Science Keywords Revision Notes 1
Science Keywords Revision Notes 1
Science Keywords Revision Notes 1
Keywords List
Physical Sciences
Matter
Air has mass, can be compressed, does not have a definite volume, does not have a
definite shape, takes up the shape of its container and takes up the volume of its
container
Liquids have mass, cannot be compressed, do not have definite volumes, do not have
definite shapes and take up the shape of their containers
Solids have mass, cannot be compressed, do not have definite volumes and do not have
definite shapes
Matter occupies space. The hole on the top of the bottle allowed air in the bottle to
escape into the surroundings and the hole on the bottom of the bottle allowed water to
fill the bottle. Thus, the water entered the bottle and displaced the air
By containing the air within a plastic bag, the mass of the air can be measured
Since the substance is a gas at 110°C, it is stored in a seal container to prevent it from
escaping into the surrounding air
Diversity of Materials
X has more strength than Y as it can withstand a greater force without breaking
X is flexible but material Y is stiff
Material X is buoyant but material Y heavy
Material X is transparent, but material Y is opaque
Heat
Water Cycle
The cooler water droplets gained heat from the warmer (surroundings/surrounding
air/etc.) and evaporated, forming warmer water droplets that rose, came into contact
with the cooler (inner surface of the bottle/window/etc.) and condensed, forming water
droplets (that collected in the cup/that dripped down and collected in the bowl/etc.).
Electricity
Magnets
The like poles of the magnets were facing each other, thus the magnets repelled each
other.
The unlike poles of the magnets were facing each other, thus the magnets attracted each
other.
(Iron/steel/cobalt/nickel) is a magnetic material, so the (iron coin/steel sheet/etc.) was
attracted to the magnet.
He can use one pole of the bar magnet to stroke the iron rod multiple times in one
direction, magnetically inducing the iron rod and making it a temporary magnet.
Light
Forces
Energy
Start energy chains with potential energy unless there are moving objects (in which case
it would be kinetic energy) or with a powers socket (in which case it would be electrical
energy but be sure not to mix this up with batteries).
The object had kinetic energy as it was moving.
When the (ball/water/etc.) is placed at a higher height, it has more gravitational potential
energy that is converted to more kinetic energy when it falls (which is converted to more
sound energy when it hits the bottom of the container/meaning the object hits the
ground with more force and more impact/etc.).
The object converted some of its kinetic energy into heat and sound energy.
o The object lost some of its energy to the surroundings
Biological Sciences
Diversity of Living Things
Living things need oxygen, water and food to survive. They can grow, reproduce, respond
to changes and are able to move around by themselves.
Classification of animals
o Insects are cold-blooded invertebrates with hard outer coverings, three body
parts and six legs. They breathe through breathing holes and they lay eggs.
o Fish are cold-blooded vertebrates with scales and fins. They breathe through gills
and lay eggs.
o Birds are warm-blooded vertebrate with feathers, a beak, a pair of wings and two
legs. They breathe with their lungs, lay eggs and look after their eggs till they
hatch.
o Mammals are warm-blooded vertebrate with hair and two pairs of limbs. They
breathe with their lungs, give birth to their young alive and suckle their young.
o The platypus and spiny anteater lay eggs.
o Reptiles are cold-blooded vertebrate who have thick, waterproof, scaly skin. They
breathe with their lungs, lay eggs with leathery shells and do not look after their
young.
o Amphibians are cold-blooded vertebrate with moist skin. They breathe with their
lungs on land and with moist skin in water. They lay their eggs in water and do
not look after their young. The young do not look like the adults
Life Cycles
The chloroplasts in the plant take in light to photosynthesize in order to make food. The
food is transported to other parts of the plant via the food carrying tube and the excess
food is then converted to and stored as starch.
o The further the plant from the lamp, the lower the intensity of the light received
by the plant and thus, there will be a lower rate of photosynthesis. As such, less
food is made, and the plant takes in less water.
o The floating plants on the surface of the water blocked sunlight from reaching
the totally submerged plants. As the chloroplasts of the leaves of the totally
submerged plants could not take in sunlight, it could not carry out
photosynthesis to make food. As the totally submerged plants could not make
food, they were unable to survive.
The plants converted some starch back into food, so they were still able
to survive for a little time before they ran out of starch.
The roots of the plant absorb water and mineral salts which are transported to other
parts of the plant via the water carrying tubes and the roots also anchor the plant firmly
into the soil.
o Mineral salts ≠ nutrients (use “mineral salts” when it comes to roots”)
o The roots are the most widespread, the deepest and have the longest horizontal
distance of root growth, meaning they can hold the soil together the best.
The water taken in by the roots was transported upwards to the leaves via the water
carrying tubes, where transpiration occurred so the water evaporated through the
stomata and the plant lost water in the form of water vapour.
o The plants transpired, losing water in the form of water vapour through its
stomata, resulting in a decrease in mass.
The water vapour lost via the stomata of the plant during transpiration
was contained within the plastic bag, so there was no change in mass.
When there is light, the plants can photosynthesize and take in carbon dioxide released
during respiration and release oxygen. When there is no light, plants cannot
photosynthesize and instead take in the oxygen released during photosynthesise for
respiration and release carbon dioxide.
Pollination
The flower will not be able to bear fruits as by plucking off the stigma, the flower will not
be able to receive pollen grains for pollination thus no fertilisation can take place.
The anther produces pollen grains containing the male sex cells.
The flower is insect pollinated as it has bright colours that attract insects and it has
anthers and stigmas that are found inside the flower.
The flower is wind pollinated as it has stigmas and anthers that hang out of the flower so
that the pollen grains are carried to the stigmas by the wind and it has flowery stigmas to
catch the pollen grains.
Seed Dispersal
The fibrous husk helps trap air so the fruit can float in water. Thus, the water can carry
the fruit and the seeds further away from the parent plant in the direction of the current.
The wing-like structures helps the seed float in the air so the wind can carry the seeds
further away from the parent plant in the direction of the wind.
The juicy/fleshy/fragrant fruits attract animals and the hook-like structures help the fruits
to attach to the animal’s fur or skin so it will be carried by the animal away from the
parent plant.
The small seeds are swallowed by the animal, travels along the digestive track and is
passed out after the animal is travelled and carried the seed further away from the
parent plant.
The pod-shaped fruits dry up and split along the line of weakness, dispersing the seeds
away from the parent plant.
The seeds are dispersed further away from the parent plant, so the young seedlings do
not have to compete with an adult plant for water, nutrients, space, sunlight and oxygen.
o Use each factor as necessary.
Circulatory System
During exercise, the heart beats faster in order to pump more blood that is rich in oxygen
and digested food to the muscles so the muscles can produce more energy and to pump
more blood that is rich in carbon dioxide away from the muscles.
The human’s circulatory system is in two directions while the fish’s circulatory system is
in one direction.
Respiratory System
The (lungs/gills/etc.) are where gaseous exchange occurs, so oxygen can enter the
organism to keep cells alive and carbon dioxide waste can be taken out of the body.
The (air sacs/gills/etc.) increases surface area for quicker gaseous exchange as there is
quicker diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across itself.
The volume of air in an athlete’s lungs during exercise changes more rapidly as the
athlete requires more energy and thus more oxygen, meaning she has to breathe faster
in order to breathe in more oxygen and breathe out more carbon dioxide.
Digestive System
The tongue mixes chewed food with saliva, which is a type of digestive juice, making the
food wet and easy to swallow.
The teeth chew on the food and break them down into smaller pieces so that when it
travels down the gullet to the stomach and small intestine, there is a larger exposed
surface area to the digestive juices and the food can be digested at a faster rate.
The stomach is where partially digested food is mixed with digestive juices to be broken
down into simpler substances
The small intestine is where digested food is absorbed, and the large intestine is where
water is absorbed from the digested food.
o Digestion is completed in the small intestine and no digestive juices is found in
the large intestine.
Reproduction in Humans
(in a question where the fallopian tubes are cut or blocked) No, the woman cannot get
pregnant. The eggs produced by the ovaries cannot travel down the fallopian tube to fuse
with the sperms, meaning that fertilisation cannot occur, and the woman will not be
pregnant.
(in a question where the uterus lining is scraped off) No, the woman cannot get pregnant.
Since the uterus lining is scraped off, even if an egg fuses with a sperm, the fertilised egg
will not have anywhere to stick to grow.
Cells
The cell contains a nucleus that contains the genetic information necessary to produce
more cells.
The cell contains a nucleus that controls the growth and repairs injured parts of the cell.
The cytoplasm allows only certain substances to move in and out of a cell.
The extensions on the root hair cells increase the exposed surface area to the soil so the
roots can take in more water for the plant.
Interactions
Adaptions