Connection Steel Design

CHAPTER 5 :
DESIGN OF CONNECTION
By : Halina Binti Hamid
INTRODUCTION
• Used to transfer the forces

supported by a structural member to
other parts of the structure or to
supports.
• In EC2-1-8 the definition of
connection consists of fasteners
such as bolts, pins, rivets or welds
and the local member elements
connected by these fasteners and
may include additional plates.
TYPE OF STEEL CONNECTIONS AND
CLASSIFICATIONS
Steel connections can be grouped into various
classifications. The classification of the various
types of steel connections assists with the design of
steel connections by narrowing down the choices
based on practical considerations. In general, steel
connections can be classified into 5 different
categories
a) Connecting Medium (Fasteners / fixtures)

b) Internal Forces the Connections are
expected to transmit
c) Type of Structural elements that make up
the connections
d) Members being joined
e) Method of erection
Connecting
Medium
(Fasteners /
Fixtures )
In modern times, the most
common types of connecting
mediums are welds and bolts.
Welds offer simplicity, whilst
bolts off economical installation
in the field. Rivets have
historically been used, but
have been mostly replaced by
bolts for a number of reasons.
These include:
• Rivited Connections
• Bolted Connections
• Welded Connections
Internal Force the Connections One of the most important
considerations when designing
are expected to transmit a steel connection is to design
based on the internal forces
that the connection is
expected to transmit.
Connections are classified as
axial, shear (semi-rigid), or
moment (rigid) connections
based on the primary load that
the connection is to carry.
Connections however are
Shear Connection most typically expected to
carry two or more of these
loads. These include:
• Moment Connections
• Shear Connections
• Axial Connections
Moment Connection Axial Connection
Type of Structural The type of structural element(s) that make up a steel connection is a common
classification. There are many different types of structural elements, and the various
elements that placements to the structural members results in many different connection types. The
most common structural elements are angles and plates. Angles can be placed at an i-
make up the beam's web (web angle), or at the i-beam's flange (seat angle), and plates can as well
connections in a similar way (resulting in web plates and flange plates).
The classification of steel connections is also commonly made to the
structural members that they are to connect. In fact, the consideration for
connecting columns and beams should act as one of the primary
Member considerations when needing to design a steel connection. The common
configurations include:
Being Joined • Beam to Column Connections

• Beam to Beam Connections
• Column to Column Connections
• Column Base Plate Connections
Method of
Erection
The method and location of
erection of the steel connection is
one type of classification that
makes a big impact on the cost of
the project. In general, field
operations are more costly than
shop operations. For this reason,
the installation of steel connections
is usually a combination of both to
reduce the overall cost.
BOLTED
CONNECTION
INTRODUCTION
• Bolts mainly used in
connections.
• To resist shear on the surface
of plates and tensile force
along the axis of the bolts
• Commonly used bolt :
• Black hexagon bolt -
specified in two strength
grades ;
• a) Grade 4.6 (mild steel)
yield stress 240 N/mm2,
• b) Grade 8.8 (high
strength steel) yield
stress 640 N/mm2
• HSFG Bolt (High strength
friction grip) – specified in
Grade 8.8 and Grade 10.9
Bolt Class
▪ The most used bolt diameter d are, 16 mm, 20 mm, 24 mm and 30 mm.
▪ Diameter of 22 mm and 27 mm are also available but are not preferred.
▪ Generally for standard clearance holes :
▪ < 27 mm + 2 mm
▪ > 27 mm + 3 mm
Types of Bolted Connections
Bolt Spacing and Edge Distances (Cl 3.5
BS EN 1993-1-8)
• The maximum spacing requirement is

to ensure that the section of plate
between bolts does not buckle when it
is in compression.
• The requirement for minimum spacing
is to ensure that local crushing in the
wake of a bolt does not affect any
adjacent bolt.
• Lifting of the edges are prevented by
specifying a maximum edge distance.
Specifying minimum edge distance may
prevent edge splitting or tearing.
Bolted Joints
• Spacing requirements
• Minimum bolt spacing and edge and end distances are as below, where
d0 is the fastener (bolt) hole diameter. These values are defined in
Table 3.3 of EN 1993-1-8.
• Minimum spacing of bolts in the direction of load transfer p1 = 2.2d0
• Minimum end distance in the direction of load transfer e1 = 1.2d0
• Minimum spacing of bolts perpendicular to the direction of load transfer
p2 = 2.4d0
• Minimum edge distance perpendicular to the direction of load transfer
e2 = 1.2d0
Minimum and maximum
spacing, end and edge
distance (BS EN 1993-1-8)
Direct Shear Connection
• There are several modes

of failure includes:
• Bolt shear
• Bolt bearing
• Plate bearing
• Plate tension resistance
DESIGN
RESISTANCE
(Refer to
Worksheet
Connection)

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CHAPTER 5 :

• Used to transfer the forces

a) Connecting Medium (Fasteners / fixtures)

Being Joined • Beam to Column Connections

• The maximum spacing requirement is

• There are several modes

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