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    Arterial Blood Gases - Physiopedia

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    Kim Badilles
    An arterial blood gas (ABG) test measures pH, partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin in blood. ABGs can identify acid-base imbalances and their causes, whether respiratory from lung function or metabolic from kidney function. Primary acid-base disturbances include respiratory acidosis from high carbon dioxide, respiratory alkalosis from low carbon dioxide, and metabolic variants from high or low bicarbonate. ABGs are interpreted by considering pH, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate levels along with compensation between systems.

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    Arterial Blood Gases - Physiopedia

    Uploaded by

    Kim Badilles
    94 views2 pages
    An arterial blood gas (ABG) test measures pH, partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin in blood. ABGs can identify acid-base imbalances and their causes, whether respiratory from lung function or metabolic from kidney function. Primary acid-base disturbances include respiratory acidosis from high carbon dioxide, respiratory alkalosis from low carbon dioxide, and metabolic variants from high or low bicarbonate. ABGs are interpreted by considering pH, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate levels along with compensation between systems.

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    An arterial blood gas (ABG) test measures pH, partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin in blood. ABGs can identify acid-base imbalances and their causes, whether respiratory from lung function or metabolic from kidney function. Primary acid-base disturbances include respiratory acidosis from high carbon dioxide, respiratory alkalosis from low carbon dioxide, and metabolic variants from high or low bicarbonate. ABGs are interpreted by considering pH, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate levels along with compensation between systems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    94 views2 pages

    Arterial Blood Gases - Physiopedia

    Uploaded by

    Kim Badilles
    An arterial blood gas (ABG) test measures pH, partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin in blood. ABGs can identify acid-base imbalances and their causes, whether respiratory from lung function or metabolic from kidney function. Primary acid-base disturbances include respiratory acidosis from high carbon dioxide, respiratory alkalosis from low carbon dioxide, and metabolic variants from high or low bicarbonate. ABGs are interpreted by considering pH, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate levels along with compensation between systems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    [3]

    Measurements
    The key components to an ABG are:

    1. pH - This measures the balance of acids and bases in the blood.


    2. Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) - This measures the pressure of oxygen dissolved in the blood.
    3. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) - This measures the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood and how well carbon dioxide
    can move out of the lungs.
    4. Bicarbonate (HCO3) - This is calculated using the measured values of pH and PaCO2 to determine the amount of the basic
    compound made from carbon dioxide (CO2.)
    5. Oxygen saturation (O2 Sat) - This measures how much hemoglobin in the blood is carrying oxygen.
    6. Oxygen content (O2CT) - This measures the amount of oxygen in the blood.
    7. Hemoglobin - This measures the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.

    Normative Values
    According to the National Institute of Health, typical normal values are:

    pH: 7.35-7.45
    Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2): 75 to 100 mmHg
    Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2): 35-45 mmHg
    Bicarbonate (HCO3): 22-26 mEq/L
    Oxygen saturation (O2 Sat): 94-100%[4]

    Interpretation of ABGs
    1. Look at the pH
    Increased = Alkalosis
    Decreased = Acidosis
    2. Look at the PaCO2
    Increased = Respiratory Acidosis
    Decreased = Respiratory Alkalosis
    3. Look at the HCO3
    Increased = Metabolic Alkalosis
    Decreased = Metabolic Acidosis
    4. Identify if there is a compensation
    Full compensation if the pH is within the normal range
    [5]
    Partial compensation if either the PaCO2 or HCO3 value is wavering to
    compensate for the primary acid-base disturbance; but, the pH is still not
    within the normal physiologic range.
    5. Look at the O2

    The results should always be read and compared in reference to the patients previous ABG (if available) as you will then be able
    to assess a trend and make a more accurate assessment on whether you should treat or if your treatment has be successful or
    not.

    Primary Acid-base disturbances


    They are:

    1. Uncompensated Respiratory Acidosis: This occurs when there is an increase in the PaCO2 level without a resultant alteration
    (increase) of the HCO3 value. Thus, there will an acidosis due to respiratory failure (inability to remove excess carbondioxide from
    the blood and the lungs).
    2. Partially compensated Respiratory Acidosis: This occurs when there is an increase in the PaCO2 level with a resultant alteration
    (increase) of the HCO3 value; but, the pH is still not within the normal range. Thus, there will still be an acidosis due to respiratory
    failure (inability to remove excess carbondioxide from the blood and the lungs).
    3. Fully compensated Respiratory Acidosis: This occurs when there is an increase in the PaCO2 level with a resultant alteration
    (increase) of the HCO3 value; thereby, balancing the pH within the normal range. Thus, there will a compensation of the acidosis due
    to respiratory failure (inability to remove excess carbondioxide from the blood and the lungs) with metabolic alkalosis.
    4. Uncompensated Respiratory Alkalosis: This occurs when there is a decrease in the PaCO2 level without a resultant alteration
    (decrease) of the HCO3 value. Thus, there will an alkalosis due to respiratory failure (excess carbondioxide exhalation from the lungs
    and reduced carbondioxide tension in the blood).
    5. Partially compensated Respiratory Alkalosis: This occurs when there is a decrease in the PaCO2 level with a resultant alteration
    (decrease) of the HCO3 value; ; but, the pH is still not within the normal range. Thus, there will an alkalosis due to respiratory failure
    (excess carbondioxide exhalation from the lungs and reduced carbondioxide tension in the blood).
    6. Fully compensated Respiratory Alkalosis: This occurs when there is a decrease in the PaCO2 level with a resultant alteration
    (decrease) of the HCO3 value; thereby, balancing the pH within the normal range. Thus, there will a compensation of the alkalosis
    due to respiratory failure (excess carbondioxide exhalation from the lungs and reduced carbondioxide tension in the blood) with
    metabolic acidosis.
    7. Uncompensated Metabolic Acidosis: This occurs when there is an decrease in the HCO3 level without a resultant alteration
    (decrease) of the PaCO2 value. Thus, there will an acidosis due to metabolic failure (inability of the kidney to retain adequate
    bicarbonate).
    8. Partially compensated Metabolic Acidosis: This occurs when there is an decrease in the HCO3 level with a resultant alteration
    (decrease) of the PaCO2 value; but, the pH is still not within the normal range. Thus, there will still be an acidosis due to metabolic
    failure (inability of the kidney to retain adequate bicarbonate).
    9. Fully compensated Metabolic Acidosis: This occurs when there is an decrease in the HCO3 level with a resultant alteration
    (decrease) of the PaCO2 value; thereby, balancing the pH within the normal range. Thus, there will a compensation of the acidosis
    due to metabolic failure (inability of the kidney to retain adequate bicarbonate) with respiratory alkalosis.
    10. Uncompensated Metabolic Alkalosis: This occurs when there is a increase in the HCO3 level without a resultant alteration
    (increase) of the PaCO2 value. Thus, there will an alkalosis due to metabolic failure (inability of the kidney to excrete excess
    bicarbonate).
    11. Partially compensated Metabolic Alkalosis: This occurs when there is a increase in the HCO3 level with a resultant alteration
    (increase) of the PaCO2 value; ; but, the pH is still not within the normal range. Thus, there will an alkalosis due to metabolic failure
    (inability of the kidney to excrete excess bicarbonate).
    12. Fully compensated Metabolic Alkalosis: This occurs when there is a increase in the HCO3 level with a resultant alteration
    (increase) of the PaCO2 value; thereby, balancing the pH within the normal range. Thus, there will a compensation of the alkalosis
    due to metabolic failure (inability of the kidney to excrete excess bicarbonate) with respiratory acidosis.
    13. Mixed Acid-Base disturbances: This occurs when there is either both metabolic and respiratory acidosis present or metabolic and
    respiratory alkalosis present at the same time of analysing arterial blood gases

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    Arterial Blood Gas (ABG 6 Easy Steps to ABG An ABGs (Arterial Blood Ga

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