Unit 2:

Research Ethics and Safety

Lesson 2.2
Plagiarism and Intellectual Property
Contents

Introduction 1 Learning Objectives 2 Warm Up 2

Learn about It! 4 Intellectual Property 4 Nature of Intellectual Properties 4 Protection of

Intellectual Properties 6 Laws and Policies on Intellectual Property 7 The 1987 Philippine
Constitution on Intellectual Property 7 Intellectual Property Infringement 7 Example Case of
Intellectual Property Infringement 8 Avoiding Intellectual Property Infringement 9
Plagiarism 10 Acts of Plagiarism 10 Laws and Policies on Plagiarism 12 Prevention of
Plagiarism 12 Research Fraud 13 Example Case of Research Fraud 14 Impact of Research
Fraud 15

Key Points 15 Check Your Understanding 16 Challenge Yourself 17 Mini Task 18 Photo

Credit 21 Bibliography 21

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety

Lesson 2.2

Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

 Introduction
In 2014, an English professor at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas was fired from his post after
having been found guilty of plagiarizing as many as 160 works from various authors to produce
18 published fiction, nonfiction, and critical outputs, according to the Chronicle of Higher
Education. His works were found to have a significant resemblance to the aforementioned
published literary material without him citing or making the necessary appropriations. Similar to
UNLV, almost all other academic institutions, scientific journals, and other publishers have
strengthened their mechanisms to detect plagiarism among the works of academicians,
researchers, and content producers. Academic integrity and other

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 1

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety

ethical practices, indeed, shall never be compromised. In any of your previous projects or
assignments, were you always able to cite the references that you used? Does your school have
rules concerning acts of plagiarism?

This lesson will highlight the nature of intellectual property infringement and plagiarism. It is
 important for us to be more aware of these aspects of research especially now that everything is
generated and shared in different online platforms. We have to be more careful because we do
not know if we are copying somebody else’s work or worse, our works are used by someone else
without our knowledge and permission.

DepEd Competency
Learning Objectives
In this lesson, you should be able to do the This lesson serves as an enrichment for
the following DepEd competency:
following:
● Review ethical rules needed in conducting Differentiate applied and basic research
scientific research. problems (STEM_RP12-IIa-e-2).

● Discuss intellectual property infringement

and plagiarism in research.

● Describe the relationship of research fraud

with plagiarism and intellectual property.

● Determine actual works or research

papers that infringe on intellectual
property.

Warm Up
My Work or Your Work? 15 minutes As it is highlighted in the previous lesson,
researchers have to face consequences when ethical principles in research are ignored or
compromised. In some cases, one might even face the wrath of the law. For this activity, we are
going to answer the question: why intellectual property rights have to be protected?

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 2

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety
Materials
● bond paper
● pen or pencil
● coloring materials
 Procedure
1. Draw anything on the sheet of drawing or bond paper—a portrait, a landscape, an abstract
work, or doodles with colors. You have the freedom to create whatever image you want
to draw.

2. You are not allowed to put any sentences, words, letters, or other forms of readable
characters on the paper, not even your name, date, or section.

3. The majority of the points for your work will be based on the thought behind it. Only some
of the points will go to the face value of your work.

4. You have strictly 10 minutes to finish your output.

5. Afterward, submit your outputs towards the students in the first row of your class. 6.
When all the drawings are in the first row, the students holding the outputs must shuffle
them.

7. Exchange the papers of two columns that are one column apart. For example, exchange
the papers between column 1 and column 3, and then column 2 and column 4.

8. After the exchange, the students holding the outputs must pass them backward until each
student in the class is holding a drawing.

9. Write your complete name, date, grade level, and section at the top left corner of the
output that you are holding. You may be puzzled at this point in the activity.

10. When done, submit all of the outputs to the teacher.

11. Your scores will be based on the drawing you put your names in.

Guide Questions
1. What was the wrongful part of the activity?
2. How does it feel to see your classmates write down their personal information on your
own work?

3. Are there laws or policies where what we did go against?

4. Why do you think intellectual property rights have to be protected?

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 3

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety
Learn about It!

Intellectual Property
 Nature of Intellectual Properties
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization established on January 1,
1995. Its main concern is to regulate and protect member countries in conducting any kind of
trade. One particular group of commodities that is traded between countries include intellectual
properties (IPs) such as books, designs, artworks, songs, and inventions. The WTO defines IP
rights as the “rights that are given to persons over the creation of their minds.” They
further elaborated these rights into two areas as copyright and rights related to copyright and
industrial property rights.

Copyright and rights related to copyright focus on literary works or performances and produced
work. Industrial property, on the other hand, are works related to IPs such as trademarks that
can be attributed to fair competition. Inventions and innovations that are used in production can
also be attributed to industrial property.

The Philippines is a founding member of WTO, therefore, our laws and policies regarding IPs are
parallel with the WTO mandate. The Republic Act No. 8293 (RA 8293) or the “Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines” elaborates the need to protect IPs, uphold its social function,
and implement administrative processes for the registration and to regulate any IP concerns.

It is also important to differentiate terms related to IPs such as trademark, trade name,
copyright, and patent. Although for this lesson, the focus will be given only to copyright and
patent. Table 2.2.1 shows the differences among these terms.

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 4

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety

Table 2.2.1. Differences Among Trademark, Trade name, Copyright, and Patent
 Intellectual Description
Property
Terminology

Trademark ● A trademark is any visible sign that can distinguish the goods
or services of an enterprise.
● The superscript ™ is used for trademarks that are not yet
registered to any IP authority.
● The superscript ®, by contrast, is used for registered
trademarks. Examples of this are logos of popular food chains,
cars, electronic devices, or social media platforms.
● Catchy taglines associated with a brand are also protected by a
trademark such as “Love ko ‘to”, “We find ways”, “Hari ng
padala”, or “Simply amazing”.

Trade name ● This is the name in which a trademark refers to. ● The logo
and the tagline “Love ko ‘to” both refers to the trade name of
Mcdonald’s Philippines.

Copyright ● The scope of copyright is confined to literary and artistic

works which are intellectual creations that are protected
from the moment of their inception.
● Examples of literary works are books, dissertations, research
papers, computer programs, speeches, manuscripts, reports,
or any textual work with or without illustrations.
● For artistic works, examples include drawings, paintings,
performances, sculptures, photographs, architectural designs,
or any non-textual works.

Patent ● Patents refer to any technical solution to a problem in any

field of human activity. This includes an invention or
improvement of a product or process.
● A good example is the invention of the alternating current or
AC by Nikola Tesla. It is indeed a technical solution and an
efficient way of transmitting electricity to great distances.
● It can be considered to be both a product invention because of
the generator to be used to produce an AC, and a process
invention because of how electricity is designed to be
transmitted.

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 5

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety
 What are the protections copyright and
patent owners enjoy?

Protection of Intellectual Properties

The international forum that campaigns for the protection of IP is called the World Intellectual
Property Organization or WIPO. Established in 1967, its mission is to lead an effective
international implementation of an IP system that enables creativity and innovation for the
benefit of all. WIPO does not regulate IPs like the WTO. Instead, they provide an avenue for
member countries, such as the Philippines, to formulate policies, cooperate with one another,
and become a repository of IP related information. You can access their database by clicking the
link provided below.

PATENTSCOPE.
World Intellectual Property Organization,
“PATENTSCOPE,”
WIPO.int,
https://www.wipo.int/patentscope/en/, last
accessed on September 14, 2020.

R.A. 8293 also created the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL) which is
the primary administrative body that promulgates or promotes the said law and protects
IPs. It has offices in almost every region in the country. It also has online services for the
registration concerning IPs and a database of registered IPs. The IPO primarily handles
trademark and patent registrations. Patents are only protected for a limited time of 20 years.
The short duration of protection is given to inventors for the purpose of limiting the monopoly of
an invention or innovation so that it can be eventually used to improve the lives of the public
freely. Copyright registration, by contrast, is administered by the National Library of the
Philippines, and protection of it can go as long as 50 years after the death of the creator.
This is the reason why research papers, theses, and dissertations are submitted to the national
library for the protection of the researchers and authors. Although copyright is protected longer,
the “fair use” section in RA 8293 provides for the limited free use of copyrighted works for non-
commercial and non-profit purposes such as in criticisms, news, teaching, and research.

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 6

Unit
 2: Research Ethics and Safety

IPO E-services.
Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines, “E-services,”
ipophil.gov.ph,
http://www.ipophil.gov.ph/intellectual-property-researcher/ ,
last accessed on September 14, 2020.

Laws and Policies on Intellectual Property

IPOPHL enumerates different laws and policies that guide its function. The main law of RA 8293
has been amended or updated several times by RA 9150 that protects layout-designs
(topographies) of integrated circuits, RA 9502 that protects consumers to have cheaper and
quality medicines, and RA 10372 which gives more power to the IPOPHL and updates RA 8293 to
cater the needs of our modern time.

The 1987 Philippine Constitution on Intellectual Property

All laws and policies that are created for IP rights are based on the constitution and international
laws that the Philippines is a signatory. The 1987 constitution states that “the use of property
bears a social function, and all economic agents shall contribute to the common good.” It
also says that the state shall encourage, develop, enrich, and regulate the works and creation of
Filipino scientists and artists for national development. IP ownership is a right of every Filipino,
and its economic benefits shall be enjoyed by them.

Intellectual Property Infringement

The violation of IP rights covers a broad range of cases. For the purposes of this lesson, we are
going to limit the discussion to copyright and patent infringement only.

Copyright and patent infringement happen when there is a violation of the exclusive
economic and moral rights granted to the copyright or patent owner. The possession of
copyrighted or patented works for the purposes of selling, distribution for profit, and exhibition
are also types of infringement because they impair the owner of the economic benefits of his or
her work. As we can observe, copyright and patent infringement are similar. The only differences
are the length of protection that is given to possess the monopoly of a copyright or a
patent and the types of works that can be copyrighted

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 7

 Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety

or patented. These factors will contribute to the outcome of each case that is litigated. Penalties
for violators, however, can go as high as Php 1.5M worth of fines and/or up to 9 years
imprisonment.

Example Case of Intellectual

Property Infringement
Providing examples of actual
cases filed
in court that is related to IP
infringement
is quite difficult. First, each case
is
independent of one another.
One case
cannot solely represent all
other court
cases regarding IP
infringement.
Second, there are a lot of
factors that the
courts raise in making a decision on IP
cases. For the purposes of this
subsection, only one example case will be
provided—which should not be used to
generalize to other IP related cases—and
this case will be narrated in its simplest
form.

Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press, and Sage Publications (Complainants)
submitted a copyright complaint in 2009 against the University System of Georgia (USG, the
Defendant). The complainants say that the defendant uses the excerpts of their scholarly articles
and books in an electronic form that are accessed by USG students where fees were not paid
accordingly, and therefore infringing their copyright. Before the advent of internet technology,
students must go to third-party photocopying centers (TPPCs) to buy these excerpts. The TPPCs
consequently were the ones responsible to pay copyright fees to the publishers per each sold
 copy. The electronic forms and distribution of scholarly works, however, changed this practice in
the USG. The excerpts of scholarly articles are scanned by the librarian and uploaded in their
university library portal where registered students have access to. Now, the students can
download any excerpt whenever they need it and save it in their computers indefinitely.

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 8

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety

The issue here is because it was uploaded once, copyright fees are only paid upon upload and
use of the library, but not the use of each student accessing it. The United States Court of
Appeals ruled in favor of the complainants stating that the practice of the USG directly
disables the publishers’ ability to reap the economic benefits of their copyright.

The above-mentioned case is also directly applicable to the Philippines because the US laws on
copyrights are similar to ours.

Avoiding Intellectual Property Infringement

How do we avoid IP infringement? We are going to answer this question in two ways: from the
point of view of the owner of the IP and from the point of view of the user of a registered IP.
Again, for the purposes of this lesson, we are going to focus on copyrights and patent
infringement.

Both IP owners and users must take steps to prevent infringement.

As the owner of a work that can be copyrighted or patented, the most obvious way to
prevent infringement is to register your work to proper authorities immediately after
creation. This will ensure the protection of your creation under Philippine law. Another is to be
vigilant. It will be very difficult to monitor who uses your copyright or patent unless it surfaces to
circulation, but becoming aware of where it could be illegally used will be helpful. The last way to
prevent IP infringement is to actively campaign the ethical and responsible use of all IP materials,
 especially within the academic community.

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 9

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety

From the perspective of the user of an IP material, especially for researchers, the best way to
protect yourself from copyright infringement is to cite all references. As you have learned
from your previous research lessons, it is the way of authors to properly acknowledge the
creations and knowledge that are produced by other people. This is also an important way to
prevent the act of plagiarism, which will be discussed in the next section. Finally, the mere
awareness of the laws on IPs and the active decision of not violating them will be of tremendous
help for IP material users.

Plagiarism
In Unit 2 Lesson 1, we briefly discussed plagiarism and defined it as an act of copying or using
work from another person and presenting it as your own. In this section, we will elaborate on
specific acts of plagiarism and the possible laws that can indirectly be violated by such acts.

Making small changes to work and passing it as your own is still considered plagiarism.

Acts of Plagiarism
In 2010, Supreme Court Justice Mariano del Rosario was accused of plagiarism due to one of his
 decisions. The allegation was about the absence of a footnote that was supposed to cite the
source of one of the passages in the said decision. The supreme court ordered,

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 10

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety

however, that the claim was insufficient to accuse a supreme court justice of plagiarism because
it was just an accidental deletion of a footnote. Two years later, Senator Tito Sotto was also
accused of plagiarism during his speech against the reproductive health bill. In his speech, there
are parts that were lifted word for word from a post by a blogger named Sarah Pope in her blog
entitled “How the Pill Harms Your Future Child’s Health” without proper references or in-text
citation. Regardless of the outcomes of these examples, it is a good insight into how important
it is to do proper citations all the time.

Ateneo De Manila University’s (ADMU) student guide on the Code of Academic Integrity,
published in 2012, has enumerated acts of plagiarism with specific example cases. There are
descriptions and explanations for the students in each case. We have said that no two cases in
copyright infringements are the same. That is why specific example cases were provided so that
they can be easily interpreted during disciplinary trials. They also defined plagiarism as not just
by mere intention, but the act itself. The different plagiarism acts based on Ateneo De Manila
University's Code of Academic Integrity are as follows:

1. verbatim repetition of someone else’s words without acknowledgment;

2. presentation of someone else’s ideas without acknowledgment;
3. paraphrasing, translating, or summarizing someone else’s ideas without
acknowledgment;
4. improper acknowledgment of sources, as with incomplete/imprecise documentation; and

5. having one’s work done by someone else or having one’s work substantially revised by
someone else.

Code of Academic Integrity.

Ateneo De Manila University Loyola Schools “The Student
Guide to the Code of Academic Integrity of the Loyola Schools
(2012 Edition),”
http://aisisonline.ateneo.edu/cmsadmin/docs/The_LS_Code_o
 f_Academic_Integrity_Student_Guide.pdf,
last accessed on
September 14, 2020.

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 11

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety

Laws and Policies on Plagiarism

Plagiarism is not explicitly described in Philippine laws, so it is not a criminal act on its own.
However, there are laws that are indirectly violated by specific acts of plagiarism. As it was
discussed in the previous section, it is clear that copyright violations can be similar to plagiarism.
Meticulous citation of references is necessary to avoid copyright infringements. The
Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines can be invoked whenever there are plagiarism
cases.

The Department of Justice, in their advisory published last October 2012, provides a list of laws
that relate to plagiarism. The Republic Act No. 10175 (RA 10175) or “The Cybercrime
Prevention Act of 2012” was one of the laws cited in their advisory. They reiterated that RA
10175 focuses on crimes conducted in any information technology platform. However,
cybercrimes that also infringe on IP laws can be considered a cybercrime.

Various academic institutions have also formulated policies that address acts of plagiarism. Dela
Salle University provides in their student handbook suggestions on how to prevent plagiarism in
the school. It is enumerated under the section of student dishonesty. Similarly, the Ateneo De
Manila University has discussed it well in its code of academic integrity. Both schools define
plagiarism as the act itself, not the inherent intent.

Prevention of Plagiarism
There are many ways how one can fall into the trap of plagiarism: deadlines, pressures from
groupmates or advisers, sleepiness, or simple neglect. But we have to actively prevent these
things for us to have a safe and ethical space to conduct our research. The best way is to learn
proper referencing and citation by using established guidelines such as the American
Psychological Association (APA) guidelines, Modern Language Association (MLA)
 guidelines, and the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) guidelines.

The APA guidelines are generally used in the field of education, psychology, and sciences. The
MLA is used for humanities, and CMOS for history, business, and fine arts. However, these are
just styles, and the institution that will eventually publish a work defines which style to use.

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 12

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety

Although it is difficult for one to determine which work is plagiarized as no one has the entire
knowledge of copyrighted works in their minds, we can use online services to detect plagiarism
in documents. By just a simple Google search, there are a lot of free online applications (e.g.,
www.duplichecker.com, www.plagiarismdetector.net) or paid platforms (e.g., Grammarly,
Turnitin) to choose from to aid in checking plagiarism. You can also manually check plagiarized
work, especially in scholarly articles, by looking at their in-text citation and skimming their
references. Knowledge of these three guidelines is essential to do this.

What are the different ways to prevent and

to detect plagiarism?

Research Fraud
Research fraud or scientific fraud is a highly unethical act of deception, misrepresentation,
and fabrication or falsification of one’s scientific work. Scientists and researchers alike can be
prone to this malicious act to achieve personal success in their professions.

More than just a violation of ethical practices, research fraud can also be a criminal act. The
“Revised Penal Code of the Philippines” or Act No. 3815 classifies fraud into two—fraudulent
intent and the act itself. Both are considered as criminal acts but differ in the degree of penalty.
Likewise, the “Criminal Code of the Philippines” defines it as “any person who intentionally or
deliberately misrepresents, alters, or conceals the truth…shall be liable for fraud and shall suffer
the penalty of imprisonment and fine.” Although it is not explicit in the Philippine laws when it
comes to scientific research, fabrication or falsification of data in research for the purpose
of personal gain, say for a research grant, can be qualified as a criminal act of fraud.
 2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 13

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety
Remember
Research fraud can become a criminal offense when there are
damages to persons or properties by fraudulent scientific research.

Example Case of Research Fraud

Alison Avenell , a clinical nutritionist from the University of Aberdeen in the United Kingdom,
was starting a scientific study on the evaluation of vitamin D’s capacity to reduce bone fractures
back in 2006. She then stumbled upon several works of Yoshihiro Sato, a Japanese specialist on
bone research. When she reviewed several scientific papers published by high profile journals on
medicine that are authored by Sato, she came to the conclusion that the profiles of his test
subjects between Sato’s research papers were quite similar. After further reviewing the studies,
Avenell found that the recruitment of the research subjects with low prevalence conditions was
relatively fast. Sato and his team were able to invite more than 300 test subjects in less than 3
months. Another interesting finding was when Sato’s research on drugs’ effectiveness shows
80%–90% effectivity among test subjects, which was incredibly high compared to other studies
on drug testing.

Six years later, Avenell and her colleagues from the University of Auckland in New Zealand
worked on a paper reviewing and analyzing a total of 33 research papers by Sato. They came to
the conclusion that all these papers were fraudulent with all of the research subject’s
data fabricated. In the same year, they submitted their review to several journals that
published the work of Sato to raise some red flags and eventually get them to retract Sato’s
papers.

Their success started when Avenell and her team’s paper was published by the journal Neurology
in 2016, and 10 out of 33 fraudulent scientific papers were retracted by several high profile
journals. In 2017, 21 out of 33 papers were retracted. Unfortunately, three months after
Avenell’s research was published, Sato was reportedly dead. As for the intent of Sato, it is
difficult to pinpoint his purpose on why he did such things.
 2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 14

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety

Impact of Research Fraud

Although many of Sato’s works were retracted, his scientific research on bones has been cited
more than 1000 times by different research papers. His clinical trials for bone medicine were
used as a rationale for different government programs. They were also used in a large-scale
study on the prevention of hip fractures by using vitamin B in the Netherlands in 2008. The scale
of scientific fraud can be unprecedented especially when journal articles, scientific papers, and
theses can be easily accessed and downloaded online. It transcends political borders and
scientific disciplines. It can go as far into the homes of people from different countries
through government programs. And the only way we can help in preventing widespread
fraudulent activities in the scientific community is to uphold the highest ethical principles in
research starting with our own works.

Key Points
______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ● Rights to

intellectual property (IP) include the rights that are given to individuals over the creation of
their minds.

● IP is protected by international and Philippine laws.

● Scientific research is covered by the protection of copyright and patent laws.
● IP infringement can be avoided by meticulous citation and referencing one’s sources.

● Plagiarism is an act of copying or paraphrasing other people’s work and presenting it as

your own. For some prestigious universities, plagiarism is not just the deliberate act but
the intent itself.

● American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA), and

Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) are guidelines for citation and referencing of various
forms of written works.

● Research fraud can become a criminal offense when there are damages to persons or
properties by fraudulent scientific research.

● The impact of research fraud can go beyond geography, politics, and scientific disciplines.
It can also be felt in the homes and lives of people.
 2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 15

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety

Students must become highly aware of how intellectual property infringement, plagiarism,
and research fraud affect the scientific community.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Check Your Understanding

A. Identify the nature of each of the following scenarios. Write IPI if it

demonstrates intellectual property infringement, P if plagiarism,
or RF if research fraud.

___________ 1. A researcher copied a text from a magazine without citing it properly.

___________ 2. An employee copied an entire article from a newspaper and used it in their

company’s blog which earns money from online ads.

___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ prove their hypothesis true.

5. A lawyer submitted a pleading to a court which contains

3. A student created a fundraising activity in their school passages from another lawyer’s work without proper

by using a patented device without permission from the acknowledgment.

owner. 6. An employee uses his company’s published works and

4. A student changes the numbers in their data set to sells it on a third-party online platform.

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 16

 Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety

___________ 7. A member of a faculty from a prestigious university published a research

study using data from the students in his class where he told

what they should answer.

___________ 8. A teacher asked the student to photocopy an entire book so that they can use
it for the whole school year.

___________ 9. A hospital funds a work by a doctor that wants to determine the cause of the
new coronavirus outbreak. He ended up involving random

patients with hay fever as subjects and declared his study as a success.

___________ 10. A student asked his classmate to write his assignment.

B. Cite activities in school where your knowledge of intellectual property rights,
plagiarism, and research fraud can be applied.

Areas in School School Activity

Classroom

Library

Gymnasium

Computer Laboratory

Other school areas

Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions.

1. Why do you think it is important to discuss the laws concerning intellectual property? 2.
What are the challenges involved in identifying intellectual property infringement? 3. Why do
 you think schools penalize plagiarism by the act of it but not the intent?

4. What are the things researchers gain from committing fraudulent activities in their work?

5. How can fraudulent research reach the lives of people in their homes?

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 17

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety
Mini Task

Whose Invention Is It Anyway?

In this activity, you will be challenged to identify different scientific inventions. You have to use
the Internet to learn more about the said invention. Your discerning skills will be tested in this
activity.

Materials
● worksheet
● a device with an Internet connection

Procedure
1. Five different photos of inventions and the inventors who are known to have created them
are shown in the worksheet.

2. You need to distinguish if the inventor truthfully invented the said invention and provide a
brief explanation to support your answers.

3. After completing the matrix, write your sources on the provided blanks. The teacher will
decide on how to write your sources.

4. Perform the task by completing Worksheet 2.2.. You can print the worksheet or edit the
template by clicking the link below.

a. Take note that you need to log in to your Gmail account after you click the
link. Then, select “Make a copy”.
b. Rename the file as specified by your teacher. You can move the file to your
desired location in your Google Drive.

Mini Task 2.2 Thought Organizer

Quipper Limited, “Mini Task 2.2 Thought Organizer,” (June 27,
 2020),
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fheHNdNtg_mUfa2_1nIwW
Ht0A4pgfoXZf5QgrinR-s8/copy, last accessed on
June 27, 2020.

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 18

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety

Worksheet 2.2. Thought Organizer

Whose Invention Is It Anyway?

Invention Inventor True or False Explanation

Agapito Flores

Fluorescent Lamp

Alexander Graham
Bell

Telephone

Thomas Edison
Incandescent
Light Bulb
 Jaap Haartsen
Bluetooth
 2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 19

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety

Alessandro Volta
Battery

List of Sources:

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 20

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety
Photo Credit

Volta battery-MHS 373-IMG 3840-white by Rama is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 FR via Wikimedia
Commons.

Bibliography

Act No. 3815. Accessed January 22, 2020.

https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/acts/act_3815_1930.html.
 Chop, Rose M., and Mary Cipriano Silva. “Scientific Fraud: Definitions, Policies, and Implications
for Nursing Research.” Journal of Professional Nursing7, no. 3 (1991): 166–71.
https://doi.org/10.1016/8755-7223(91)90051-l.

“Citation Styles: APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, IEEE: Home.” LibGuides. Accessed January 22,
2020. https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp.

“Copyright Registration.” Copyright Registration | National Library of the Philippines. Accessed

January 22, 2020. http://web.nlp.gov.ph/nlp/?q=node/646.

Criminal Code of the Philippines, Criminal Code of the Philippines §. Accessed January 23, 2020.
https://www.doj.gov.ph/files/ccc/Criminal_Code_September-2014(draft).pdf.

Doj.gov.ph, (2012). https://doj.gov.ph/files/2012/Advisory_Opinion_02(series_of_2012)-

Advisory_on_Plagiaris m.pdf.

Fernandez, Rosa M. “The National Patent System and Procedure in the Philippines: Essentials for
Patent Drafting.” Makati, October 12, 2018.

Fraenkel, Jack R., and Norman E. Wallen. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education.
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2009.

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 21

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety

G.R. No. 162230. Accessed January 22, 2020.

https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2010/apr2010/gr_162230_2010.html.

Inside WIPO. Accessed January 22, 2020. https://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/.

Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines, and World Intellectual Property Organization.
“Creative Expression: An Introduction to Copyright and Related Rights for Small and Medium-
Sized Enterprises.” Creative Expression: An Introduction to Copyright and Related Rights for Small
and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Makati City: IPO Philippines, 2010.
 KupferschmidtAug, Kai, Dennis Normile, Martin EnserinkJan, Dennis NormileJan, Sanjay
KumarJan, Jeffrey MervisJan, Erik StokstadJan, et al. “Researcher at the Center of an Epic
Fraud Remains an Enigma to Those Who Exposed Him.” Science, August 22, 2018.
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/08/researcher-center-epic-fraud-remains-enig ma-
those-who-exposed-him.

Pope, Sarah Pope MGASarah. “How The Pill Harms Your Future Child's Health - Healthy Home
Economist.” The Healthy Home Economist, October 10, 2019.
https://www.thehealthyhomeeconomist.com/how-the-pill-can-harm-your-future-childs-h
ealth/.

Romero, Purple. “Plagiarism Also a Crime under Cybercrime Law - DOJ.” Rappler. Accessed
January 22, 2020.

https://www.rappler.com/nation/13494-plagiarism-also-a-crime-under-cybercrime-law-d oj.

“The History of Multilateral Trading System.” WTO. Accessed January 22, 2020.
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/history_e/history_e.htm.

Trinidad, Jose Eos. Researching Philippine Realities: a Guide to Qualitative, Quantitative, and
Humanities Research. Quezon City: BlueBooks, 2018.

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 22

Unit
2: Research Ethics and Safety

“Understanding Student Plagiarism.” The LaSallian, March 30, 2014.

https://thelasallian.com/2013/07/10/understanding-student-plagiarism/.

United States, Court of Appeals. “Cambridge VS Patton.” United States Courts, October 17, 2014.
http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201214676.pdf.

“What are intellectual property rights?” WTO. Accessed January 22, 2020.
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel1_e.htm.
“WTO Members and Observers.” WTO ¦ Members and Observers. Accessed January 22, 2020.
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm.

2.2. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property 23