4th QUARTER MODULE - TNCT Week 1-4 (For Printing)

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL – HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY Page 1

For the Learners,
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and
independent learning at you own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning
resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know? This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to
learn in the module.
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about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may
decide to skip this module.
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The previous one.
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such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation.
What is It? This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you
discover and understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More? This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your
understanding and skills of the topic.
What I can do? This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new
knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns.
What Other enrichment This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled

Activities can I engage in? into process what you learned from the lesson.
What I have Learned?
What I can Show? In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your
knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

At the end of this module you will also find:
REFERENCES This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.
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of paper in answering the exercise.
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FOURTH QUARTER
Week 1-2
Module 1
CONTENT STANDARDS:
The learner understands the…
The learner understands the meaning and dimensions of democracy.
PERFORMANCE STANDARD:
The learner will be able to..
using any form of oral presentation, the learner explains creatively the ill effects of undemocratic
practices related to factors such as gender biases, poverty, political marginalization, racial
inequality, cultural domination, crisis of representation and politics of recognition.
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY (MELC):

• Identify democratic practices HUMSS_MCT12-IIa-c-1
• Explain the importance of participation in Democracy HUMSS_MCT12-IIa-c-4
• Differentiate participatory from representative democracy HUMSS_MCT12-IIa-c-5
TOPIC:
Democratic
Interventions
Freedom is power. It is a necessary factor to achieve self-determination. The

pursuit of freedom is liberation from the shackles of ignorance and medieval
thinking. Understanding the elements that bring about freedom of thought,
expression, and the like leads to the appreciation of democracy. This chapter of
Democracy basically reiterates on the governance of the people as the rightful
citizens of the state. “Vox Populi, Vox Dei” means the voice of the people is
the voice of God. Hence, the constituents are the most powerful element in a state as
the author of the fundamental law of the land which is the constitution.
Specific Learning Objectives

1. Define and discuss the nature of democracy
2. Identify the elements of democracy
3. Explain the characteristics of democracy
4. Assess cases pertaining to violation of democratic practices
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1.1

Practice Quiz
Name: __________________________________ Date: _______________

Grade/Section: ___________________________
Direction: Read the each questions carefully. Write the letter of your answer on your answer
sheets.
1. What is democracy?
A. War C. All qualified citizens can vote
B. All citizens have an equal say D. Distribution of Wealth equally
2. Where does the word democracy originate from?
A. Italy C. Greece
B. Spain D. U.S.A
3. How many countries today are run by some form of democratic government?
A. About 60 C. Over 100
B. 36 D. 200

4. What are some freedoms that come with a democratic govt.?

A. Freedom of speech C. Right to bear arms
B. Right to vote D. All the above
5. Democratic governments typically are run by
A. A dictator C. Military personnel
B. A president D. Al Qaeda
6. Does the Philippines have a democratic government?
A. Yes C. Maybe
B. No D. Absolutely No
7. How many branches does the Philippine government have?
A. 2 C. 3
B. 4 D. 5
8. What is the most important right for Filipino citizens?
A. Right to bear arms C. Right to eat
B. Right to vote D. The right to run a public office
9. It is known as the rule of people where the power in government does not emanate from
the divine right or any God, but from the citizens of the state.
A. Democracy C. Monarchy
B. Aristocracy D. Revolutionary
10. How many years will the President of the Philippines serve the country?
A. 6 C. 3
B. 4 D. 9

What is it???
What is Democracy?
Democracy originated from the Greek word demoskratos or demokratia
which means the rule of the people. Democracy is a system of government
where citizens choose their representatives to form a governing body. It is
therefore, a government of the people, for the people, and by the people. This
is why it is also stated that democracy is “Vox Populi, Vox Dei” meaning the
Voice of the People is the Voice of God.
As the people are superior over the government. Democracy is distinct
from other forms of government as the power rests among the citizenry unlike
other forms which is either handled by one or a few individuals. A democratic
government focuses on freedom and opportunities for people to improve on
their abilities as well as express themselves for greater self-determination.
Elements of Democracy
The United Nations General Assembly adopted in 2004 a resolution laying out the essential
elements of democracy which includes the following:
1. Separation and Balance of Power

This means that the democratic government is a political authority which is divided into three,
namely the legislative, executive and judicial powers. These branches act independently of each
other to prevent the concentration of power as well as to maintain check and balance.
A. Legislative Branch
It enacts the laws of the state according to the desires of the constituents. It is mainly
comprised of the House of Representatives and the Senate.
B. Executive Branch
Implements the policy. The President of the land with the Cabinet Members
carry out these functions, making sure that the approves laws are executed in every aspect of
the citizenry’s lives.
C. Judicial Branch
Is responsible for giving meaning to the established laws and brings to justice
those who violate the fundamental laws of the land. This branch makes sure that the
fundamental rights and privileges of the citizenry are met by the government.
2. A pluralistic System of Political Parties and Organizations.

It is expected that a democratic system allows the rule of the majority. Representation is very
necessary in every sector of the society. Hence groups, organizations and collective efforts are
recognized. It is expected that differences in opinion, needs and expectations may arise and so a
consensus has to be reached through the initiatives of the Social organizations. As their views are

processed, there arise the similar convictions and thus, they convene within political parties to
promote similar interests.
Political Parties are supported in a democracy as they peacefully mediate conflicts, and the
formation of political views. Such is based on the principle that each citizen has the right to
represent his opinion through a civil and healthy competition of ideas. This assumption that there
are always conflicting interests within every society is the essence of “pluralism”. And hence the
formation and acceptance of political parties in a pluralistic society with varied ways of processing
realities.
3. Respect for the Rule of Law

The Rule of Law is the principle that reiterates no one is above the law. It safeguards citizens
against governance by a totalitarian leader. The rule of law is against the rule of a dictator or an
absolute ruler. This fundamental principle also reiterates that every citizen is subject to the law,
even the highest leader and the lawmakers as all the procedures equally to all.
4. Accountability and Transparency

Democracy adheres to the principle that the citizen should be provided with all their basic
rights and freedom. This is an expression of democracy. However, it is a common knowledge that
“with great powers come great responsibilities”. Hence, for every freedom granted is the need to
perform certain roles that will be beneficial to the society itself. In this light it is expected that the
participation increases the role of citizens to take part in political, economic, and social activities
such as in choosing their local leaders and in providing input into local governance.
Accountability on the other hand is the degree to which the government needs to explain or
justify what they have accomplished in relation to what was expected of them. Accountability is
exemplified during elections where every entity in public service is assessed in relations to their
output and performance. Accountability is also gauged during the government official
transparency, which connotes absence of corruption through honed behavior.
5. Free and Independent Media

Freedom of expression is a necessary element in a democratic society. It is through the media
that the citizenry is informed about the events that transpire in the society. A crucial role is being
played by this agency as it allows transparency in the society and government. It also convenes the
people into certain realities, issues and concerns that affects their lives. Decision making in the
government is learned through these agencies. The media also plays a crucial role in the education
of the people. Traditional radio and television programs, broadcasters like the BBC and CNN and
the PTV4 provide information to every sector of the society.
6. Respect for Human Rights

Democracy requires respect and the promotion of human rights. The right to vote, to form
political parties, to own property or to marry are necessary for democracy. The sheer fact that the
government provides the freedom to its constituents, then is a fact that there is really democracy.

It is the people who has to be served and no abuse can be perpetrated by the government.
Taking of lives, homes are not manifestations of democracy. Such is a reflection of despotic rule.
Democracy means respect for the dignity of man by providing social services and resources, to
promote the well-being of the citizenry.
Characteristics of Democracy
History proves that democracy did not exist in a perfect state. Democracy evolved out of the
refinement of its component to respond to the needs and demands of the citizenry.
1. Equality before the Law

Equality under the law is equality in the eyes of the law. Sometimes termed as legal equality
is the principle that reiterates that the citizens must be equally treated by the law and proven
innocent until there is due process. The law must guarantee that no person should be prejudiced in
the eyes of the law. Democracy means equality, fairness, and justice. Indeed, “All are equal before
the law”.
Everyone must be treated equally regardless of race, gender, national origin, color, ethnicity,
religion, disability. The constitution as the supreme of the land should safeguard every freedom of
every member of the society.
2. Political Freedom
Political freedom is one of the most important features of democratic societies. It is freedom
from oppression and compulsion. It may also be considered as the positive exercise of rights and
possibilities for actions as well as the exercise of social rights, freedom from internal constraints,
freedom of speech. The concepts of political freedom connote civil liberties and human rights,
which should be protected by the state.
3. Rule of Law
Every law is a product of people represented by their congressman. The law is the supreme
factor that runs the government, and nobody is above the law. The law protects and promotes the
citizenry and so nobody can be over the law. The rule of law state that every citizen should
participate in the elections as the basic features of democracy. This is also known as the right to
suffrage where all voters can participate freely and fully in the life of their society. Everybody has
a say in the fate of their society which happens during the time of elections whether on a local or
national level.

What I Can Do?

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 1.2
Name: __________________________________ Date: ________________

Grade/Section: ___________________________
sheets.
1. The “branch” of government, which has the power to make laws, and to alter
and repeal them.
A. Legislative C. Judicial
B. Executive D. Government
2. The “branch” of government which has the power to implement or enforce the laws.
A. Legislative C. Judicial
B. Executive D. Government
3. The principle which ensures the “balance of powers” among the three branches of
government.
A. Division of Powers C. Decentralization
B. Separation of Powers D. Checks and Balances
4. The principle observed in the branches of the government, which gives them a co-equal
and coordinate powers. If one department goes beyond the limits set by the constitution, its
acts are null and void.
A. Division of Powers C. Checks and Balances
B. Separation of Powers D. Decentralization
5. This classification of government is ruled by few privilege persons who come from
wealthy and politically powerful individuals.
A. Oligarchy C. Monarchy
B Aristocracy D. Dictatorship
6. It is known as the rule of people where the power in government does not emanate from
the divine right or any God but from the citizens of the state.
A. Democracy C. Monarchy
B. Aristocracy D. Revolutionary
7. One of the most important features of democratic societies. The concepts connote civil
liberties and human rights, which should be protected by the state.
A. Political freedom C. Rule of Law
B. Legal Equality D. Equality before the law

8. Vox Populi, Vox Dei means “the voice of _______________.”

A. the people is the voice of God C. the people is the voice of the leader.
B. God is the voice of the people D. God is a law
9. It states that every citizen should participate in the elections as the basic features of
democracy. This is also known as the right to suffrage where all voters can participate
freely and fully in the life of their society.
A. Political freedom C. Rule of Law
10. It is the degree to which the government needs to explain or justify what they have
accomplished in relation to what was expected of them. It is gauged during the government
official transparency, which connotes absence of corruption through honest behavior.
A. Accountability C. Transparency

Let Us Process
Name: __________________________________ Date: ________________

Grade/Section: ___________________________
Direction: Elaborate on the following concepts:
1. Democracy
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Human Rights
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Accountability
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Legal Equality
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

What’s more
Democratic Practices
Democratic practices are ways citizens can work together—even when they
disagree—to address shared problems.
Ordinary Questions, Extraordinary Opportunities

Democratic practices are variations on the things that happen every day
in communities. For these routine activities to become public, citizens must be
involved. Yet, this does not mean that communities must do anything out of the
ordinary— they just must do the ordinary in different ways. If the routine
business of politics is done in ways that are open to citizens, the routines can
become democratic practices.
These practices are reflected in the ordinary questions people ask one another when something
threatens their collective well-being. Their conversations revolve around such questions as:
• What is bothering you?
• How does this problem affect you and your family?
• What should we do? What would be the consequences?
• If there are negative consequences to what you propose, do you think we should still do it?
• What is the right thing to do?
• Who else do we need to solve the problem?
• What resources do we need? What do we have that we can use?
• What are we learning?
The Political Meaning of the Democratic Practices

There is a selected set of terms that it uses to describe what is going on politically when
people ask these everyday questions. Each term identifies one of the democratic practices just
mentioned. When people talk about what bothers them, one would say that they are naming
problems. Naming is a political practice because the name that is given to a problem affects what
is done to solve it. When people talk about what can be done, they often propose options, and when
all the options are put on the table, they create a framework for tackling a problem. The framing
structures everything that happens thereafter. Framing issues with only one or two options sets in
motion a political debate that is very different from what happens if there are multiple options on
the table.
When people move on to assess the possible consequences that might result from one course
of action or another, Kettering would say they are making decisions deliberatively. They are
weighing possible consequences against what is deeply important to them. They are mulling over
or sorting out what they hear, perhaps changing their minds as they learn about someone else’s
experience. Eventually, they may settle on some work that they need to do with other citizens,

something they want a government to do, or both. Once a decision is made about how to proceed,
people test to see if anyone or any group is willing to act on the decision and identify resources that
they can draw on. Kettering calls this political practice identifying and committing civic resources.
Commitments produce collective political will. When citizens, then join forces to do
something, we refer to that as organizing civic actions, a practice that brings the many and various
resources a citizenry has to bear on a problem. Action is normally followed by evaluating what was
accomplished, which the foundation has labeled learning together in order to distinguish collective
from individual learning. This practice provides the political momentum needed to follow through
on difficult problems. All six of these practices are part of the larger politics of self-rule, not
standalone techniques. They fit together the way the wooden matrëshka dolls from Russia do.
People will continue to name, frame, and deliberate even as they assess what they have done, and
people will learn together throughout.
The Importance of Participation in Democracy

Democracy, as you may have known, is a form of people’s governance. Here people decide
to have the right to decide on who should rule and how to be ruled. Their dislike for any rule or law
can be shown in the form of a protest. And the government in power must be sensitive to such
protest.
1. Rights of citizens
The basic rights of citizens are protected. There is freedom of food, clothing, shelter. Even,
the choices of work, religion, etc. are not controlled. None can compel him or prevent him in these
aspects.
2. Common law for all

Any person found guilty is to be punished by law. Be it a poor man or the rich, strong, or
weak will have to undergo the same punishment and judicial trial. Also, to get into any position,
all the people will have to follow the same procedures.
3. Chances for individual growth

Due to the freedom of life, a person can work without compulsions. This enables him to
perform with passion in any field he desires. With this work of passion, there would be enhanced
performance and growth.
4. Combined decision making

For every issue, the entire representatives of people are responsible. Everyone will be
involved in decision making. This limits the chances of wrong decisions for the country. Thereby
everyone is safe and in agreement with happenings with the nation.

5. Fewer chances of misuse of power

In autocratic rule, there are chances for misuse of power. None can question their actions,
hence, people in power can take personal decisions. This happens sometimes based on their
individual needs and wishes. So, they can take decisions even if it is harmful to the entire masses.
But in a democracy such misuse of power is not possible. Even a president or prime minister has
to take his colleagues into consideration. He must put his views into practice only after their
approval.
6. Equal rights to all

In a democracy, everyone is equal before the law. One can take up studies, build homes, buy
property, anywhere within the nation as per rules.
7. Ability to express themselves

Every individual has his opinion. Democracy provides an opportunity to express his opinion
without fear or censorship.
8. Enhanced economic growth

Most countries with democracy have enormous economic growth. As governance is a
collective effort; the economic growth is never hindered. The nation growth is done collectively
and efficiently.
9. Minimizes conflicts and violence

The chances of violence are minimal in democracy. Since the power transition is smooth by-
elections; the chances of violence are low. The only way to get into power is through peoples’ trust.
So, the persons will have to behave responsibly.
10. Provide food and minimizes famines

In the case of calamities, people are deprived of basic amenities like food. The government
will have to arrange for food and essentials from other places. This is done to support the public
and win their support. So, the suffering of people due to famines would be low.
11. Separation of powers

In a democracy, the powers of administration, justice are separate. So, those in power or
those in the judiciary cannot overpower themselves.
12. Transparency of systems

Since all are equal by law, the systems are transparent. Results of elections, competitive
exams, job selections are kept transparent. These lead to better support those with ability and talent.

13. People are chosen by performance

In autocratic rule or kingship, the power transit to children. Despite not being capable
enough, they can have complete power. This leads to insufficient administration and lack of long-
term prosperity. In a democracy, only those with credible performance records would be given
a chance. The right person with ability will be in the position to administer the governance.
14. Finance control

The finances of the state have to be spent as per the constitution. This prevents misuse of
funds and uses them only for the benefit of citizens. So, the chances of corruption can be reduced.
15. Peoples’ Choice

People can choose their leader irrespective of caste, creed, sex and even race. Even
economically backward persons like Abraham Lincoln could become the president of the united
states, women like Margaret Thatcher prime minister of the UK, etc.
16. Change of power

If a person in authority is not fit to rule, he can be replaced by elections. Many politicians
who were felt unfit to govern were changed in the next elections. If they were fit, were given
multiple chances to rule.
17. Equal and fair justice

In a democracy, no one is above the law, and everyone is equal before it. So equal justice is
theoretically possible to all.
18. People’s participation

Since a person is elected by people, people have the right to decide their leader by
involvement in voting.
19. Nationalism
Since every citizen is involved in building the country, there is a sense of patriotism and
contributions to its growth.
20. Better and equal opportunities

All are equal before the law so anyone can contest for any post. And if he is eligible, he can
take the opportunity.
Freedom of life: People are free to live their life as they wish without causing harm to others.
This is a fundamental right provided by law. But still, there are also disadvantages of democracy
which needs to be addressed. However, as per current levels of education and technological
development, democracy seems to be the best form of government.

What other enrichment activities

can I engage in?
Assessment
Name: __________________________________ Date: ________________

Grade/Section: ___________________________
sheets.
1. These rights still exist even there are no laws that create or provide them.
A. Natural Right C. Constitutional Rights
B. Political Rights D. Civil Rights
2. What right is involved if an employee is terminated from work without just cause?
A. Right to Life C. Right to Property
B. Right Liberty D. Right to Travel
3. What is required before a person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property?
A. Due process of law C. Observance of Equal protection of laws
B. Non- payment of bail D. All of the choices
4. Who is the commander-in-chief of all the Armed Forces of the Philippines?
A. PNP Chief Archie Gamboa C. Lieutenant General Gilbert I. Gapay
B. Pres. Rodrigo Duterte D. None of the above
5. The burden of proof in a civil trial is to prove a case ________. The burden of proof
rests with the __________.
A. beyond a reasonable doubt; plaintiff
B. beyond a reasonable doubt; defendant
C. by a preponderance of the evidence; plaintiff
D. by a preponderance of the evidence
6. The "Burden of Proof" in a trial refers to___________________.
A. Which party has the responsibility of establishing the truth of their argument.
B. A person cannot be tried twice for the same crime if more evidence comes to
light years later.
C. On the balance of probabilities
D. The judge being responsible for deciding on a penalty.
7. The theory of government where one branch has the power to keep another branch
of government from becoming too powerful is called __________________.
A. Separation of Powers C. Limited Government
B. Checks and Balances D. Constitutional

8. The Checks and Balance Power used by the President (Executive Branch) against the
Legislative Branch when the President does NOT like a Law passed by the Legislative
Branch is called ___________________.
A. Presidential Veto C. Judicial Review (optional)
B. Impeachment D. Appointment Power
9. In a democracy, no one is above the law, and everyone is equal before it. So equal justice is
A. Separation of Power C. Limited Government
B. Checks and Balances D. Equal and fair justice
10. People have the right to decide their leader by involvement in voting.
A. Right to Life C. Right Liberty
B. People’s participation D. Right to Travel

Let Us Explore
Name: __________________________________ Date: ________________
Grade/Section: ___________________________
Direction: Read the Case of Otto Frederick Warmbier and answer the following questions:
Otto Warmbier was born on December 12, 1994, to Fred and Cindy Warmbier and raised in
Cincinnati, Ohio, into a family of American-Jewish descent and was one of three children in the
family, an American college student. Fred Warmbier said the China-based tour operator, Young
Pioneer Tours, advertised the trip as safe for U.S. citizens. Danny Gratton, an adventurous British
sales manager, met Warmbier in Beijing as the two boarded the tour flight to Pyongyang. The two
struck up a friendship and were roommates on the trip. They stuck together from the time they got
to Pyongyang until Warmbier was arrested. Warmbier traveled to North Korea for a five-day New
Year’s tour of the country organized by Young Pioneer Tours. Ten other U.S. citizens were in his
tour group.
During his stay at the Yanggakdo International Hotel in Pyongyang, Warmbier allegedly
stole a propaganda sign from a staff-only floor of the hotel. The poster said, “Let’s arm ourselves
strongly with Kim Jong-il‘s patriotism!”. He said he stole it for the mother of a friend who wanted
it as a souvenir to be hung on the wall of a church in his hometown of Wyoming, Ohio. He said
that she offered him a used car worth $10,000 as payment, and that if he was detained and

didn’t return, $200,000 would be paid to his mother in the form of a charitable donation. Warmbier
said he accepted the offer because his family was “suffering from very severe financial difficulties”.
Harming such items with the name or image of a North Korean leader is considered a serious crime
by the government.
On January 2, 2016, Warmbier was arrested for theft just prior to departing North Korea
from Pyongyang International Airport. Gratton witnessed the arrest. The others in his tour group
left the country without incident. His crime was described as “a hostile act against the state” by the
North Korean news agency KCNA. Warmbier was tried and convicted for the theft of the
propaganda banner from a restricted area of the hotel. His trial included his confession, CCTV
footage, fingerprint evidence, and witness testimony.
On June 12, 2017, Rex Tillerson, the United States Secretary of State, announced that North
Korea had released Warmbier. Tillerson also announced that the U.S. State Department secured
Warmbier’s release at the direction of President Donald Trump. Tillerson said that the State
Department continues discussing three other detained Americans with North Korea. Warmbier was
sentenced to 15 years of hard labor. Human Rights Watch called the sentencing “outrageous and
shocking”, while U.S. State Department spokesman Mark Toner said that it was clear that North
Korea used arrested American citizens for political purposes despite its claims to the contrary.
Sometime in the month following his trial, Warmbier suffered an unknown medical crisis that
caused severe brain damage. His condition was not conveyed to anyone outside North Korea, and
Swedish envoys who represent the United States’ interests in North Korea were not able to see
Warmbier after March 2016.
1. Who is Otto Frederick Warmbier?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What was he doing in North Korea?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Why was Otto Frederick Warmbier arrested?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. How did the U.S government help in the release of Otto Frederick Warmbier?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

5. What really happened to Otto Frederick Warmbier?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What is your opinion regarding what was inflicted on Otto Frederick Warmbier by the North
Korean Government?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What I Have Learned?

Post Test
Name: __________________________________ Date: ________________

Grade/Section: ___________________________
sheets.
1. It is known as the rule of people where the power in government does not emanate from the
divine right or any God but from the citizens of the state.
A. Democracy C. Aristocracy
B. Monarchy D. Revolutionary
2. One of the most important features of democratic societies. The concepts connote
civil liberties and human rights, which should be protected by the state.
A. Political freedom C. Legal Equality
B. Rule of Law D. Equality before the law
3. Vox Populi, Vox Dei means
A. The voice of the people is the voice of God.
B. The voice of God is the voice of the people
C. The voice of the people is the voice of the leader
D. The voice of God is a law

4. It states that every citizen should participate in the elections as the basic features of
democracy. This is also known as the right to suffrage where all voters can participate freely
and fully in the life of their society.
A. Political freedom C. Legal Equality
B. Rule of Law D. Equality before the law
5. It is the degree to which the government needs to explain or justify what they have
accomplished in relation to what was expected to them. It is gauged during the government
official transparency which connotes absence of corruption through honest behavior.
A. Accountability C. Legal Equality
B. Transparency D. Equality before the law
6. The “branch” of government which has the power to make laws, and to alter and repeal them.
A. Legislative C. Executive
B. Judicial D. Government
7. The “branch” of government which has the power to implement or enforce the laws.
A. Legislative C. Executive
B. Judicial D. Government
8. The principle which ensures the “balance of powers” among the three branches of
government.
A. Division of Powers C. Separation of Powers
B. Decentralization D. Checks and Balances
9. The principle observe in the branches of the government which gives them a coequal and
coordinate powers. If one department goes beyond the limits set by the constitution, its acts
are null and void.
A. Division of Powers C. Separation of Powers
B. Checks and Balances D. Decentralization
10. This classification of government is ruled by few privilege persons who come from wealthy
and politically powerful individuals.
A. Oligarchy B Aristocracy C. Monarchy D. Dictatorship
11. The "Burden of Proof" in a trial refers to_________________.
A. Which party has the responsibility of establishing the truth of their argument
B. A person cannot be tried twice for the same crime if more evidence comes to light
years later.
C. On the balance of probabilities
D. The judge being responsible for deciding on a penalty.
12. The theory of government where one branch has the power to keep another branch of
government from becoming too powerful is called?
B. Checks and Balances D. Constitutional

13. The Checks and Balance Power used by the President (Executive Branch) against the
Legislative Branch when the President does NOT like a Law passed by the Legislative
Branch is called…
A. Presidential Veto C. Judicial Review (optional)
B. Impeachment D. Appointment Power
14. In a democracy, no one is above the law, and everyone is equal before it. So equal justice is
B. Checks and Balances D. Equal and fair justice
15. People have the right to decide their leader by involvement in voting.
B. People’s participation D. Right to Travel
16. These rights still exist even there are no laws that create or provide them.
A. Natural Rights C. Constitutional Rights
B. Political Rights D. Civil Rights
17. What right is involved if an employee is terminated from work without just cause?
B. Right to Property D. Right to Travel
18. What is required before a person shall be deprived of life liberty, or property?
A. Due process of law
B. Observance of Equal protection of laws
C. Non- payment of bail
D. All of the choices
19. Who is the commander-in-chief of all the Armed Forces of the Philippines?
A. PNP Chief Archie Gamboa C. Lieutenant General Gilbert I. Gapay
B. Pres. Rodrigo Duterte D. None of the above
20. The burden of proof in a civil trial is to prove a case ________. The burden of proof rests
with the __________.
A. beyond a reasonable doubt; plaintiff
B. beyond a reasonable doubt; defendant
C. by a preponderance of the evidence; plaintiff
D. by a preponderance of the evidence

References
• Trends, Network & Critical Thinking
Grade 11/12 Quarter 2 - Module 1: Democratic Interventions
First Edition, 2020
Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division Region I
Book
• Trends, Networks and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century by Ethel D.

Magalona
et.al. p 79-89
Online Sources
• https://www.kettering.org/core-insights/democratic-practices
• https://www.mindcontroversy.com/why-is-democracy-important/
JSM_05/8/2021

Week 3-4
Module 2
CONTENT STANDARDS:
The learner understands the…
The learner understands the meaning and dimensions of democracy.
PERFORMANCE STANDARD:
The learner will be able to..
using any form of oral presentation, the learner explains creatively the ill effects of undemocratic
practices related to factors such as gender biases, poverty, political marginalization, racial
inequality, cultural domination, crisis of representation and politics of recognition.
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY (MELC):

• Assess democratic interventions prevailing in political and social institutions
(HUMSS_MCT12-IIa-c-6) and
• Formulate a viable alternative to undemocratic practices (HUMSS_MCT12-IIa-c-7)
TOPIC:
Democratic
Interventions
In the previous lesson, you have mastered the concepts of participative and
representative democracy. In this module, let us continue to broaden your knowledge
about democracy. According to Webster, it is a form of government in which the
supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their
elected agents under a free electoral system, a state having such a form of government.
The students are given the chance to further their knowledge about political and social
institutions as well as undemocratic practice.

Great Freedom Brain Corner
Name: __________________________________ Date: _______________

Grade/Section: ___________________________
Directions: Compare and contrast, social and political institutions. Write your answer in a
separate sheet of paper.
Social Institutions Political Institutions

What’s in????
Let us proceed to the lesson proper. Read critically the comprehensive
discussion of today’s lesson. Relax and internalize the new concepts as you start
your journey in the world of words guided with your critical and analytic
thinking.
This module consists of two lessons:

Lesson 1 – Political and Social Institutions
Lesson 2 - Undemocratic Practices
LESSON 1 - POLITICAL AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Political institutions are the organizations in a government that create, enforce, and apply
laws. They often mediate conflict, make (governmental) policy on the economy and social systems,
and otherwise provide representation for the population.
Political Institutions, in Brief

Political institutions and systems have a direct impact on the business environment and
activities of a country. For example, a political system that is straightforward and evolving when it
comes to the political participation of the people and laser-focused on the well-being of its citizens
contributes to positive economic growth in its region.
Every society must have a type of political system so that it may allocate resources and
ongoing procedures appropriately. A political institution sets the rules in which an orderly society
obeys and ultimately decides and administers the laws for those that do not obey.
Types of Political Systems

The political system consists of both politics and government and involves the law, economy,
culture, and other social concepts. The most popular political systems that we know of around the
world can be reduced to a few simple core concepts. Many additional types of political systems are
similar in idea or root, but most tend to surround concepts of:
• Democracy: Government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme

power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under
a free electoral system.
• Republic: A form of government where the citizens have the supreme power, and they
exercise that power of voting and electing representatives to make decisions and govern.

• Monarchy: A form of government in which one person reigns, typically a king or a queen.
The authority, also known as a crown, is typically inherited.
• Communism: A system of government in which the state plans and controls the
economy. Often, an authoritarian party holds power and state controls are imposed.
• Dictatorship: A form of government where one person makes the main rules and
decisions with absolute power, disregarding input from others.
The Function of a Political System

In 1960, Gabriel Abraham Almond and James Smoot Coleman gathered three core functions
of a political system, which include:
1. To maintain the integration of society by determining norms.
2. To adapt and change elements of social, economic, and religious systems necessary for
achieving collective (political) goals.
3. To protect the integrity of the political system from outside threats.
SOCIAL INSTITUTION
A social institution is a complex, integrated set of social norms organized around the
preservation of a basic societal value. Obviously, the sociologist does not define institutions in the
same way, as does the person on the street. Laypersons are likely to use the term "institution" very
loosely, for churches, hospitals, jails, and many other things as institutions. According to Sumner
and Keller institution is a vital interest or activity that is surrounded by a cluster of mores and
folkways. Sumner conceived of the institution not only of the concept, idea or interest, but of an
institution as well. By structure he meant an apparatus or a group of functionaries. Lester F. Ward
regarded an institution as the means for the control and utilization of the social energy. L.
Thobhouse described institution as the whole or any part of the established and recognized
apparatus of social life. Robert Maclver regarded institution as established forms or conditions of
procedure characteristic of group activity.
Sociologists agree that institutions arise and persist because of a definite felt need of the
members of the society. While there is essential agreement on the general origin of institutions,
sociologists have differed about the specific motivating factors. Sumner and Keller maintained that
institutions come into existence to satisfy vital interests of man. Ward believed that they arise
because of social demand or social necessity. Lewis H. Morgan ascribed the basis of every

institution to what he called a perpetual want. In shorthand form, or as concepts, these five basic
institutions are called the family, government, economy, education, and religion.
The five primary institutions are found among all human groups. They are not always as
highly elaborated or as distinct from one another, but in rudimentary form at last, they exist
everywhere. Their universality indicates that they are deeply rooted in human nature and that they
are essential in the development and maintenance of order.
5 Major Functions Performed by Social Institutions
Some of the major functions performed by institutions are as follows:

1. Emotional Needs. For satisfaction of needs like love, affection, hunger, fear, self-
preservation, self-gratification, and fear of the supernatural.
2. Economic Needs. Satisfies the material needs of people and for the satisfaction of basic
necessities of food, clothing and shelter.
3. Familial Needs. Establishes the institution of marriage and family for the continuation of
human species through structured means.
4. Religious Needs. Deals with man’s inherent fear of the supernatural. It deals with his fear
through religious prayers and offerings.
5. Political Needs. Deals with the basic necessity of governing large group of people through
formalized means of government and laws.

LESSON 2 - UNDEMOCRATIC PRACTICE

A system, process, or decision that is undemocratic is one that is controlled or made by one
person or a small number of people, rather than by all the people involved.
What is an undemocratic practice?

Undemocratic practice is a doctrine that is against or in disagreement with democracy.
Undemocratic practices include other political systems such as monarchy, aristocracy, anarchy, etc.
Dahl's Seven Undemocratic Elements

There is considerable debate as to how democratic the US actually is. One set of arguments
come from political scientist Robert A. Dahl. In his book “How Democratic is the American
Constitution”, he outlines seven undemocratic elements that are contained within the US
Constitution. Before he detailed these seven undemocratic elements, he detailed what he thought
was democratic. Dahl’s theory states that nations which adhere to a one person one vote or majority
rule were more democratic than others.
Dahl’s Seven Undemocratic Elements:

1. Slavery. In the initial writing of the Constitution, it tolerated slavery as a result of the three
fifths compromise, and it took until the American Civil War for this tolerance of slavery to
be removed.
2. Voting Rights. Again, during the drafting of the Constitution the voting rights of women
and minorities were not protected by Constitutional law and took many years to come to
fruition.
3. Electoral College. Representation in the Electoral College is not proportional due to the
addition of two extra seats as a result of the Senators for that state. Electors are also appointed
rather than chosen by ballot in many states. The system of safe seats and winner take all
methods in results undermines the democratic one man one vote element of Presidential
elections.
4. Representation in the Senate. Each state has two senators, regardless of size, which,
Dahl argues, is undemocratic as smaller states have an increased prominence than they would
otherwise have.
5. Election of Senators. When writing the Constitution, the Senate has to be appointed by
the states rather than elected. It wasn’t until the Seventeenth Amendment that direct election
was introduced.
6. Judicial Power. Judges can rule on the constitutionality of laws and decrees, and
combined with the life tenure and high barriers to removal make them inherently
undemocratic. Dahl is a strong believer in the legislating from the bench

7. Limitations of Congressional Power. Judicial rulings limit Congressional power, such as

that in the area of income tax, it wasn’t until the passing of the sixteenth amendment allowing
federal income tax that Congress could fully utilize the tax and spend clause that is present
in the Constitution
Wisdom Checker
Name: __________________________________ Date: _______________
Grade/Section: ___________________________
Activity 1.
Directions: Write P for political institution and S for Social institution.
Example: P Legislative Department
1. Judicial Department
2. Executive Department
3. School
4. House of Congress
5. Church
Activity 2. Quantify Your Thought

Directions: Answer the question briefly, but substantially. Please be guided with the rubrics
below.
• Given the preference, what type of political institution and social institution do you like
most? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

In this particular phase of the module, let us try to enhance your

writing skills, critical and analytic thinking skills by trying to
incorporate the concepts you have learned in real life situations.
What’s More?

Wisdom Checker
Name: __________________________________ Date: ________________

Grade/Section: ___________________________
Enrichment Activity
Directions: Fill out the “Democratic Challenges Chart” below with the best practices/democratic
interventions.
Democratic Challenges Best Practices / Democratic Interventions
1. Poverty
2. Gender Biases
3. Political
Marginalization
4. Racial Inequality
5. Cultural Domination

What I Can Do?

Enrichment Activities
Name: __________________________________ Date: ________________

Grade/Section: ___________________________
Activity 1:
Directions: Come up with a creative output in the form of a drawing or other means of symbolic
self-expression about the concept of undemocratic practice based on the brief discussion under
“DISCOVERY.” Write a five-sentence summary based on your output.
Example:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 2:
Directions: Identify which word represents a value that is democratic or undemocratic. Write
each word under one of the headings in the table below. The first two words are done for you.
Violence Justice
Bullying Respect for others
Dishonesty Fairness
Discrimination Freedom
Dictatorship Equality
Your answers here:

Democratic Undemocratic
Example: Trust Intolerance
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

What I Have Learned?

Name: __________________________________ Date: ________________

Grade/Section: ___________________________
Directions: Read and analyze the following statements and identify what is being referred to in
each item. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. __________________________ A doctrine that is against or in disagreement with

democracy.
2. __________________________ Deals with the basic necessity of governing large group of
people through formalized means of government and laws.
3. __________________________ Establishes the institution of marriage and family for the
continuation of human species through structured means.
4. __________________________ A complex, integrated set of social norms organized
around the preservation of a basic societal value.
5. __________________________ The organizations in a government that create, enforce, and
apply laws.
6. __________________________ Government by the people; a form of government in which
the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected
agents under a free electoral system..
7. __________________________ A state in which supreme power is held by the people and
their elected representatives and that has an elected or nominated president rather than a
monarch
8. __________________________ A form of government where the citizens have the supreme
power, and they exercise that power by voting and electing representatives to make decisions
and govern.
9. __________________________ A system of government in which the state plans and
controls the economy.
10. __________________________ A form of government where one person makes the main
rules and decisions with absolute power, disregarding input from others.
11. __________________________ Each state has two senators, regardless of size, which Dahl
argues, is undemocratic as smaller states have an increased prominence than they would
otherwise have.

12. __________________________ Representation is not proportional due to the addition of

two extra seats as a result of the Senators for that state.
13. __________________________ Judges can rule on the constitutionality of laws and decrees,
and combined with the life tenure and high barriers to removal make them inherently
undemocratic.
14. ___________________________ Judicial rulings limit Congressional power, such as that in
the area of income tax.
15. ___________________________ The Senate has to be appointed by the states rather than
elected.
JSM_05/16/2021

References
• Trends, Network & Critical Thinking
Grade 11/12 Quarter 2 - Module 1: Democratic Interventions
First Edition, 2020
Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division Region I
Links
• https://ethicsvalues-sanaacosta.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/7/3/13737365/1c-
_3.6-undemocratic_practices.pdf
• https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/1474497/Wor
ks heet1-democratic-or-undemocratic.pdf
• https://www.sociologyguide.com/basic-concepts/Social-Institutions.php
• https://www.sociologygroup.com/institutions-meaning-definition-
characteristicstypes-functions
• https://www.thoughtco.com/political-institutionshttps://
www.tutor2u.net/politics/reference/dahls-seven-undemocraticelements
• https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/5-major-functions-performed-
by-asocial-institutions/

Individual Weekly Home Learning Plan

TRENDS, NETWORKS
AND CRITICAL THINKING
ST
IN THE 21 CENTURY
CULTURE
FOURTH QUARTER
Week 1-4
S.Y 2020-2021

INDIVIDUAL WEEKLY HOME LEARNING PLAN

Grade 12 HUMSS ARISTOTLE / SOCRATES
TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING
IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Week 1 Quarter 4
May 31 - June 4, 2021
DAY AND LEARNING MODE OF

LEARNING TASKS
TIME COMPETENCIES DELIVERY
Topic: MODULAR
DEMOCRATIC DELIVERY
INTERVENTIONS LEARNING
Important Reminder:
In submitting your answer For questions,
sheets, please follow this clarifications
format: and further
explanations
Subject: TNCT please contact
Week no#_____ me thru my
Module no# ______ cellphone
Monday number
9:00am- Name:_____________ #0936 365 5989
12:00noon Grade and Section: __________ or thru my FB
Messenger
Day 1 Account:
• Read and understand Jennifer
What I Need to Know? Mayano
(TNCT Module, page 5)
• Answer: Learning Thank you and
Activity 1.1 – Practice God bless!
Quiz
Write the letter of your Don’t forget to
answer on your paper. write your
(TNCT Module, pages 5-6) names on your
answer sheets

Day 2
• Read. Understand and
analyze the content of the
lesson.
Topic: DEMOCRACY
(TNCT Module, pages 7-9)
Day 3
• Answer Learning Activity
1.2
Write the letter of your
answer on your answer
sheet.
(TNCT Module, pages 10-
11)
Day 4
• Answer: Learning
Activity 1.3 – Let Us
Process
(TNCT Module, pages 11)
Day 5
lesson.
Topic: DEMOCRATIC
PRACTICES
REMARKS:


IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Week 2 Quarter 4
June 7-11, 2021

LEARNING TASKS
Topic:
DEMOCRATIC MODULAR
INTERVENTIONS DELIVERY
LEARNING
Important Reminder:
In submitting your answer
sheets, please follow this For questions,
format: clarifications
and further
Subject: TNCT explanations
Week no#_____ please contact
Module no# ______ me thru my
cellphone
Monday Name:_____________ number
9:00am- Grade and Section: __________ #0936 365 5989
12:00noon or thru my FB
Day 1 Messenger
• Read. Understand and Account:
analyze the content of the Jennifer
lesson. Mayano
Topic: DEMOCRATIC
PRACTICES Thank you and
(TNCT Module, pages 12-15) God bless!
Don’t forget to
write your
names on your
answer sheets

Day 2
Activity 1.4
Assessment
Day 3
Activity 1.4
“Let Us Explore”
Day 4
Activity 1.5
Post-Test
Day 5
Submission of Written output
for Week 1-2
June 11, 2021
REMARKS:


IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Week 3 Quarter 4
June 14-18, 2021

LEARNING TASKS
Topic:
DEMOCRATIC MODULAR
INTERVENTIONS DELIVERY
LEARNING
Important Reminder:
In submitting your answer
sheets, please follow this For questions,
format: clarifications
and further
Subject: TNCT explanations
Week no#_____ please contact
Module no# ______ me thru my
cellphone
Monday Name:_____________ number
9:00am- Grade and Section: __________ #0936 365 5989
12:00noon or thru my FB
Day 1 Messenger
Account:
• Read and understand
Jennifer
What I Need to Know?
Mayano
Thank you and
• Answer: Learning God bless!
Activity 2.1 –
Great Freedom Brain Corner Don’t forget to
(TNCT Module, pages 24) write your
names on your
answer sheets

Day 2-4
lesson.
Topic: POLITICAL AND
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Day 5
2.2 – Wisdom Checker
Activity 1
REMARKS:


IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Week 4 Quarter 4
June 21-25, 2021

LEARNING TASKS
Topic: MODULAR
DEMOCRATIC DELIVERY
INTERVENTIONS LEARNING
Important Reminder:
In submitting your answer For questions,
sheets, please follow this clarifications
format: and further
explanations
Subject: TNCT please contact
Week no#_____ me thru my
Module no# ______ cellphone
Monday number
9:00am- Name:_____________ #0936 365 5989
12:00noon Grade and Section: __________ or thru my FB
Messenger
Day 1 Account:
• Review your lesson Jennifer
Topic: DEMOCRACY Mayano
Thank you and
• Answer Learning Activity God bless!
2.2
Activity 2 Don’t forget to
(TNCT Module, page 29) write your
names on your
answer sheets
Day 2

Activity 2.3
Wisdom Checker
Activity 2.4
Activity 1
Enrichment Activities
Day 3
Activity 2.4
Activity 2
Day 4
2.5
Assessment
Day 5
Submission of Written output
for Week 1-2
June 25, 2021
REMARKS:
Prepared by:
Checked and Noted by:
JENNIFER SABINO MAYANO

Subject Teacher, T-III MARITES M. PRECILLA
Principal I


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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL – HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE

TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY Page 1

For the Learners,

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What Other enrichment This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled

What I have Learned?

TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY Page 2

At the end of this module you will also find:

REFERENCES This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.

5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.

Contact number: 0936 365 5989

Facebook Account/Name: zachary_zebedee@yahoo.com.ph / Jennifer Mayano

Email Add: jennifer.mayano001@deped.gov.ph

TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY Page 3

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY (MELC):

Freedom is power. It is a necessary factor to achieve self-determination. The

Specific Learning Objectives

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1.1

Name: __________________________________ Date: _______________

TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY Page 5

4. What are some freedoms that come with a democratic govt.?

TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY Page 6

1. Separation and Balance of Power

2. A pluralistic System of Political Parties and Organizations.

TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY Page 7

3. Respect for the Rule of Law

4. Accountability and Transparency

5. Free and Independent Media

6. Respect for Human Rights

TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY Page 8

1. Equality before the Law

TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY Page 9

What I Can Do?

Name: __________________________________ Date: ________________

TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY Page 10

8. Vox Populi, Vox Dei means “the voice of _______________.”

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 1.3

Name: __________________________________ Date: ________________

Direction: Elaborate on the following concepts:

TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY Page 11

Ordinary Questions, Extraordinary Opportunities

The Political Meaning of the Democratic Practices

TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY Page 12

The Importance of Participation in Democracy

2. Common law for all

3. Chances for individual growth

4. Combined decision making

TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY Page 13

5. Fewer chances of misuse of power

6. Equal rights to all

7. Ability to express themselves

8. Enhanced economic growth

9. Minimizes conflicts and violence

10. Provide food and minimizes famines

11. Separation of powers

12. Transparency of systems

TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY Page 14

Name: ____________________ Date: _

Name: __________________ Date:

Name: __________________ Date:

Name: __________________ Date:

Name: __________________ Date:

Name: ____________________ Date: _

Name: __________________ Date:

Name: __________________ Date:

Name: __________________ Date: