Session 2 ANAPHY Lec
Session 2 ANAPHY Lec
Session 2 ANAPHY Lec
1. Describe the cells involving human body and its main Reference: functions; VanPutte, C.,
Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019).
2. Identify the structure of cell membrane; and, Seeley’s essentials of anatomy & physiology
3. Describe the structure and functions of different (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
Education.
organelles.
4. Identify the major organelles contained in generalized cells;
5. Define the two types of movement through the cell membrane;
6. Define diffusion and concentration gradient;
7. Explain the role of osmosis;
8. Compare hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions;
9. Describe the various carrier-mediated transport mechanisms;
10. Differentiate endocytosis and exocytosis;
11. Describe the cytoskeleton and whole activity of a cell;
12. Identify the process in gene expression;
13. Define cell cycle and its phases;
14. Enumerate the process occurring during mitosis;
15. Define differentiation and apoptosis; and,
16. List down the cellular aspects of aging.
LESSON REVIEW/PREVIEW
Before we start the new chapter, let us take a review first from the previous chapter. Kindly answer the
following items on your own, without looking at your notes. Enjoy!
Identification
1. This is the study of the processes and functions of the body. Answer: Physiology
2. The study of the structures of the body. Answer: Anatomy
3. The condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the internal environment
are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life. Answer: Homeostasis
4. Enumerate the 11 organ systems of the human body.
▪ Integumentary System
▪ Skeletal System
▪ Muscular System
▪ Nervous System
▪ Endocrine System
▪ Cardiovascular System
▪ Lymphatic System
▪ Respiratory System
▪ Digestive System
of 5
MAIN LESSON
You must read & study the concepts and refer to figures/tables in Chapter 3 of the book.
Cells – the basic living unit of all organisms; each cell is a highly organized unit.
Organelles – specialized structures in cells that perform specific functions.
Cytoplasm – jelly-like substance that holds organelles and is enclosed by cell membrane (aka plasma
membrane).
Molecular Structure:
Organelles Function(s)
▪ Contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and nucleoli
Nucleus
▪ Site of RNA synthesis & ribosomal subunit assembly
Ribosomes ▪ Site of protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic ▪ Has may ribosomes attached
Reticulum ▪ Site of protein synthesis
You must read & study the concepts and refer to figures/tables in Chapter 3 of the book. Generalized
Cell (Refer to Figure 3.1, page 43)
Diffusion is the movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration within a solvent. At equilibrium, the distribution of molecules is uniform.
Concentration gradient is the concentration of a solute at one point in a solvent minus the concentration
of that solute at another point in the solvent divided by the distance between the points.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Osmotic pressure is the
force required to prevent movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. (Refer to Figure
3.7, page 49)
Facilitated Diffusion – this moves substances from a higher to lower concentration and does not require
energy in the form of ATP.
Active Transport – moves substances from a lower to a higher concentration and requires ATP.
Secondary Active Transport uses the energy of one substance moving down its concentration gradient
to move another substance across the cell membrane. In co-transport, both substances move in the same
direction; in counter-transport, they move in opposite directions.
Cytoskeleton is a cell’s framework. This is vital for providing support, holding organelles in place and
enabling the cell to change shape.
Types of Cytoskeleton:
1. Microtubules – largest diameter; provide structural support, assist in cell division, forming
essential components of certain organelles (cilia and flagella)
2. Intermediate Filaments – medium diameter; maintain cell shape
3. Microfilaments – smallest diameter; determine cell shape and involved in cell movement
Whole-Cell Activity
A cell’s characteristics are ultimately determined by the type of proteins produced, which are determined
by the genetic information in the nucleus. Information in DNA provides the cell with a code for its cellular
processes.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) – a double helix nucleus, composed of nucleotides, and contains five
carbon sugars (deoxyribose), nitrogen base, & phosphate. ▪ !"#$%&’()*)+,-’&’( Nucleotide Pairs
▪ ./"0&’()*)12(’&’(
Gene Expression: A process in which the information in DNA directs protein synthesis. This has two
stages:
Cell Cycle: This consists of a series of events that produce new cells for growth & tissue repair. This has
two phases:
Differentiation – the process by which cells develop specialized structures and functions, results from the
selective activation and inactivation of DNA sections. Ex: the functioning of bone cells is different from the
muscle cells
Apoptosis – also known as programmed cell death, is a normal process by which cell numbers within
various tissues are adjusted and controlled.
Cellular Aspects of Aging: It is estimated that at least 35% of the factors affecting aging are genetic.
1. Cellular clock
You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be
given to the correct answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in
your answer/ratio is not allowed. You are given 20 minutes for this activity.
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following organelles are incorrectly paired with their location within the cell?
a. nucleolus - within the nucleus d. microtubules - within the cytoplasm
b. cilia - on the cell surface e. smooth endoplasmic reticulum - within the
c. Golgi apparatus - on the cell surface cytoplasm of the cell
ANSWER: C.
RATIO: Golgi apparatus isn’t located on the cell surface, it is located/found close to the ER and
near the cell nucleus.
3. A cell that was producing large amounts of lipoproteins (proteins combined with lipids) for secretion
from the cell would have large numbers of:
a. Lysosomes. d. Membrane transporters.
b. Golgi apparatus. e. All of these structures.
c. Centrioles.
ANSWER: B.
RATIO: The Golgi apparatus, functions as a factory in which proteins received from the ER are
further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations : lysosomes, the plasma
membrane, or secretion.
4. Which of these cells would most likely have the largest number of mitochondria?
a. bone cells d. blood cells
b. muscle cells e. skin cells c. fat cells
ANSWER: B.
RATIO: Muscle cells are associated with a large number of mitochondria as they require more ATP
(energy) to function than other cells.
7. _____________ is an example of a molecule that can directly pass through the phospholipid bilayer of
the plasma membrane.
a. Carbon dioxide d. Glucose
b. Potassium e. Calcium
c. Sodium
ANSWER: A.
9. Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the cell membrane? (Select all that apply)
a. Cholesterol within the membrane gives it added strength and flexibility.
b. Receptor molecules are embedded in the membrane for intercellular communication.
c. Carbohydrates bind to protein molecules thereby modifying the proteins function as a
membrane channel.
d. Receptor molecules embedded in the membrane are involved in cellular recognition.
ANSWER: A, B, C, and D.
RATIO: All of the choices are true concerning the cell membrane.
10. Which of the following would occur if all cell membranes were no longer selectively permeable? (Select
all that apply)
a. Action potentials would no longer be generated.
b. Cells would be hypertonic to their environment.
c. You would be subject to a higher rate of illness and disease.
d. Cells would not be able to get and keep enough glucose to function.
ANSWER: A, B, C, and D.
RATIO: All of the choices occurs if all cell membrane were no longer selectively permeable.
RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY (THIS WILL BE DONE DURING THE FACE TO FACE INTERACTION)
The instructor will now rationalize the answers. You can now ask questions and debate among yourselves.
Write the correct answer and correct/additional ratio in the space provided.
1. ANSWER: ________
RATIO: ___________________________________________________________________________
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2. ANSWER: ________
RATIO: ___________________________________________________________________________
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3. ANSWER: ________
RATIO: ___________________________________________________________________________
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4. ANSWER: ________
LESSON WRAP-UP
You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a
visual to help you track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.
You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.
This strategy provides a structure for you to record your own comprehension and summarize your learning.
Let us see your progress in this chapter!