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    Algorithm

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    algorithm

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    algorithm

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    algorithm

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    16 views17 pages

    Algorithm

    Uploaded by

    Mahamad Ali
    algorithm

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 17

    Data Structures (1404711)

    Course Presentation
    by
    Dr. Adel A. El-Zoghabi

    Professor of Computer Science & Information Technology


    Department of Information Technology
    Institute of Graduate Studies & Research
    Alexandria University

    email: Adel.Elzoghby@alexu.edu.eg
    Copyright © Prof. Dr. Adel El-Zoghabi 2009-2023

    Course Outline
    Prerequisite: (Officially None, but technically any programming experience is recommended)
    Schedule:
    Lectures: Monday 09:00 - 11:00, Starting 3/10/2022
    Office Hours: Saturday 08:00 - 09:00, Starting 17/10/2022

    Topics:
    Basic Concepts of Data Structures (Part 1)
    Dynamic Memory Allocations (Part 2)
    Some Common Data Structures (Part 3)
    Binary Trees and Recursion (Part 4)
    Complexity Analysis of Algorithms (Part 5)

    Grading Policy:
    Mid-Term Exam (30%): Week 8
    Course Project (20%): Assigned Week 9, Due Week 12
    Final Written Exam (50%): University Schedule

    Text Book:
    Problem Solving in Data Structures & Algorithms using Python, 1st Edition, Hemant Jain,
    CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016

    Copyright © Prof. Dr. Adel El-Zoghabi 2009-2023









    Part # 1

    • Basic Concepts of Data Structures


    1. Introduction,
    2. What is Data Structures?
    3. Objectives of this Course,
    4. Handling Problems,
    5. Abstraction of Real Problems,
    6. Abstract Data Types,
    7. Programming with Python,
    8. Basic Python Data Structures

    Copyright © Prof. Dr. Adel El-Zoghabi 2009-2023


    Introduction

    • The study of data structures, a


    fundamental component of IT
    education, serves as the foundation
    upon which many other fields are built,
    • Some knowledge of data structures is a
    must for students who wish to do work
    in design, implementation, testing, or
    maintenance of software

    Copyright © Prof. Dr. Adel El-Zoghabi 2009-2023

    What is Data Structures?


    • Data structures in simple wording are
    containers that organize and group data
    together in a specific manner,
    • When one write a program to solve certain
    problem, he/she should primarily think on
    how to deal with the data involved and how
    to store or structure that data in memory,
    • The way one structure and store data can
    ultimately have an impact on what kinds of
    things he can do with it and how efficiently
    he can do various operations
    5

    Copyright © Prof. Dr. Adel El-Zoghabi 2009-2023


    Objectives of this Course

    • In this course, data structures are


    presented in the object-oriented setting
    in accordance with the current design
    and implementation paradigm,
    • The Python language is widespread in
    research & industry, and is also useful
    and natural in introducing data
    structures

    Copyright © Prof. Dr. Adel El-Zoghabi 2009-2023


    Handling Problems

    • The first thing one is confronted in


    writing programs is the problem,
    • You are confronted with real problems
    and your goal is to provide a program
    for the problem,
    • Real problems are complicated by
    nature, and one can start by separating
    necessary from unnecessary details

    Copyright © Prof. Dr. Adel El-Zoghabi 2009-2023


    Handling Problems

    • In other words, one can try to obtain


    his own abstract view, or model, of the
    problem, a process called abstraction,
    see the next slide,
    • The model focuses only on problem
    related stuff and we should try to define
    properties of the problem, including:
    • the data which are affected,
    • the operations which are identified by the problem

    Copyright © Prof. Dr. Adel El-Zoghabi 2009-2023


    Abstraction of Real Problems

    Problem

    Abstraction

    Model

    Copyright © Prof. Dr. Adel El-Zoghabi 2009-2023


    Abstraction of Real Problems

    • Consider the automation and the


    administration of employees example,
    • We should know what information is
    needed by the administration? what
    tasks should be allowed?
    • Employees can be characterized by:
    • name, date of birth, social number, room number,
    etc., these are called data for the employees model

    10

    Copyright © Prof. Dr. Adel El-Zoghabi 2009-2023


    Abstraction of Real Problems

    • There must be some operations, for


    example, an operation to create a new
    employee once a new person enters the
    institution, (Constructor)
    • Consequently, you have to identify the
    operations that should be performed on
    an abstract employee and to decide how
    allowing access to the employees' data
    only with associated operations

    11

    Copyright © Prof. Dr. Adel El-Zoghabi 2009-2023


    Abstract Data Type

    • Thus, with abstraction you create a


    well-defined entities that define the data
    structure of a set of items,
    • The data structure can only be accessed
    with defined operations called interface,
    • An entity with the properties and the
    operations is called an Abstract Data
    Type (ADT), see the next slide

    12

    Copyright © Prof. Dr. Adel El-Zoghabi 2009-2023


    Abstract Data Type

    ADT

    Data Items

    Operations
    Interface

    13

    Copyright © Prof. Dr. Adel El-Zoghabi 2009-2023


    Abstract Data Type

    • An ADT is usually characterized by the


    following properties:
    – it exports a type,
    – it exports a set of operations,
    – a subset of operations is called an interface, and
    – operations of the interface are the one and only
    access mechanism to the type's data structure
    • An object-oriented language such as
    (Python) has a direct link to ADT by
    implementing them as classes
    14

    Copyright © Prof. Dr. Adel El-Zoghabi 2009-2023


    Programming with Python

    • With the help from the course Teaching


    Assistants (TAs), if needed, you should
    install a Python version ( latest version
    recommended), that is compatible with
    your operating system,
    • Optionally, a Python IDE is
    recommended, there are many available
    for free, the course TAs can guide you in
    selecting a suitable one
    15

    Copyright © Prof. Dr. Adel El-Zoghabi 2009-2023


    Basic Python Data Structures

    • As a first step in the Python language,


    your are asked to search the Internet for
    tutorials (example: Tutorial) and try to
    identify, distinguish and use the
    following 4 basic structures :
    – collections,
    – lists,
    – arrays, and
    – strings

    16

    Copyright © Prof. Dr. Adel El-Zoghabi 2009-2023

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