Roiger Bullock AP2e PPT Chapter01
Roiger Bullock AP2e PPT Chapter01
Roiger Bullock AP2e PPT Chapter01
PHYSIOLOGY,
& DISEASE
FOUNDATIONS FOR
THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS
DEBORAH ROIGER
NIA BULLOCK
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2
Chapter 1
The Basics
Learning Outcomes 1
Learning Outcomes 2
Learning Outcomes 3
Anatomy
Anatomy is the study of structures, and
physiology is the study of how structures
function.
Pathology is the study of disease.
Anatomical Terms
The standard anatomical position is
standing with arms at the sides and palms
and head facing forward.
Anatomical Regions 1
Anatomical Regions 2
Anatomical Planes 1
Planes 2
Anatomical Positions
Supine is anterior surface facing up.
Prone is anterior surface facing down.
Anatomical Cavities 1
• Vertebral cavity.
• Lined by the meninges.
Anatomical Cavities 2
• The mediastinum.
• Space between the pleural cavities.
Anatomical Cavities 3
Serous Membranes 1
Serous Membranes 2
Serous Membranes 3
Peritoneal Membrane
(Anterior View)
Homeostasis 1
Homeostasis 2
Negative Feedback.
• Negative feedback is the process the body
uses to reverse the direction of movement away
from homeostasis.
Negative-Feedback Mechanisms
Homeostasis 3
Positive Feedback.
• Positive feedback is the process the body uses
to increase the movement away from
homeostasis.
Terms of Pathology
Pathology is the study of disease.
Disease.
• Abnormally functioning organs or organ
systems resulting from a disruption in the
normal state of the body’s internal environment
(homeostasis).
1. Age
• More susceptible to disease:
• Elderly: as the body gets older, organ systems
can become less efficient.
• Children: babies are born with partially developed
immune systems.
• More susceptible to infectious disease.
The Elderly
• As the body ages, there is a general reduction
in function.
• There is an inability of certain organs such as
the brain and heart to regenerate.
• Overall, women live longer than men.
2. Gender
• Gender refers to the sex of an
individual—male or female.
• Some diseases affect only males or females
due to the differences in anatomy.
3. Heredity
• There is a combination of the genetic codes
from both parents.
• There are genetic links to certain diseases
and pathological conditions—predisposition.
• Many times, predisposition combined with the
presence of certain lifestyle risk factors make a
person more prone to a particular disease or
condition.
4. Lifestyle
• Bad lifestyle choices can contribute to
disease.
• Lifestyle risk factors can be controlled and
altered by the individual.
5. Environment
• Environmental stressors that can contribute
to poor health:
• Polluted air/water.
• Chronic stress.
• Loud noise.
• Poor and unsanitary living conditions.
• Contaminated food.
Signs
• Objective signals: can be measured.
• For example, fever.
Symptoms
• Subjective signals relative to the patient:
cannot be measured.
• For example, headache or nausea.
Pain
• Serves as a defense mechanism to warn the
person that there is a problem.
• Prevents further injury.
Inflammatory
Response
Classification of Disease 1
Classification of Disease 2
1. Infectious Disease
• Caused by pathogens.
• Damage local tissue.
• Produce substances that are toxic to the infected
individual.
Classification of Disease 3
2. Cancers
• Uncontrollable cell growth and proliferation.
• Mostly caused from mutations.
• Form tumors, or neoplasms, that compete
with healthy tissue for nutrients.
• Angiogenesis.
Classification of Disease 4
3. Immune Disorders
• 3 Types.
• Hypersensitivities.
• Immunodeficiency disorders.
• Autoimmune disorders.
Classification of Disease 5
3. Immune Disorders
• Hypersensitivities.
• An overreaction of the immune system to an
allergen.
• Anaphylaxis: a severe, systemic reaction that
can cause tightening of the airway.
Classification of Disease 6
3. Immune Disorders
• Immunodeficiency disorders.
• Deficiency in the immune system’s ability to
defend the body.
• Body is left vulnerable to pathological conditions.
Classification of Disease 7
3. Immune Disorders
• Autoimmune disorders.
• Inability of the immune system to distinguish
between self and non-self.
• The body’s immune system attacks its own cells.
Classification of Disease 8
4. Genetic Disorders
• Characterized as abnormalities caused by:
• A mutation in the genetic code.
• Presence of abnormal chromosomes.
• The alteration of chromosomal structure.
Classification of Disease 9
5. Mental Disorders
• A class of conditions of the mind and include
disorders associated with behavior or
psychological well-being.
• Various etiologies.
Classification of Disease 10
6. Trauma / Injury
• Trauma can be defined as a wound or shock
produced by an injury.
Diagnosing Disease 1
Diagnosing Disease 2
Differential Diagnosis
A differential diagnosis is used when there
is more than one disease that might be
responsible for the patient’s condition.
Introduction to Epidemiology 1
Introduction to Epidemiology 2
Trends in Epidemiology:
1. Determine the direction of pharmaceutical
research.
2. Determine the direction of treatment by health
care professionals.
Appendix of Image
Long Descriptions
In part (a) the heart wall and serous membranes are shown
in a full chest image and in an enlarged image of the
visceral and parietal pericardia along with the pericardial
cavity filled with pericardial fluid. In part (b), the lung wall
and serous membranes are shown in a full chest image
and in an enlarged image of the visceral and parietal pleura
along with the pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid.