemented brick work (1:6) of minimum
150mm width duly plastered with cement mortar (inside)shall be provided. Hinged inspection covers of size not less
than 300mm X 300mm with locking arrangement shall be provided . Suitable handle shall be provided on the cover
by means of welding a rod on top of the cover for future maintenance.
5. Minimum four (04) numbers of interconnected earth pit needs to be provided in each location. Body earthing shall
be provided in inverter, each panel frame, module mounting structure .. Earth pits shall be treated with salt and
charcoal if average resistance of soil is more than 20 ohm meter
6. Earth resistance shall not be more than 5 ohms. Earthing system must be interconnected through GI. The size of the
GI earth strip must be minimum 25mm X 6mm.
7. all non-current carrying metal parts shall be Earthing with two separate and distinct earth continuity conductors to
an efficient earth electrode.
8. The equipment grounding wire shall be connected to earth strip by proper fixing arrangement. Each strip shall be
continued up to at least 500mm from the equipment.
9. For each earth pit, a necessary test point shall be provided.
10. Total no of Earth pits for solar plants:

a. Up to 50kWp: AC-01, DC-02, LA-01

b. Above 50kWp: AC-02, DC-02, LA-01
LIGHTNING PROTECTION
The SPV power plant should be provided with lightning and over voltage protection. The source of over voltage can
be lightning or other atmospheric disturbance.
1. The entire space occupying SPV array shall be suitably protected against lightning by deploying required number
of lightning arresters.
2. Lightning system shall comprise of air terminations, down conductors, test links, earth electrode etc. as per
approved drawings.
3. The protection against induced high voltages shall be provided by the use of surge protection devices (SPDs) and
the earthing terminal of the SPD shall be connected to the earth through the earthing system.
9.CIVIL WORKS
RCC Works - the materials used viz. Cement reinforcement, steel etc. shall be as per relevant IS standards.
1. Brick Works (If any) - All brick works shall be using 1st class bricks of approved quality as per IS
2. Plastering - Plastering in cement mortar 1:5, 1:6 and 1:3 shall be applied to all.
3. For painting on concrete, masonry and plastered surface shall be followed. For distempering IS 427 shall be
followed referred. For synthetic enamel painting IS 428 shall be followed. For cement painting IS 5410 shall be
followed.
Difference between ON grid and OFF grid Solar PV power plant.

1. Off grid connections type gives utmost access to electricity as compared to on grid connection.
2. Off grid connections give advantages to save extra energy-generated using batteries and storage facilities
which fall in an on-grid system.
3. When electric grid power goes down, on-grid solar connection will disturbed but off-grid connection
remains in working condition.
4. Off-grid connection facilitates you to pay no monthly or yearly bills as compared to on-grid connection.
Differences between on-grid and off-grid solar systems:

The first and obvious difference between the two systems is that on-grid systems are connected to the grid,
whereas off-grid systems are not connected to the grid. But there are a lot of differences between them
1. Access to electricity:
With an off-grid system: an off-grid system has no outside source to access electricity. It can only have power
when the system is producing it. This means there will be access to electricity only when there is sunlight. To
have access to electricity at all times, an off-grid system must have a massive battery backup that can store
electricity produced during the daytime and then supply it when the system is not producing electricity. If there is
a higher electricity demand, a generator may also need to be connected to the off-grid system.
With an on-grid system: an on-grid system is connected to the utility grid, making access to electricity easier..
Being connected to the grid helps to enjoy electricity at all times, whether you are producing it or not. However,
in case of a utility power failure, on-grid system will also seize to operate.

2. Grid power outages:

Off-grid system: a power outage of the grid will not affect the operation of an off-grid system. Since an off-grid
system works independently, any power outage will not change the access to electricity. You can enjoy an
uninterrupted power supply even in case of a power failure.
On-grid system: this system is connected to the grid and hence can access electricity. However, in case of a
power failure, on-grid system will also not operate in case the power at the grid fails.
3. Excess electricity production

Off grid-system: an off-grid system is designed to produce excess electricity, which can be used for future uses.
In an off-grid system, there are batteries connected to the system, enabling excess electricity storage. This extra
electricity can be used to power the house at night or when the weather is cloudy, and the system is not
producing sufficient electricity.
On-grid system: like in an off-grid system, an on-grid system can also produce excess electricity than is required. In the
case of an on-grid system, this excess electricity will be delivered to the grid. most on-grid systems have a net meter
installed to account for the excess electricity. The net meter credits for your excess electricity, and when you use electricity
from the grid, you can use those credits instead of paying for the used electricity. This way you can save up on lots of
money.
4. Billing
Off-grid system: An off-grid system is not connected to the grid and, therefore, does not use any electricity produced by the
grid, no use its services. Hence, an off-grid system will not receive any electricity bill. Still, an off-grid system costs more
because of the expensive battery bank that needs to be installed.
On-grid system: the solar panel system, in this case, is connected to the grid which means, the system is using the utility’s
services like transmission and distribution lines. The grid-tied system will be charged for these services. Moreover, a fixed
charge of getting connected to the grid also needs to be paid. Other than these service charges, you may sometimes find that
you have been charged for the electricity used from the grid .
Design of solar photo-voltaic on grid power plant,

What is solar PV system
Solar photovoltaic system or Solar power system is one of renewable energy system which uses PV modules to
convert sunlight into electricity. The electricity generated can be either stored or used directly, fed back into grid
line or combined with one or more other electricity generators or more renewable energy source. Solar PV
system is very reliable and clean source of electricity that can suit a wide range of applications such as residence,
industry, agriculture, livestock, etc.
Major system components
Solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according to your system type, site
location and applications. The major components for solar PV system are solar charge controller, inverter,
battery bank, auxiliary energy sources and loads (appliances).
PV module converts sunlight into DC electricity.
Solar charge controller regulates the voltage and current coming from the PV panels going to
battery and prevents battery overcharging and prolongs the battery life.
Inverter converts DC output of PV panels or wind turbine into a clean AC current for AC
appliances or fed back into grid line.
Battery stores energy for supplying to electrical appliances when there is a demand.
Load is electrical appliances that connected to solar PV system such as lights, radio, TV, computer,
refrigerator, etc.
Auxiliary energy sources - is diesel generator or other renewable energy sources.
1. Solar PV system sizing
1. Determine power consumption demands

The first step in designing a solar PV system is to find out the total power and energy consumption
of all loads that need to be supplied by the solar PV system as follows:
2. Calculate total Watt-hours per day for each appliance used. Add the Watt-hours needed for all appliances
together to get the total Watt-hours per day which must be delivered to the appliances.
3. Calculate total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules. Multiply the total appliances Watt-hours per
day times 1.3 (the energy lost in the system) to get the total Watt-hours per day which must be provided by the
panels.
2. Size the PV modules
Different size of PV modules will produce different amount of power. To find out the sizing of PV module, the
total peak watt produced needs. The peak watt (Wp) produced depends on size of the PV module and climate of
site location. We have to consider 􁢾panel generation factor􁢾 which is different in each site location. For
Thailand, the panel generation factor is 3.43. To determine the sizing of PV modules, calculate as follows:
1. Calculate the total Watt-peak rating needed for PV modules Divide the total Watt-hours per day needed from
the PV modules (from item 1.2) by 3.43 to get the total Watt-peak rating needed for the PV panels needed to
operate the appliances.
2.2 Calculate the number of PV panels for the system Divide the answer obtained in item 2.1 by the rated output
Watt-peak of the PV modules available to you. Increase any fractional part of result to the next highest full
number and that will be the number of PV modules required.
Result of the calculation is the minimum number of PV panels. If more PV modules are installed, the system will
perform better and battery life will be improved. If fewer PV modules are used, the system may not work at all
during cloudy periods and battery life will be shortened.
3. Inverter sizing
An inverter is used in the system where AC power output is needed. The input rating of the inverter should never
be lower than the total watt of appliances. The inverter must have the same nominal voltage as your battery.
For stand-alone systems, the inverter must be large enough to handle the total amount of Watts you will be using
at one time. The inverter size should be 25-30% bigger than total Watts of appliances.
In case of appliance type is motor or compressor then inverter size should be minimum 3 times the capacity of
those appliances and must be added to the inverter capacity to handle surge current during starting.
For grid tie systems or grid connected systems, the input rating of the inverter should be same as PV array rating
to allow for safe and efficient operation.
4. Battery sizing
The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle battery. Deep cycle battery is
specifically designed for to be discharged to low energy level and rapid recharged or cycle charged and
discharged day after day for years. The battery should be large enough to store sufficient energy to operate the
appliances at night and cloudy days. To find out the size of battery, calculate as follows:
4.1 Calculate total Watt-hours per day used by appliances.
4.2 Divide the total Watt-hours per day used by 0.85 for battery loss.
4.3 Divide the answer obtained in item 4.2 by 0.6 for depth of discharge.
4.4 Divide the answer obtained in item 4.3 by the nominal battery voltage.
4.5 Multiply the answer obtained in item 4.4 with days of autonomy (the number of days that you need the
system to operate when there is no power produced by PV panels) to get the required Ampere-hour capacity of
deep-cycle battery.
Battery Capacity (Ah) = Total Watt-hours per day used by appliances x Days of autonomy
(0.85 x 0.6 x nominal battery voltage)
5. Solar charge controller sizing
The solar charge controller is typically rated against Amperage and Voltage capacities. Select the solar charge
controller to match the voltage of PV array and batteries and then identify which type of solar charge controller is

right for your application. Make sure that solar charge controller has enough capacity to handle the current from
PV array.
For the series charge controller type, the sizing of controller depends on the total PV input current which is
delivered to the controller and also depends on PV panel configuration (series or parallel configuration).
According to standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller is to take the short circuit current (Isc) of the
PV array, and multiply it by 1.3
Solar charge controller rating = Total short circuit current of PV array x 1.3
Remark: For MPPT charge controller sizing will be different. (See Basics of MPPT Charge Controller)
Example: A house has the following electrical appliance usage:

● One 18 Watt fluorescent lamp with electronic ballast used 4 hours per day.
● One 60 Watt fan used for 2 hours per day.
● One 75 Watt refrigerator that runs 24 hours per day with compressor run 12 hours and off 12
hours. The system will be powered by 12 Vdc, 110 Wp PV module.
1. Determine power consumption demands
Total appliance use = (18 W x 4 hours) + (60 W x 2 hours) + (75 W x 24 x 0.5 hours)
= 1,092 Wh/day
Total PV panels energy needed
= 1,092 x 1.3
= 1,419.6 Wh/day.
2. Size the PV panel
2.1 Total Wp of PV panel capacity needed
= 1,419.6 / 3.4
= 413.9 Wp
2.2 Number of PV panels needed
= 413.9 / 110
= 3.76 modules
Actual requirement = 4 modules
So this system should be powered by at least 4 modules of 110 Wp PV module.
3. Inverter sizing
Total Watt of all appliances = 18 + 60 + 75 = 153 W
For safety, the inverter should be considered 25-30% bigger size.
The inverter size should be about 190 W or greater.
4. Battery sizing
Total appliances use = (18 W x 4 hours) + (60 W x 2 hours) + (75 W x 12 hours)
Nominal battery voltage = 12 V
Days of autonomy = 3 days
Battery capacity = [(18 W x 4 hours) + (60 W x 2 hours) + (75 W x 12 hours)] x 3(0.85 x 0.6 x 12)
Total Ampere-hours required 535.29 Ah
So the battery should be rated 12 V 600 Ah for 3 day autonomy.
5. Solar charge controller sizing
PV module specification
Pm = 110 Wp
Vm = 16.7 Vdc
Im = 6.6 A
Voc = 20.7 A
Isc = 7.5 A
Solar charge controller rating = (4 strings x 7.5 A) x 1.3 = 39 A

So the solar charge controller should be rated 40 A at 12 V or greater

What are Solar Power Plant Monitoring Systems and What are Their Benefits
Solar power plant monitoring systems are software solutions that monitor the various aspects of solar power
plants and provide reporting and analytics of these in a way that is easy for end users to understand. Monitoring
and control of photovoltaic systems is essential for reliable functioning and maximum yield of any solar electric
system.
Energy generation parameters – total energy produced (kWh), DC power, AC power supplied to grip
Supplemental parameters – Temperature of panels/ inverters, operating time of inverter Battery storage
parameters– Energy stored, Time remaining to full charge/discharge, no. of charge/discharge cycles, storage
efficiency, temperature of battery.
Benefits of monitoring systems
By having the efficiencies of your solar arrays at your fingertips, it is easy to find out when and
where something goes wrong
1. A monitoring system can give you an alert on whatever display you are partial to (online,
Smartphone, etc.), and/or it can send an email or SMS for instant notification if anything
about the system falls outside of preset parameters.
2. Energy saving options
3. Minimization of losses due to shading and other effects on the solar panels
4. Reduced maintenance cost and time
Testing and maintenance of solar PV power plant.
1.General checks
As a solar plant is installed, prepare a schedule for preventive maintenance. This includes cleaning, lubrication,
repairs, replacements, and the extension of equipment life. At least twice a year, O&M personnel conduct a
general inspection of the installation-site.
During this inspection:
1. Ensure roof drainage is adequate, roof drains are not clogged and confirm that there are no signs of water
pooling near the array
2. Ensure roof penetrations (if any) are watertight
3. Check for ground erosion near the footings of a ground mount system
4. Confirm electrical enclosures are only accessible to authorised personnel
5. Check for corrosion on the outside of enclosures and the racking system
6. Check for cleanliness throughout the site to ensure that there is no debris in the inverter pad area or
elsewhere
7. Check for loose hanging wires in the array
8. Check for signs of animal infestation under the array
2.Specific checks
1. Modules: Modules need the maximum amount of preventive maintenance, and cleaning activities are majorly
concentrated around them.
2.Frequency of cleaning: In normal conditions, where there isn’t too much dust or dirt, cleaning is carried out
on a fortnightly basis. However, in dusty areas such as Rajasthan, the cleaning frequency is increased to once a
week.
3.Water Quality: The cleaning of the modules is done keeping in mind the TDS (total dissolved solids) levels,
water specifications and certain wiping details. In India, the TDS level of the water needs to be at least below
250 parts per million (ppm). The chlorine (less than 250 ppm) and calcium (less than 250 ppm ) level of the
water, as well as the electrical conductivity, is kept in mind while carrying out the cleaning. Water quality is
tested after every six months to ensure that set standards are maintained.

4.Quality of cleaning equipment: Brushes without hard bristles (say fibre brushes) should be used for cleaning.
A low-quality brush, like one with metal bristles, could negatively impact the glass surface of the modules. In
some cases where hard substances like bird droppings have gotten stuck on the module, engineers use detergent
to clean the surface. However, the detergent is not highly concentrated and has very high-water content.
5. Innovation in Cleaning: Technicians at CleanMax are currently in the process of developing automated
cleaning systems. In the sprinkle-type cleaning system, nozzles will be placed on the module itself, and it will
automatically start the system using remote monitoring, pressurise the water, and pour it over modules. It would
be particularly useful when it is hard to install a water source at the site. However, this would be a costlier way to
clean when compared to deploying someone at the site.
6.Post wash care: Post extensive cleaning, modules are wiped off properly to ensure no stain is left to avoid
affecting the generation capacity. Since CleanMax takes up the responsibility of maintaining the plant, our
engineers make arrangements for Ultra Poly Vinyl Chloride (UPVC) conduit pipes to ensure water supply. After
the system returns to steady-state temperature (i.e. there is no remaining impact from the cooling effect of wash
water), the current produced is noted along with weather conditions including temperature, irradiance etc. This
maintenance work is recorded in the log book, and the production of the clean system to the previous production
values is compared.
7. Inverter: Most German-make inverter manufacturers recommend servicing it on a quarterly basis. However,
CleanMax carries out servicing on a monthly basis as there is a lot more dust in India compared to other
countries. The ventilation is provided via a filter, and this filter needs to be frequently cleaned. Therefore, usage
of high-quality filters is advantageous. As part of preventive activities, our engineers check the voltage of the
string inverter and record it in the periodic log book. This gives an understanding of voltage fluctuations if any.
8.MC4 Cabling Connector: Under preventive measures, we ensure that there is no gap between the male and
female connector pipes. Any gap, irrespective of the size, could cause a fire and damage the modules. Separately,
off-takers can install a “check” meter of equal or higher accuracy with reference to the main meter to cross-check
the production level on a monthly basis. All readings have to be, more or less equal, with a 2-3% correction
allowance.
9.Transformer: For transformers at the site with installed capacity in megawatts, parameters such as the
operating temperature, OTI (oil temperature), WTI (winding temperature), and oil level are monitored daily. If
there is any internal disturbance in the transformer, it reflects in these parameters which are monitored at least
three times in a day (at 11 AM, 02 PM and 04 PM as solar power is generated at its peak during these slots). The
transformer has to be cleaned thoroughly once in six months. CleanMax conducts IR test and cable yearly to
check the transformer performance.
10.Protection from external elements: To ensure that the plant is working smoothly (i.e. without any
shutdown), the same has to be sealed properly. Else, rats and other rodents can enter, and get electrocuted. This,
in turn, can cause a short circuit, and affect the entire plant. Many people are not aware that even high-pressure
water can damage the modules. If the water stream is too strong, our team will place the outlet at a farther
distance.
11. Remote monitoring: A solar power plant constantly needs to be monitored to detect breakdowns and
optimise its operation. The same function could be performed either on-site or remotely wherein we retrieve all
the data either from the inverter or from communicating equipment (probes, meters etc.).

3b.Case study: Visit any industry with ON grid Solar PV power plant and prepare a report.
Setup a small solar standalone power unit , connect solar panel, mppt controller , batteries, inverter and
test it.
Testing and maintenance work of solar panels.
3c. Case study: Visit industry, note down the capacity, DC voltage and current ratings, connected load on UPS,
Maintenance details and prepare a report on UPS system installed in that industry.
3d.Install and test any small capacity UPS system.
UPS PARTS NAME AND FUNCTION.
Rectifier
1. The rectifier carries out several key functions. The first is to convert the input power from AC
(Alternating Current) to DC (Direct Current). Its second main role is to recharge the batteries, while the
DC power routes to the inverter too.
2. Depending on the size of the UPS, the rectifier module may incorporate the battery charger. With smaller
uninterruptible power supply systems (i.e. below 3 kVA) it is not uncommon for the rectifier and charge
to be separate.
3. UPS rectifiers can accept wide input voltage fluctuations, meaning the system can handle overloads or
surges without having to engage the batteries.
UPS Batteries
1. The batteries in a UPS system provide emergency power when the mains supply fails. Either the rectifier
or a separate charger ensures that the batteries are always charged.
2. UPS battery systems have at least one string of batteries, with the number of batteries required depending
on the DC voltage of the UPS. Batteries within a string are connected in series, so if a single battery fails,
so too does the entire string.
Inverter
1. This component fulfils the second half of the double conversion by switching the DC voltage from the
rectifier or battery back to an AC output that powers the critical load.
2. This conversion process (AC to DC to AC) and filtering smooths out events such as spikes, sags, surges,
and electrical noise, ensuring the final output is a pure sine waveform.
Static Bypass Switch
1. This component is a safeguard in case there’s a failure within the UPS system. In the event of a UPS
failure or fault, the static switch automatically connects the load to the mains supply, bypassing the
rectifier, batteries, and inverter


4a.LT DISTRIBUTION PANEL-

Design a simple LT distribution panel as per load requirements consisting of metering section, indicators, digital
meters-ammeter, voltmeter, trivector meter/multifunction meter, isolators, ct, busbar chamber, cable alley
chamber, MCCB linked with ELCB.
Design factors to be considered, related IS standards. Draw SLD as per standard.
Selection of power contactors, auxiliary contactors, protective devices, size of control circuit wire, power circuit
wire, busbar rating, MCCB, Air Circuit Breaker . design factors to be considered applicable standards.
Introduction:
In Designing Stage , We need to calculate approximate Dimension of Electrical Panel to conclude Dimension
of Electrical Room and Total Space requirement of Electrical Services. Dimension of Electrical Panel’s is
calculated from Electrical SLD.Dimension of Electrical Panel mainly depends on
1. Size of Main Incoming and Outgoing Circuit Barker.
2. No of Outgoing Circuit Breakers.
3. Panel’s Form Factor.
4. Type of Panel (Indoor / Outdoor).
5. Cable connection in Panel (Front Side / Back side of Panel).
6. Installation of Circuit Breaker (Horizontal / Vertical)
7. Height of Panel should not be more than 2200mm Due to Operation of Upmost Switchgear.


General Switchgear arrangements in Panel
There are four compartments in Electrical Panel.

1. Incoming Section
2. Outgoing Section
3. Busbar Chamber
4. Cable Alley.
Factors to be considered to calculate Dimension of Panel

Dimension of Panel mainly depends on following factors.
1.Type of Panel (Indoor / Outdoor)
1. Depth of Panel is depending on Type of Panel.
2. If We have Indoor Type of Panel and there are no any issue regarding Water seepages near Panel than
Double Door type of Panel is not required.
3. In Out Door Type Panel construction is mostly Double Door Type.
4. For Double Door Construction required more 100mm Panel Depth than actual .
2. Form Factor of Panel
1. Type of Form Factor decide Dimension of Panel.
2. For Same type and same rating of Switchgear Form 1 required less space compared to Form 2A, 2B, 3A,
3B, 4A, 4B.
3. Position of Switch gear Installation
1. Panel’s Width and Height mostly depends on Position of Switchgear Installation.
2. If we installed Switchgear in vertical Position than Height of Panel is increased.
3. If we installed Switchgear in horizontal position than with of Panel is increased.
4. Most of manufacture prefers Horizontal position of Switchgear to easy termination of Incoming and
Outgoing of Switchgear to Busbar.
4. Height of Panel
1. Height of Panel should not more than 2200mm for easy operation of upmost Switchgear in Panel.
2. This 2200MM height concert increase width of Panel if we have multiple number of outgoing.
3. If we have 5 Nos of outgoing than it may require one No of Colum Section of Panel (400×5=2000mm).
4. But if we have 8 No’s of outgoing than we required two no of Colum Section in one Section 4 no of Outgoing
Switchgear and in second Colum section for 3 no of Switch gear. 1 no of More cable alley section (300mm)
required for cable termination.
5. Cable Termination in Panel (Front Side / Back Side)

1. Front Side Cable Termination: If We Installed Panel In front of wall then Panel Back Side is not
accessible hence We need Cable Termination on front side of Panel for this we need Cable Alley of
300mm for Cable Termination.
2. This arrangement increase width of 300mm for panel but depth of panel will not increase.
3. Back Side Cable Termination: If We Installed Panel at some distance from wall then Panel Back Side is
accessible hence, we may do Cable Termination on back side of Panel for this arrangement we need more
300mm depth for Cable Termination.
4. This arrangement will not increase width of panel but depth of panel will not increase 300mm


1. Calculation-1
2. Calculate Dimension of Panel for following Electrical SLD

3. Cable Termination are in front side of Panel, Cable Entry are at bottom of the Panel, Type of Panel is
Indoor Type, Switchgear will be installed in horizontal position.
Solution:
1. Incoming Switchgear= 1250A,4P, ACB
2. Outgoing Switchgear = 630A, TP, MCCB=2 No and 400A, TP, MCCB=3 No’s.
Height of Panel:
1. Height of Panel is decided from No of Outgoing Feeder and Switchgear Installation Position (Horizontal /
Vertical). We will install in horizontal position.
2. From Above Tables Height for MCCB Compartment for 400A to 630A MCCB=400mm
3. Total Height of panel for 5no of MCCB= 5×400=2000mm
4. Panel Base Frame is 75mm
5. Total Panel height is 2000+75=2075mm which is less than 2200mm

Width of Panel:
1. Width of Panel is decided from Incoming and Out Going Switchgear Section, Cable Termination from
Front / Back Side and Switchgear installation position (vertical /Horizontal).
2. From above Table, Incoming Switchgear Compartment Size for 1250A,4P, ACB width is 800mm
3. Size of Busbar compartment =300mm
4. Size of Outgoing Switchgear compartment for 400A to 630A MCCB=600mm
5. Size of Busbar alley compartment (Front Side Cable Termination) =300mm
6. Total Width of Panel =800+300+600+300=2000mm
Depth of Panel:
1. Depth of Panel is decided from Incoming Switchgear (which has maximum depth) and Cable
Termination in Panel (Front Side / Back Side)
2. From Above Table Depth of Switchgear compartment for 1250A ,4P, ACB=800mm
3. Total depth of panel=800mm
4. We can also choose different depth for Incoming Switchgear compartment and Outgoing Switchgear
compartment.
5. In this example we can also choose depth of panel for incoming compartment=800mm and cable
termination is front side of panel hence for Outgoing switchgear compartments=300mm.
Conclusion:
Total Width of Panel is 2000mm, Height of Panel is 2075mm, Depth of Panel is 800mm

4b.Prepare GA diagram and SLD using CAD. Design metering section.

Selection of cables, wire sizes, switchgears and accessories. Automatic phase sequence corrector, SPP, OV, UV
protection, ELR, Prepare Bill Of Materials with Specifications
Note : standard sizes of lt panels with standard cuttings for meters, indicators, isolators, MCB,MCCB etc..are
available in the market. One may choose any LT distribution panel matching with their requirements, wireup and
test it

4c.Wire-up the power circuit of LT panel and test

4d.Wire-up the control circuit of LT panel and test



5a. CONTROL PANELS – Main types and their function-PCC, MCC, AMF, APFC, Design factors to be considered,
Applicable IS and IEC standards.
Study and read simple control panel drawings.
List the control panel components.
List control wiring accessories with their specifications.
Preparation of ferrule numbers as per standard.
Selection of control panel components, ACCL ratings and wire sizes.
5b.Design a simple AMF panel- Draw power circuit scheme and control circuit scheme using CAD
5c.Design a simple AMF panel- select the switchgears and its ratings as per load requirement.

6a.Design a simple AMF panel- Mount the switchgear and accessories
6b. Design a simple AMF panel- wire up the panel as per the electrical drawings
6c.Design a simple AMF panel- Test the panel.
6d.Visit near by industry and prepare a report on PCC, MCC, APFC panel , Fire hydrant pump control panel, STP and
ETP control panel.
7a.INDUSTRIAL WIRING-
Identify and list the industrial range electrician tools ,cabling/wiring accessories. note down the specifications.
7b. INDUSTRIAL WIRING-

Lighting – Design lux levels as per standards, Design energy efficient illumination for the given factory layout or an
apartment , Design lighting circuit and its distribution board.
Methods to reduce energy consumption towards lighting.
7c. Design the conduit layout for lighting circuit using cad as per standards.
7d.Estimate the cost for industrial wiring for lighting.
8a.Power circuit-
design power circuit for power outlets as per requirement for the given factory layout.
select suitable size of cables , protective devices and switch gears. Applicable standards
8b. Prepare the BOM for power circuit.
8c.Connect a 3 phase, 415 v ,3 ph borewell or open-well submersible pump with suitable starter.
interconnect 3ph starter and 3 phase automatic water level control. Manually simulate and test for normal
operation

8d. Dis-assemble any one type of motor pump set, identify the parts, service, re-assemble and test
Note : The above experiment setup shall be done indoor and tested.
8e.EARTHING SYSTEM in industries and its maintenance. Earth mats, Standard values. Testing and maintenance of
earth pit, methods of reducing earth resistance, equipment earth, neutral earth, power circuit earthing, lightening
arrestor earthing,
Visit near by industry and prepare a report on LT distribution system, lighting system, power circuit and
earthing system.
9a.COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORK-

Computer network components / devices/accessories, list of materials and their specification.
9b.Design and setup LAN for an office or computer lab with 20 computers. select suitable network switch, cable.
Connector and power supply.
Connect, configure and test the LAN
9c. Design and setup LAN for an office or computer lab with 20 computers. Select suitable network switch, cable.
Connector and power supply.
Connect, configure and test the LAN
9d.Connect DVR, Power Supply, Camera, Configure and Test CCTV by rigging up on the work table in the laboratory.
10a.LIFTS- Types, construction and working, major components, type and specification of motor, essential spares,
controllers operation and maintenance. selection of lifts capacity as per requirement, and erection procedures.
10b.General maintenance and servicing of lifts, escalators and cranes.
10c.simple trouble shooting

Visit nearby industry and document the details found
10d. Visit nearby industry and document the details found.

10e. Visit nearby industry and document the details found.
11a.FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM-

Causes of fire , type and class of fire extinguishers their application. installation of smoke detectors, heat sensors,
fire annunciation and alarm panel, PA system, fire hydrant system-sprinklers, water curtain, water jet/spray,
11b. Read the electrical drawings of the power circuit and control circuit of fire hydrant pumps.
Draw the wiring layout of smoke detectors.
Draw the wiring layout of PA system.
Procedure for testing of fire hydrant system.
Connect and test -smoke detector, heat sensor, fire console, PA system etc..
11c.Visit nearby industry and prepare a report on the firefighting system and rain water harvesting system.
prepare a detailed report on volume of water collected during a year. Co-relate water consumption from borewell
with and without rain water harvesting
11d.Visit nearby industry and study the operation and maintenance of STP and ETP.
Co-relate amount of fresh water saved due to recycling the water. Prepare a report.
12a.ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY AUDIT- Types, methodology/procedure and formats
12b.Install any open source software, interface hard ware with software, read current, voltage, power, energy ,
power factor and display the energy generated in form of graph and pie chart
12c. Concepts of Building Automation power quality problems
12d.AMC(annual maintenance contract)
13a.Project
e) Identification of the problem statement (from at least 3 known problems) the students would like to work as part
of the project – either as provided by faculty or as identified by the student. Document the impact the project will
have from a technical, social and business perspective.

13b.f) Design and develop the project solution or methodology to be used to solve at least one of the problems
identified. Prepare a project plan that will include a schedule, WBS, Budget and known risks along with strategies to
mitigate them to ensure the project achieves the desired outcome.

EUE Lab - Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EUE Lab - Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

EUE Lab - Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electrical Utility Engineering Manual (20EE54I)

ELECTRICAL UTILITY ENGINEERING LAB (20EE54I)

V SEM ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DAYANANDA SAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (POLYTECHNIC)

Academic year 2022-2023

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 2

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 3

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 4

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 5

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 6

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 7

Block Diagram of Megger

Megger here is used to measure

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 8

The Earth Resistance Tester consists of the following components:

1. Two pressure coils

Working of Earth Resistance Tester

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 9

1. Earth Tester (4 terminal).

How to connect: Procedure

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 10

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 11

Thermography measures surface temperatures by using infrared video and still cameras.

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 12

1c.Examples of design thinking

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 13

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 15

Assessment Review and corrective action

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 16

Diesel Power Plant

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 17

The layout of Diesel Power Plant

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 19

Diesel Generator Usage for Following Industries Below:

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 20

Telecommunication and Data Centers

1. Design and installation are very simple.

1. High operating cost.

On Grid Solar PV Power Plant.

1. Solar PV modules and array

Wiring Solar Panels in a Parallel Circuit

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 22

The “Mounting Structure” should have the following features:

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 23

4. The structure should be designed to allow easy replacement of any module.

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 24

1. On-grid solar systems are very cost-effective and easy to install.

Case study : Capacities of power sources details of anyone industry

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 25

Main functions of HT panel –

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 26

Transformer substation maintenance-

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 27

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 28

6. Check Earth Connection of Secondary Circuit.

Half YEARLY - transformers

Prepared by k.murugan, Dept of EEE, DSIT, Bengaluru-111 Academic year 2022-23Page 29

1. Cleaning of L.A. Stacks.