Chemistry Project2

CHEMISTRY PROJECT
PAPER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
CLASS 12 B
INDEX
1 INDRODUCTION
2 OBJECTIVE
3 MATERIALS REQUIRED
4 ACTIVITY
5 OBSERVATIONS
6 APPLICATIONS OF PAPER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
7 CONCLUSION
8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Paper Chromatography is a method used to separate
mixtures into their different parts. Paper chromatography
has been most commonly used to separate pigments, dyes
and inks. To do paper chromatography you need paper
with a lot of cellulose fiber (fiber found in wood) and
chromatography solution, which is usually made from a
mixture of water and alcohol. Paper chromatography
works because inks usually contain several different
colors. Ink manufacturers mix different amounts of
primary colors like blue, red and yellow to make many
other colors. During paper chromatography, we can
separate basic colored inks that contain different
ingredients because some inks are more attracted to the
paper and some are more attracted to the alcohol or water.
In this experiment you learn how to prepare
chromatography paper and solution. You will also use
these skills to separate your own samples of inks into their
basic colorsThin-layer chromatography
OBJECTIVE
In this experiment, we will observe black ink consists of

other pigments and how different pigments in black ink
separate based on their solubility.
Capillary action allows solvent to travel up the paper and

different pigments in black ink will separate based on
their solubility.
Pigment that is more soluble in polar solvent will travel

up the paper along with the solvent, but pigments that are
less soluble in polar solvent will travel more slowly
because of their interaction with the chromatography
paper.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
 Black washable marker
 Filter paper or coffee filter
 Beaker or cup
 Pencil
 Rubbing alcohol
 Ruler
 Water
 tape
ACTIVITY
1. Cut a piece of filter paper or coffee filter into
rectangular strips (approximately 1/2″ x 3-4″).
2. Draw a pencil line across the narrow end of a strip,
about 1 cm from the bottom.
3. Draw a small dot with the black marker on the pencil
line.
4. Use a binder clip or tape to attach the paper strip to a
pencil. Set the pencil across the top of a beaker or cup.
Adjust the paper strip until it hangs down without
touching the sides or bottom of the beaker.
5. Carefully pour water into the beaker until it just
touches the bottom of the paper strip. (Make sure the
water level is below the marker spot, or else the ink will
just run off into the water.) Water will begin to travel up
the paper.
6. When the water nears the top of the paper, remove the
strip from the beaker and let it dry on a paper plate or
hanging in an empty cup. The series of colors you see is
called a chromatogram.
OBSERVATION
As the water travels up the paper strip (similar to capillary
action in plants), it dissolves the ink and pulls it up the
paper too.
The black ink is actually a mixture of several different

pigments, or coloring agents. Some pigments dissolve in
water easier and are pulled with the water farther up the
paper.
Others are more attracted to the paper and move more

slowly.
Usually smaller molecules will move farther than larger

ones.
The three primary colors used when mixing dyes or paints
are red, yellow, and blue.
Other colors are often a mixture of these three colors. Try
running a chromatography test again with non-primary-
color markers, like purple, brown, and orange.
Precautions
1. Use good quality pencil for drawing the reference line so

that the mark does not dissolve in the solvent in which the
chromatography is carried out.
2. Always use a fine capillary tube.
3. Keep the jar undisturbed and covered during the

experiment.
4. The spot should be small and rich in mixture.

Applications Of Paper
Chromatography
Paper chromatography, as the name implies, is carried out
on paper. Paper chromatography offers many advantages
like low-cost, unattended, hassle-free operation and
simplicity.
What actually happens in paper chromatography? As we
all know, ink is a solution containing a number of
different molecules. Different characteristics such as
solubility and size are present in these molecules. When
pulled along the piece of paper toweling, each molecule
travels at a different speed because of their different
characteristics. Compared to the heaviest particles, the
lightest particles move more quickly and at a greater
distance. The pigments that make up an ink sample are
thus separated out.
Over the years, paper chromatography has evolved and
has found widespread applications in molecule separation
of different polarities.
Typical Uses Of Paper

Chromatography
• Separating Colored Pigments
An effective technique used for separating colored

pigments from a mixture. A few drops of the colored
pigments mixture are placed on the filter paper and then it
is slowly submerged into a jar of solvent. Depending on
their polarity, it dissolves the molecules present in the
mixture, as the solvent rises up the paper. As the solvent
continues to rise up the filter paper, molecules of each
pigment leaves the solution at different places because of
different polarity. Hence, every pigment rises up to a
particular level on the chromatography paper and gets
separated in the process.
Pathology And Forensic Science
•
For investigation of crimes, paper chromatography is

useful in the field of forensic science.
Used in DNA and RNA fingerprinting. Moreover, to
detect the presence of alcohol or chemicals in blood,
pathological laboratories use paper chromatography.
Foods
•
Paper chromatography has been primarily used for

analysis of food colors in sweets, drinks and beverages,
jams and jellies. To ensure that no non-permitted coloring
agents are added to the foods, only edible colors are
permitted for use. That's how quantification and
identification becomes more important.
Conclusion
Paper Chromatography has many benefits
Paper chromatography necessitates a minimal amount of
quantitative material.
Paper chromatography is less expensive than other
chromatography methods.
The paper chromatography method can identify both
unknown inorganic and organic compounds.
Paper chromatography takes up little space when
compared to other analytical methods or equipment.
Outstanding resolving power
limitations
Limitations of Paper Chromatography are as follows-
Paper chromatography cannot handle large amounts of
sample.
Paper chromatography is ineffective in quantitative
analysis.
Paper chromatography cannot separate complex mixtures.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.pulpandpaper-technology.com/
https://www.seminarsonly.com
https://in.pinterest.com

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CHEMISTRY PROJECT

In this experiment, we will observe black ink consists of

Capillary action allows solvent to travel up the paper and

Pigment that is more soluble in polar solvent will travel

 Filter paper or coffee filter

The black ink is actually a mixture of several different

Others are more attracted to the paper and move more

Usually smaller molecules will move farther than larger

1. Use good quality pencil for drawing the reference line so

2. Always use a fine capillary tube.

3. Keep the jar undisturbed and covered during the

4. The spot should be small and rich in mixture.

An effective technique used for separating colored

For investigation of crimes, paper chromatography is

Paper chromatography has been primarily used for

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