Definitions

Carpet Area: It refers to the total usable area within the four walls of an apartment or a
commercial space, as the case may be. It does not include the wall thicknesses, lobby, kitchen,
bathrooms etc. In other words, it is the area where carpet can be laid.

Plinth Area: It refers to the entire carpet area along with the thickness of the external walls of
the apartment. It also includes the thickness of the internal walls and columns, if any, lying within
the four walls of the apartment.
Plinth Area = Carpet area + Area covered by walls

Contract: An agreement between two or more parties for the execution of a specified work or
supply of material etc.

Once the conditions of the Contract are signed by the concerned authority, then these parties
are bound to obey/follow these conditions.

Contract Management: It is the effective planning and ways to execute the contract in order to
avoid time and cost overrun.

Objective of Contract: To carry out the desired work and making of availability of the desired
material, equipment and services of the right quality, quantity at the right place.

Client or Employer or Owner: A person or organization for whose benefit the work is to be
executed. It also includes their legal representatives or successors.

Tenderer or Bidder: A person or organization submitting their bids or tenders.

Contractor: A person or organization whose Bid/Tender (offer) has finally been accepted. A
contractor organizes the work and is responsible for the execution of the work for entire duration
of the project.

Supplier: A person or organization or party which supplies tools, materials and equipment for
construction purposes.

Sub-Contractor: A person or organization to whom any part of the contract has been sub-letted
(given) with the permission of the owner.

Architect: A person who prepares plans or specifications and to see that work is carried
out/executed according to the conditions of the contract. The Architect is employed or hired by
the owner to carry out the duties.
Engineer: A person employed by the owner to carry out the design and other engineering works
of the project.

Site or Resident Engineer: A person employed by the contractor for the execution of the project
at site.

Consultant or Third Person: An organization or group of engineers and architects working in

coordination with each other to supervise the execution of the work at site and interpret the
project specifications to help the contractor in execution of the project.

Quantity Surveyor: A person engaged by the employer or contractor to estimate the quantities
of material at site and to prepare the bill of quantities (BOQ).

Specifications: Ideas (in written form) of an engineer for the execution of a specific work.

It deals with the method of execution, qualities of materials, nature of labor to be employed,
proportion of materials to be mixed, measurement of work done etc.

Letter of Intent: It is an official letter issued by the owner of the project, notifying the Contractor
that his proposal (Tender/Bid) has been accepted and that contractor is required to sign the
Contract document.

In some cases Contractor can start the work on project, when he receives the Letter of Intent.
 Contract
A contract is an undertaking by a person or firm to do any work under certain terms and
conditions. Two parties are involved in a contract i.e. Owner & Contractor. Work can be
construction, repair, supply of Labours, materials or transportation of materials etc.

FORMS OF CONTRACT

1. Lumpsum Contracts: Complete work is carried out as per plans and specification for a
definite amount of money.

S. No. Advantages* Disadvantages*

1 Low cost Conflicting Interests
2 Definite amount Extra Work Issues
3 Early completion of work High cost due to uncertainties of indefinite
plans and specification
* Provide explanation of each point.

2. Unit Price Contracts: In this form of contract, rate per unit item of construction is quoted
by the contractor. Approximate quantities of all possible items are worked out, thus
arriving at a final amount of work for easy comparison of different tenders. This is also
known as “Measure & value contract” or “Measured Contract”.

S. No. Advantages* Disadvantages*

1 Elasticity Conflicting Interests
2 Economical Classification of material
3 Absence of uncertainties Unknown final cost
4 Ease in start of work Damage due to changes
* Provide explanation of each point.

3. Cost Plus or Percentage Contract: In this form of contracts, the contractor agrees to
complete work for a certain fee for his services.
There are various methods for execution of such contracts:
a. Cost-plus a fixed percentage
b. Cost-plus a fixed sum
c. Cost-plus a fixed sum with a profit-sharing clause
d. Cost-plus a fixed sum with a bonus clause
 e. Cost-plus a variable percentage

S. No. Advantages* Disadvantages*

1 No conflicting interests Inferior work quality
2 Extra work not a worry Illegal for public bodies
3 Early completion of work Unknown final cost
4 Early start of work Problems in checking the contractor’s
accounts (material purchase etc.)
* Provide explanation of each point.

4. Basic Price Contracts: When the market is unstable and the prices of essential materials
are fluctuating to a great extent, it is quite likely that no contractor will come forward to
carry out the work. In such cases a slight modification of unit-price contract is made. The
contractor mentions in his tender the basic prices of some of the essential engineering
materials e.g. cement, steel, bricks, etc. It is thus understood that the rates of various
items mentioned by the contractor are based on these basic prices. Hence, if there is rise
or fall in the prices of these materials, the same is adjusted without and serious conflict
between the owner and the contractor.

TYPES OF CONTRACTS
Following are the types of contracts in common use:

1. Labour Contracts: Owner is in position to purchase the required materials himself. In such
cases, he invites tenders only for Labour work. It is absolutely necessary to that these
rates include: use of contractor's plants and equipment, all necessary falsework,
supervision by contractor and contractor’s profit.
2. Negotiated Contracts: When a contract is awarded simply by negotiation, it is known as
negotiated contract. It can be any form of the contract previously discussed. In this case
there is no open competition and negotiations are carried out with selected contractors
only. Thus less chance of dispute, such contracts cannot be awarded in public sector.
3. Schedule of Prices Contracts: In this type of contracts, the tender contains only
description of all possible items of construction. The tenderers simply fill their prices for
unit of items and thus a schedule of prices of each competing contractor is obtained. It is
useful for simplest type of work such as maintenance works, but creates difficulties for
construction works.
 4. Package deal Contracts: In type of contract, the owner gives his requirements in broad
outline to the contractors together with site data. The contractors then proceed to
prepare their own design of the project and also prepares a cost estimate for the same
on a Lump-sum basis. It is then submitted to the owner. Thus the owner receives a
number of competitive designs or alternatives for his project. After studying all, he then
choses a design based on his requirements and financial aspect.
5. Demolition Contracts: This is the simplest type of contract in the sense that the owner
invites tenders for the demolition of an existing structure so that the land can be used for
development of a new structure or project. The successful tender has to clear the site of
the structure and the debris and handover the site as open land to the owner. Awarded
to the highest bidder, owner to take the whole amount before handing over the site to
the contractor for demolition.
6. Implied Contracts: An implied contract is said to be created when there are no expressed
terms of contract. But the circumstances and the actions of the parties concerned are
such that a reasonably prudent man would believe that the parties anticipated mutual
obligations.

Essential Features of Contracts

The following are the essential features of Contracts:

1. All parties must understand that what is expected of them and what are their financial
commitments.
2. Quality and quantity of material and equipment must be clearly specified. In addition,
reference to the relevant standard must also be given.
3. The conditions of the contract should be made available to all parties and studied in detail
by the contractor.
4. Conditions of the contract should be reasonable, specific and clear.
5. Targets of the desired quality of the finished work, also ensuring the quality of work,
should be specified in the contract, in order to avoid time and cost over-run.
6. Provision must be made for the project progress review meetings.

BINDING ON PARTIES
Considerations necessary to make while finalizing a contract.

1. Tenders and quotations should have been confirmed by the owner (through a letter of
intent).
2. A written contract duly signed and stamped by both the parties must be prepared in the
presence of the witnesses. The contractor must have access to the original document at
any time.
3. Necessary security deposit should be received from the contractor (5% - 10% of the total
cost of the project).
4. All exemptions and cancellations must be initiated by both the parties.
5. Provisions must be provided for settlement of disputes in the contract document.
6. The client/owner must honour his commitments regarding the payments to the
contractor.
7. Material stored on site belong to the owner and mode of payments for the same should
be settled in advance.
8. Necessary time extensions may be granted in case of unforeseen circumstances.
9. Removal of improper (unacceptable) works and materials should be mentioned (defects
after completion should be corrected).
10. Insurance may be done for fire and other risks.
11. Safe guard, the position of sub-contractors (if allowed in the contract) and other suppliers
and specialists etc.

Procedure for Award of Contract

After the acceptance of the Tender, the successful bidder (Contractor) is asked to enter a
legal document with the owner of the project/work and he is asked to deposit a further sum
of 5% - 10% (Security deposit) of the total estimated cost of the project. It is compulsory that
security deposit should be submitted before the start of the work on project by the
contractor.

Generally 50% of the security deposit is returned to the contractor upon completion of work
while the remaining amount is returned after the completion of the maintenance period.

Conditions of the Contract

For successful completion of the project without any dispute, all documented agreement and
terms between client/owner and the contractor must be known to both parties. These are
also known as “Laws of Contract”. Both parties (Owner & Contractor) must strictly abide by
these laws.

Following are the main conditions of the contract:

1. General Conditions: These conditions which are part of nearly all types of the contract
are called General Conditions.
2. Special Conditions: These conditions are specified for a particular project and these
conditions are different from General conditions of the contract.
3. Additional Conditions: If the client/owner wants to impose some extra conditions on the
contractor, these conditions are called Additional Conditions. These conditions are not
part of special or general conditions. e.g. Labours sitting idle at site during the execution
of the project.

Typical Clauses of Conditions of Contract

Following are the typical clauses of conditions of contract:

1. Definitions
2. Establishment and preservation of the points
3. Storage of tools and materials
4. Contractor to study the particulars of works in detail
5. Engineer during project execution (construction)
6. Receiving instructions from Engineer
7. Removal of employees of the contractor
8. Alteration, additions and omissions
9. Arbitration
10. Inferior materials and workmanship
11. Extension of time for execution of the works
12. Failure to complete work in time
13. Right to suspend work by the Owner
14. Compliance of Laws etc.
15. Patent right and royalties
16. Labour Laws
17. Public Travel
18. Abandonment
19. Sub-Letting / Sub-Contracting
20. Interim payment to contractor
21. Progress payment
22. Final payment
23. Certificate of virtual completion
24. Bankruptcy of contractor
25. Maintenance
26. Site clearance upon completion of work
27. Payments for extra works
28. Fencing, watching and lighting
29. Method of measurement of completed works
30. Water for construction

Termination of Contracts
A contract may be terminated or discharged in any of the following five ways:

1. Termination by performance: A contract is considered as terminated as soon as the work

is completed in all respects. Such a performance is known as Specific performance and is
the ideal condition for the termination of contract. However, when a contract is executed
with minor changes or upto a certain degree due to certain situations beyond the control
of either party, it is known as substantial performance and thus the contract is
terminated.
2. Termination by agreement: The parties concerned may at any time terminate the
contract by mutual agreement at any stage of the work done by him upto time of such
termination. This is sometime followed by a new contract to accommodate some changes
in the old contract.
3. Termination by breach: When one party breaks the provisions of a contract, the other
party has the right to terminate the contract by such breach. Further, the injured party
can also claim damages or losses suffered due to such breach of the terms and conditions
of the contract (but should be able to prove it in the court of law).
4. Termination by impossibility of the performance: A contract can be terminated, if
unexpected conditions arise and make the provisions of contract practically impossible
e.g. A contractor starts work at a project site and later on it is found that the land does
not belong to the owner. The contract would then be treated as terminated. Other
instances would be unusual weather conditions, high floods etc.
5. Termination by operation of the provisions of the law: A contract can also be terminated
by operation of various prevailing laws, such as laws pertaining to inheritance or to
bankruptcy or limitations to time. A contract for professional services is treated as
terminated by the death of the person who was to give such services.
 TENDERS
A tender is an offer in writing for executing certain specified work or for supplying specified
materials subject to certain terms and conditions like rates, time limit, etc.

Classification of Tenders
Tenders can be grouped in the following three categories:

1. Open or Public Tender: Any contractor can enter into competition and all formalities of
giving opportunity to compete are to be fulfilled. It is compulsory for public works and
because of competition, it may result in low cost. But there are chances of dispute as
mistakes found at a later stage are difficult to be adjusted. It might prove to be laborious
for engineer as the work may have to be entrusted to an unknown contractor. Thus might
result in high final cost due to various reasons (delay, claims, extra items etc.).
2. Selected or limited Tender: For this type of tender, the engineer after consultation with
his client, invites a limited number of contractors for filling up the tender of the project.
It results into competition on a small scale. But it proves to be useful for specialized and
skilled works. It also leads to successful completion of the project.
3. Negotiated Tender: This is the advanced form of selective tender and the contract is given
by negotiations with one or at the most two contractors. As such, there is no competition
in this type of tender and hence, it may prove to be costly. But when work is to be
completed in target time without sacrificing for the quality, negotiated tender may prove
to be the only alternative.

Essential Considerations before submitting Tender

Following are the essential considerations before submitting Tender:

1. Site location, its geology, water table and sub-surface strata information are very
important and must be studied in detail by the tenderer before filling the tender.
2. Climate conditions and hydrology of the area, including information on surface runoff
must be acquired.
3. Sources of building materials (cement, sand, steel, aggregate & bricks etc.) must be
known.
4. Transportation cost of materials should be kept as low as possible.
5. Availability of local skilled and unskilled labours should be known (Mason, Carpenter,
Steel fixers & welders etc.).
6. Transportation facilities must be checked (type of road & access to site).
 7. Availability of local market for material.
8. Local ordinances and laws must be known.
9. Rates of material and labour wages must be known.
10. Availability of housing facilities for construction & supervising staff, if required.
11. Storage facilities for materials at or near the site must be available.
12. Availability of electricity, water, telephone and other services must be known.
13. Availability of local sub-contractors & material suppliers must be known.

Tender Notice
Notice inviting tenders is a very important document, on which tenders and subsequent
agreements with the contractors are based.

The purpose of Tender is to create interest for the proposed work amongst a considerable
number of bidders so as to secure the benefits of keen competition. Therefore,

• The advertisement should come to the notice of greatest number of potential bidders.
• All tender notices should be in standard form of the department.
• Tenders must be displayed on the notice board, circulated to the related sub-divisions
and other divisions of the department.
• In addition, Tender notice should be published in two daily local newspapers.

A Tender Notice must include the following:

1. Name of Authority inviting tender

2. Particulars of contractors eligible to submit tenders
3. Name of work and its location
4. Estimated cost of the work
5. Cost of complete set of tender form
6. Last date of sale of tender
7. Earnest money deposit and security deposit
8. Time of completion of work
9. Last date, time limit and place of receipt of sealed tenders
10. Date, time and place of opening of tenders
11. Accepting Authority
12. Validity of tenders
 Tender Form
A Tender form must contain the following:

1. Price: Provision for price to be written by the contractor must be provided.

Lump-sum Price: One price (one Figure only)
Item Rate / Unit Price: Approximate quantities must be given of all possible items, in order
for the contractor to quote his price.
Price must be written in both figure and words. In case of discrepancy between words
and figures, words should be considered as final. Similarly, in case of discrepancy between
unit price and total price for an item, unit price is considered as final price.
2. Earnest Money: The amount of earnest money to be accompanied along the tender
should be clearly mentioned (1% - 2% of the estimated cost) in the tender form.
Purpose of earnest money: Restriction on competition and can be used for punishment.
3. Security deposit: Required amount of Security deposit (5% - 10% of the total estimated
cost) after the acceptance of the tender must be mentioned in the tender form.
Normally security deposit is returned at the end of maintenance period and is used as
deposit for loans and also for punishment of contractor.
4. Time Limit: Time period for the completion of work must be mentioned in the tender
form in terms of days or months etc.
5. Tender Validity Period: Validity period of the Tender must also be mentioned in the
Tender form (in terms of days or months).
6. Miscellaneous: The tender form should state that the contractor has seen the site and
understood the provisions of the plans, specifications and conditions of the contract. It
should also mention that the contractor cannot make any changes in the tender form
supplied to him.

Submission of Tenders
Tenders are submitted in sealed envelopes marked as 1, 2, 3 & 4:

a) Envelope No. 1: This envelope contains Earnest money deposit

b) Envelope No. 2: This envelope contains the following Technical documents:
1. Covering Letter to the Tender
2. Comments from tenderer (refers to items, clauses & pages of the tender document)
3. Solvency certificate from Bank authorities
4. Income Tax clearance certificate
5. List of completed projects
 6. Details of equipment/machinery available
7. Details of Technical staff
8. Details of projects in hand
9. Details of registration with government departments
10. Details about firm/company
c) Envelope No. 3: This envelope contains the Priced Tender with signature of the Tenderer.
d) Envelope No. 4: This envelope contains all of the above mentioned three (3) envelopes.
It must be properly sealed, endorsed on the outside face “Tender for name of the
Project”.

Opening of Tenders
The following is the procedure for the Opening of Tenders:

1. In case of private parties or organization, presence of Tenderers is not necessary at the

time of opening of tenders.
2. In case of government / public bodies, the presence of tenderers is required at the time
of opening of Tenders.
3. The committee or the owners should remain present at the time of opening of Tenders.

Envelopes are opened in the following sequence:

• Envelope No. 4 shall be opened at the time, date and place in the presence of all
tenderers or representatives.
• Envelope No. 1 is opened to check the earnest money. If money in required form and
amount is not present, the tender is returned “unopened”
• Envelope No. 2 is opened and all documents shall be scrutinized and comments or
conditions which have financial implications should be reviewed and evaluated by
the “ARCHITECT” of the Owner.
• Envelope No. 3 should be opened on a separate date which shall be intimated to the
tenderers or representatives.
• As it is desired to complete the formalities as quickly as possible, it is suggested that
senior representatives of the tenderers may remain present at the time of opening
of tenders.

Acceptance of Tenders
Generally the lowest Tender is accepted. In some cases the rates of the lowest tenderer
are so low that might lead to work being spoiled. In such cases the owner might opt for
the second lowest Tenderer or may negotiate with him (second lowest tenderer).
However, this must be completed within a specified time or within reasonable time and
the contractors must be informed about it.

Earnest money of unsuccessful tenderers should be returned.

Following are considered to be the “modes of acceptance of tenders”:

1. Conduct of Parties: In some cases, conduct of parties may be treated as

acceptance of tender. e.g. Owner permits a contractor to start work before
completing the necessary formalities.
2. Acceptance by Telegram: A telegram sent by a competent authority/person can
be accepted as valid for acceptance of tender.
3. Acceptance in Writing: When specified a manner for acceptance of Tender,
verbal acceptance will not be valid and in such cases acceptance of tender in
writing and in prescribed manner is essential.
4. Absolute Acceptance: Law requires that the acceptance of tender must be
absolute and unqualified. An acceptance with variation is nothing more than a
counter offer and it must be accepted by the original promisor before a contract
is made.
 ROAD ESTIMATION
Earthwork

Lead: Length of road section (30m) normal

Lift: height of fill (1.5m) normal

Formation Line: The finished level of banking (filling) or cutting is called formation level. It
depends on the following:

a. Flood level
b. Gradient
c. Height of Bank
d. Depth of cutting

Road can be in Banking (filling) or cutting. Usually cutting material is utilized in filling or banking
(if suitable) but in cost estimation the utilization of cutting material in banking is not considered
to avoid complications.

Depth of cut and fill is calculated using the formation level. The level of ground are taken
generally at every 30m interval but it can be increased or decreased depending on the actual
ground conditions.

Estimates are generally made for every kilometer length of the road.

Methods of Earthwork calculations

Following methods are used for the calculations of earthwork:

1. Mid Sectional Area Method: B = formation width, d = depth of section (cut or fill) &
S = side slope
Area = Bdm + ½(Sdm)(dm) + ½(sdm)(dm)
Area = Bdm + S(dm)2
Quantity or Volume = Area x Length = (Bdm + S(dm)2) x L
Area of side slopping surface (surface may require turfing or pitching):
Mean slope breadth = √(sd2 + d2) = d √(s2 +1)
Area of both side slopes = 2L x d √(s2 +1)
(Turfing: Grass growing on slopes, Pitching: Laying of stones on slopes)

2. Mean Sectional Area Method:

Sectional Area at End 1 (A1) = Bd1 + S(d1)2
 Sectional Area at End 2 (A2) = Bd2 + S(d2)2
Mean Sectional Area (Am) = (A1 + A2)/2
Mean Area (Am) = {(Bd1 + S(d1)2) + (Bd2 + S(d2)2)}/2
Quantity or Volume = Area x Length = [{(Bd1 + S(d1)2) + (Bd2 + S(d2)2)}/2] x L

3. Prismoidal Formula Method:

Quantity or Volume = L/6 (A1 + A2 + 4Am)
Where A1 & A2 are the X-Sectional area at two ends of the section of embankment of a
road having length L and Am is the mid sectional area.
d1, d2 & dm are the heights or depths of embankment at two ends and mid-section,
respectively.
Quantity or Volume = L/6 x [ b{(d1 + d2)/2} + s{(d12 + d22 + d1d2)/3}]

Prismoidal formula is more accurate than the other two methods

Solved Example No. 1, 2, 3 & 4 from Estimation and Costing in Civil Engineering by B. N. Dutta
Chapter No. 7.
 Estimation of Steel Quantities
The most important part of this estimation is to calculate the length of steel bars.

Extra Lengths of Steel bars:

1. Hooked Bar: Extra length of Hook = 9d (where d = diameter of steel bar)

Total Length of Hooked bars = L + 18d

2. Bent Up Bar: The extra length of Bent is a function of the angle of bent.
If ɵ = 30⁰, Extra length of bent-up bar = 0.3X (where X = effective depth)
If ɵ = 45⁰, Extra length of bent-up bar = 0.45X
If ɵ = 60⁰, Extra length of bent-up bar = 0.6X
If ɵ = 90⁰, Extra length of bent-up bar = 6d
Two sides Bent-Up
Total Length of Bent-up bar = L + 18d (hooked at both ends) + 2(0.3X) (ɵ = 30⁰)
Total Length of Bent-up bar = L + 18d (hooked at both ends) + 2(0.45X) (ɵ = 45⁰)
Total Length of Bent-up bar = L + 18d (hooked at both ends) + 2(0.6X) (ɵ = 60⁰)
Total Length of Bent-up bar = L + 18d (hooked at both ends) + 2(6d) (ɵ = 90⁰)
One side Bent-Up
Total Length of Bent-up bar = L + 18d (hooked at both ends) + 0.3X (ɵ = 30⁰)
Total Length of Bent-up bar = L + 18d (hooked at both ends) + 0.45X (ɵ = 45⁰)
Total Length of Bent-up bar = L + 18d (hooked at both ends) + 0.6X (ɵ = 60⁰)
Total Length of Bent-up bar = L + 18d (hooked at both ends) + 6d (ɵ = 90⁰)

3. Lateral Ties or Vertical Stirrups:

a. Two Legged Stirrups: X = B – 2xcover -2d, Y = D - 2xcover -2d
Extra Length of two hooks = 2 x 12d or 0.15m = 24d or 0.15m (whichever is more)
Total Length of 2 legged Stirrup = 2X +2Y + (24d or 0.15m)
b. One Legged Stirrups: Extra Length = 14d +14d = 28d
Total Length of 1 legged Stirrup = 28d + X + 2Y

4. Overlapping Bars:
Extra length of Overlapping Bars = 45d (Bars in Compression)
Extra length of Overlapping Bars = 58d (Bars in Tension)
Total length of Overlapping Bars = 45d +18d (Bars in compression)
Total length of Overlapping Bars = 58d +18d (Bars in Tension)
 Weight of Steel Bars

S. No. Diameter (mm) Weight (kg/m)

1 6 0.22
2 8 0.39
3 9 0.50
4 10 0.62
5 12 0.89
6 16 1.58
7 18 2.00
8 20 2.46
9 22 2.98
10 25 3.85

Number of Bars or Stirrups

Number of Bars or Stirrups = [{length of component – 2(cover)}/{center to center spacing}] +1

EXAMPLE: (Solved Example No. 9.1, Estimating, Costing and Valuation by Rangwala)

Solution:

Given: Cover = 5cm (foundation & column top & bottom) & 2.5cm (column plan)

Foundation Size = 1m x 1m, Steel = 12mm diameter both sides @ 10cm c/c

Column Size = 0.3m x 0.3m, Steel = 16mm dia. Main bars (4 No.) & Ties 8mm dia. @ 15cm c/c

Foundation Steel Estimation

Length L = (1.0 – 2(0.05) + 2x9x0.012) = 1.12m (Cover = 0.05m, Dia. For hooks = 0.012m)

Number of Bars = [0.9/0.1] + 1 = 10 bars (each in both directions)

Total Number of Bars = 2 x 10 = 20 bars (@12mm dia.)

Total Length of steel in foundation (both directions @ 12mm dia.) = 1.12 x 20 = 22.4m

Weight of steel in both directions = 22.4 x 0.89 = 19.94 kg (12mm dia bar weight = 0.89kg/m)
Column Steel Estimation

Main Steel Vertical Bars

Length = 3.5 + 0.5 + 0.3 + 0.3 + (2 x 9 x 0.016) – (2 x 0.05) – (2 x 0.012) = 4.76m

Hook Cover bottom Bars

Total Length of Steel Vertical bars = 4 x 4.76 = 19.04m

Weight of Steel Main Bars = 19.04 x 1.58 = 30.08 kg (16mm dia bar weight = 1.58kg/m)

Lateral Ties

Cover of steel in both side (plan of column) = 0.025m

L = B = 0.25 – (2 x 0.008) = 0.234m

Length of Tie Bars = 2 (L + B) + 24d = 2(0.234 + 0.0234) + 24(0.008) = 1.128m

Length of Column = 3.5 + 0.5 + 0.3 – 2(0.05) = 4.20m

Number of Ties = {4.20/0.15} + 1 = 29 Ties

Total length of Tie Bars = 29 x 1.128 = 32.77m

Weight of Tie Bars = 32.77 x 0.39 = 12.78kg

Solved Example 9.2 and 9.5 in class