Physical Science

Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Exploring the Structure and
Function of Biological Molecules
Physical Science
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 –Module 5: Exploring the Structure and Function of Biological Molecules
First Edition, 2020

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____________________________________________
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 Physical Science
Quarter 1 – Module 5:

Exploring the Structure and

Function of Biological Molecules
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to Physical Science Grade 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Biological Macromolecule Structure and Function!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed to assist the
teachers/facilitators in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in
schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st - century skills while taking into consideration their
needs.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep
track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their learning.
Furthermore, please encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included
in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to Physical Science 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Biological macromolecule structure and its function!

Our hands are the most represented parts of the human body. They are often used
to depict skill, action, and purpose. With our hands, we create, accomplish, and
learn. Hence, you are capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be able to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts:

This part will give you an idea of the skills

What I Need to Know or competencies that you are expected to
learn in the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that will check

what you already know about the lesson. If
you get all the correct answers (100%), you
may decide to skip this module.

What’s In This drill or review to help you link the

current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson is introduced

to you in various ways through a story, a
song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity,
or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. It aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This part comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the answers
to the exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module.

What I Have Learned This part includes questions or blank

sentences/paragraphs to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity that will help

you transfer your new knowledge or skills
into real-life situations.

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 Assessment This part is a task that aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.

Answer Key This part contains answers to all activities in

the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This part is a list of all sources used in

development of this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the module and in checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next activity.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain a deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It aims to help you master
the principles governing the structures and functions of biological macromolecules.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons
follow the standard sequence of the course.

This module consists of one lesson:

• Lesson 1 – Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules

By the end of this module, you can:

1. Describe the different biological molecules;
2. Compare and contrast the biological macromolecule in terms of
structure; and
3. Appreciate the importance of biological macromolecules in our life by
citing their functions.

Notes to the Teacher

This module provides learning activities that encourage self-
directed learning. Moreover, your role is to facilitate the learning
process by providing a clear understanding of how to maximize the
use of this module, monitor the development of our learners,
scaffold the acquisition of learning to achieve target mastery level,
and provide positive feedback regarding their progress.

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 What I Know

DIRECTIONS: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which macromolecules contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen?

a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Protein d. Nucleic acid

2. Which type of bond exists between amino acids?

a. Ester b. Glycosidic c. Phosphodiester d. Peptide

3. Which macromolecules contain a nitrogen base?

a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Protein d. Nucleic acid

4. Which is NOT an example of carbohydrates?

a. Cellulose b. Chitin c. Starch d. Sugar

5. Which is NOT an example of an amino acid?

a. Alanine b. Ascorbic acid c. Lysine d. Valine

6. What year did Nobel Laureate Staudinger coin the word “macromolecule”?

a. 1910 b. 1920 c. 1930 d. 1940

7. Which refers to the smallest unit of macromolecule?

a. Amino acid b. Monomer c. Polymer d. Sucrose

8. Which of the following type of bonds links monomers of macromolecule?

a. Covalent b. Ionic c. Hydrogen d. Peptide

9. Which is NOT an example of polymers of carbohydrates?

a. Galactose b. Lactose c. Maltose d. Sucrose

10. Which is NOT an example of monomers of carbohydrates?

a. Galactose b. Glucose c. Fructose d. Lactose

11. Which of the following serves as storage of energy for plants?

a. Chitin b. Cellulose c. Glycogen d. Starch

12. Structural and contractile are functions being performed by what molecule?

a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Protein d. Nucleic acid

13. Which is NOT an example of lipids?

a. Fats b. Starch c. Steroid d. Wax

14. Which of the following is a function being performed by lipids in our body?

a. Contractile b. Insulation c. Structural d. Transport

15. Carrying genetic materials is performed by what biological macromolecule?

a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Protein d. Nucleic acid

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 Lesson
Structure and Function of
1 Biological Molecules
“Biochemistry is the science of life. All our life processes-walking, talking, moving,
feeding- are essentially chemical reactions. So, biochemistry is the chemistry of life,
and it’s supremely interesting.” – Aaron Ciechanover

What’s In

Directions: Identify the polarity and type of intermolecular forces of the compounds
below:

COMPOUND POLARITY TYPE OF IMFA

Water
(H2O)
Ammonia
(NH3)
Carbon monoxide
(CO)

What’s New

Macromolecule Word Puzzle

Directions: Study the table below. Encircle the words which are related to biological
macromolecules. Look for the meaning of the encircled words and add them to your
prior knowledge.

A P O L Y M E R C O V A L E N T L P L
D C A R B O H Y D R A T E S U I I R S
M A C R O M O L E C U L E S H O P O A
G F R M O N O M E R E T N Y O L I T N
F O R G A N I C R N A G Z W A X D E G
A M I N O A C I D T T F Y C I P S I T
T M O L E C U L E D W A M D N A R N E
S S U G A R O I L J D E E V S G D D W

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 What is It

Structure and Functions of Biological Macromolecules

Biological macromolecules are large molecules that are important components
of living systems. Performing a variety of functions, they are vital to sustaining life.
The term “macromolecule” was coined in 1920 by Nobel Laureate Hermann
Staudinger. Staudinger was also the first to assert that large biological molecules are
made up and formed by covalently bonded sub-units.

Monomers and Polymers

Macromolecules perform a crucial role in our cell structure and processes.

Majority of biological macromolecules are polymers and are made of covalently linked
basic units called monomers. All the monomers which made up a polymer are
typically similar or at least highly similar to one another, and are bonded to form a
larger unit or larger macromolecule. Monomers that link with other monomers in
various combinations result in the formation of polymers, which have different
structures and functions.

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon and

hydrate (H + O). They are classified as simple or
complex sugars. Simple sugars are
monosaccharides and disaccharides, while
complex sugars are polysaccharides.
Carbohydrates serve as primary source of energy
for man, storage of energy (glycogen), structural
support for cell (cellulose & chitin), food (starch).

Proteins are polymers of amino acids arranged in a linear sequence of amino acid
which is also consist of a central carbon atom (alpha) attached to an amino acid
group, a carboxyl group, hydrogen atom and variable component known as side
chain. It is known as the most abundant organic molecules in living systems, and
have the most diverse functions which include regulatory, structural, protective,
contractile, transport, and storage.

Lipids are hydrophobic, nonpolar molecules

containing carbon-hydrogen bonds. They are
insoluble in water. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes,
phospholipids, and steroids and perform many
different functions such as energy storage (fats),
provide insulation, building blocks of hormones,
and a major constituent of the plasma membrane.

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Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are biological

macromolecules vital in the continuity of
life. Nucleic acid carries the genetic material
of a cell and provides instructions for the
functioning of the cell. There are two main
types of nucleic acids the deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA
carries genetic material found in all living
organisms.

What’s More

Activity 1 Fill Me Up
Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the composition, function, and
sources of different biological macromolecules.

Directions: Complete the table below.

Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acid Carbohydrates

Monomer
Polymer
Function
Composition
Example
Source

Activity 2 Molecular
Objective: Identify the polymers and monomers of the different macromolecules.

Directions: Match the monomers on the left with the macromolecules on the
right. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided.

____________1. Fatty acids and glycerol A. Protein

____________2. Monosaccharide B. Lipid

____________3. Nucleotide C. Nucleic acid

____________4. Amino acid D. Carbohydrate

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Directions: Match the monomers on the left with the polymers on the right. Write
the letter of your answer on the space provided.

____________1. Amino acid A. DNA

____________2. Fatty acids and glycerol B. Triglyceride

____________3. Glucose C. Starch

What I Have Learned

1. Biological macromolecules are composed of organic molecules. They are

essential in different biological processes as they perform a wide variety
of functions.
2. Hydrophobic means “fear of water”. Hydrophobic molecules repel water
because they are non-polar.
3. Polymers are substances that contain a large number of similar units
known as monomers which are bonded together.
4. Monomers are basic molecules. Monomers interact and react with other
molecules to form a polymer chain or three-dimensional structure. This
process is known as polymerization.
5. Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecules contain a
phosphate group. Phospholipids are major components of the cell
membrane where they form the so-called “lipid bilayer”.

What I Can Do

Directions: Based on your understanding of this module, briefly answer the

following questions regarding the functions and importance of biological
macromolecules to us.

1. Explain why an enzyme may be capable of breaking down starch but may
not be able to break down cellulose.
2. Why do plant cells contain cellulose but animal cells do not?
3. How does the structure of macromolecules relate to their respective functions?
4. Why can’t most animals digest cellulose?
5. Differentiate saturated and unsaturated fat.
6. Discuss the role of fats in various health-related problems.

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 Assessment

DIRECTIONS: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which elements serve as the main composition of carbohydrates?

a. C, O, H b. C, N, H c. C, O, N d. C, P, O
2. Which of the following element is part of Nucleic acids composition?

a. He b. N c. S d. S
3. Which type of bond exists between amino acids?

a. Ester b. Ionic c. Glycosidic d. Peptide

4. Which macromolecule contains a nitrogenous base?

a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Nucleic acid d. Protein

5. Which is an example of protein?

a. Adenine b. Chitin c. Steroids d. Wax

6. Which is NOT an example of polymers of carbohydrates?

a. Galactose b. Lactose c. Maltose d. Sucrose

7. Which of the following is a function of lipids in our body?

a. Contractile b. Insulation c. Structural d. Transport

8. Which is NOT an example of lipids?

a. Fats b. Starch c. Steroid d. Wax

9. What year did Nobel Laureate Staudinger coined “Macromolecule”?

a. 1910 b. 1920 c. 1930 d. 1940

10. Which refers to the smallest unit of macromolecule?

a. Amino acid b. Monomer c. Polymer d. Sucrose

11. Carrying genetic materials is performed by what biological macromolecule?

a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Protein d. Nucleic acid

12. Structural and contractile are functions being performed by what molecule?

a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Protein d. Nucleic acid

13. Which type of bond links monomers of macromolecule?

a. Covalent b. Ionic c. Hydrogen d. Peptide

14. Which is NOT an example of monomers of carbohydrates?

a. Galactose b. Glucose c. Fructose d. Lactose

15. Which of the following serves as storage of energy for plants?

a. Chitin b. Cellulose c. Glycogen d. Starch

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 Additional Activities

Building My Macromolecule Concept

Objective: Demonstrate mastery of the biological macromolecule structure and
composition by completing the graphic organizer.
Directions: Based on your understanding of our lesson, complete the graphic
organizer by writing the appropriate word/s that will complete the concept of biological
macromolecules.
 Answer Key

.7 C

.6 B

.5 A

.4 A
B .8
.3 C
.15 C B .7
.14 D A .6 .2 D
.13 A B .5
.12 C C .4 .1 B
.11 D D .3 Activity 2
.10 B B .2
.9 B A .1

Assessment

A .8 Fruits, starch DNA RNA Meat products Fats, nuts, oils Source
.15 D B .7 Cellulose
DNA RNA Myosin, Keratin Fats, steroids Examples
.14 B B .6 Sugar, starch,
Consist of a central
.13 B A .5 carbon atom (alpha) Hydrocarbon
.12 C B .4 Nitrogenous base, attached to an chain
Oxygen, Ribose (RNA), amino acid group, a
.11 C D .3 Carbon, Hydrogen Deoxyribose (DNA), carboxyl group, Glycerol
Composition
.10 D D .2 Phosphate group hydrogen atom and molecules,
.9 A A .1 variable component
known as side chain
Serve as primary
Know source of energy for Nucleic acid carries
Storage, or Provide insulation,
Transport, building blocks of
What I man, storage of energy the genetic material
Contractile, hormones, and a
(glycogen), structural of a cell and provides Function
Protective, major constituent
support for cell instructions for the
Structural, of the plasma
(cellulose & chitin), functioning of the cell
Regulatory membrane
food (starch).
Polysaccharide DNA, RNA Waxes Polymer
Monosaccharide Nucleotides Amino Acid Glycerol Monomer
Carbohydrates Nucleic Acid Proteins Lipids Activity 1

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References

Bayo-ang, Roly., Coronacion, Maria Lourdes., Jorda, Annamae., & Restubog, Anna
Jamille. Physical Science for Senior High School (1st edition). Quezon City:
Educational Resources Corporation, 2017.
DepEd. K to 12 Senior High School Core Curriculum – Physical Science Curriculum
Guide. Learning Resource Portal, 2020.
https://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/detail/14519
DepEd. Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC). Teach Pinas, 2020.
https://www.teachpinas.com/k-12-most-essential-learning-competencies-
melc/
Malenab, Ryan., Catchiller, Gerry., Vibal, Pablito., & Martinez, Felipe. Essentials of
Physical Science. Quezon City: Rex Bookstore, 2016.
Punzalan, Jervy., & Monserrat, Richard. Science in Today’s World for Senior High
School: Physical Science. Quezon City: Sibs Publishing House, 2016.
Santiago, Karen., & Silverio, Angelina. Exploring Life through Science: Physical
Science. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing, 2016.

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