21SOEIT13014 Enterprise Computing Through .

NET Framework (CE525)

Assignment - 1:
1. What is .NET?
Ans. .Net is a free cross-platform, open-source developer platform for building many different
types of applications. With .NET, you can use multiple languages, editors, and libraries to build
for web, mobile, desktop, games, IoT, and more. You can write .NET apps in C#, F#, or Visual
Basic:

 C# is a simple, modern, object-oriented, and type-safe programming language.

 F# is a programming language that makes it easy to write succinct, robust, and
performant code.
 Visual Basic is an approachable language with a simple syntax for building type-safe,
object-oriented apps.

Whether you're working in C#, F#, or Visual Basic, your code will run natively on any
compatible operating system. You can build many types of apps with .NET. Some are cross-
platform, and some target a specific set of operating systems and devices. .NET provides a
standard set of base class libraries and APIs that are common to all .NET applications. Each app
model can also expose additional APIs that are specific to the operating systems it runs on, or the
capabilities it provides. For example, ASP.NET is the cross-platform web framework that
provides additional APIs for building web apps that run on Linux or Windows. To extend
functionality, Microsoft and others maintain a healthy .NET package ecosystem. NuGet is a
package manager built specifically for .NET that contains over 100,000 packages.

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21SOEIT13014 Enterprise Computing Through .NET Framework (CE525)

2. What is .NET Framework?

Ans. .NET is a framework to develop software applications. It is designed and developed by
Microsoft and the first beta version released in 2000.

It is used to develop applications for web, Windows, phone. Moreover, it provides a broad range
of functionalities and support.

This framework contains a large number of class libraries known as Framework Class Library
(FCL). The software programs written in .NET are executed in the execution environment, which
is called CLR (Common Language Runtime). These are the core and essential parts of the .NET
framework.

This framework provides various services like memory management, networking, security,
memory management, and type-safety.

The .Net Framework supports more than 60 programming languages such as C#, F#, VB.NET,
J#, VC++, JScript.NET, APL, COBOL, Perl, Oberon, ML, Pascal, Eiffel, Smalltalk, Python,
Cobra, ADA, etc.

Following is the .NET framework Stack that shows the modules and components of the
Framework.

The .NET Framework is composed of four main components:

1. Common Language Runtime (CLR).

2. Framework Class Library (FCL),
3. Core Languages (WinForms, ASP.NET, and ADO.NET), and
4. Other Modules (WCF, WPF, WF, Card Space, LINQ, Entity Framework, Parallel LINQ,
Task Parallel Library, etc.)

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21SOEIT13014 Enterprise Computing Through .NET Framework (CE525)

3. What is Microsoft Intermediate Language?

Ans. The Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL), also known as the Common Intermediate
Language (CIL) is a set of instructions that are platform independent and are generated by the
language-specific compiler from the source code. The MSIL is platform independent and
consequently, it can be executed on any of the Common Language Infrastructure supported
environments such as the Windows .NET runtime.
The MSIL is converted into a particular computer environment specific machine code by the JIT
compiler. This is done before the MSIL can be executed. Also, the MSIL is converted into the
machine code on a requirement basis i.e., the JIT compiler compiles the MSIL as required rather
than the whole of it.

Execution process in Common Language Runtime (CLR): The execution process that

includes the creation of the MSIL and the conversion of the MSIL into machine code by the JIT
compiler is given as follows:

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21SOEIT13014 Enterprise Computing Through .NET Framework (CE525)

4. What is CLR?
Ans. It is a program execution engine that loads and executes the program. It converts the
program into native code. It acts as an interface between the framework and operating system. It
does exception handling, memory management, and garbage collection. Moreover, it provides
security, type-safety, interoperability, and portability. A list of CLR components is given below:

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21SOEIT13014 Enterprise Computing Through .NET Framework (CE525)

5. What common language specifications?

Ans. To enable full interoperability scenarios, all objects that are created in code must rely on
some commonality in the languages that are consuming them (are their callers). Since there are
numerous different languages, .NET has specified those commonalities in something called
the Common Language Specification (CLS). CLS defines a set of features that are needed by
many common applications. It also provides a sort of recipe for any language that is
implemented on top of .NET on what it needs to support.

CLS is a subset of the CTS. This means that all of the rules in the CTS also apply to the CLS,
unless the CLS rules are stricter. If a component is built using only the rules in the CLS, that is, it
exposes only the CLS features in its API, it is said to be CLS-compliant. For instance,
the <framework-libraries> are CLS-compliant precisely because they need to work across all of
the languages that are supported on .NET.

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21SOEIT13014 Enterprise Computing Through .NET Framework (CE525)

6. What is the common type system?

Ans. The common type system defines how types are declared, used, and managed in the
common language runtime, and is also an important part of the runtime's support for cross-
language integration. The common type system performs the following functions:

Establishes a framework that helps enable cross-language integration, type safety, and high-
performance code execution.

Provides an object-oriented model that supports the complete implementation of many

programming languages.

Defines rules that languages must follow, which helps ensure that objects written in different
languages can interact with each other.

Provides a library that contains the primitive data types (such as Boolean, Byte, Char, Int32,
and UInt64) used in application development.

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21SOEIT13014 Enterprise Computing Through .NET Framework (CE525)

7. List the language supported by .NET Framework.

Ans. 11 Programming Languages which are designed and developed by Microsoft are: 
1. C#.NET
2. VB.NET
3. C++.NET
4. J#.NET
5. F#.NET
6. JSCRIPT.NET
7. WINDOWS POWERSHELL
8. IRON RUBY
9. IRON PYTHON
10. C OMEGA
11. ASML (Abstract State Machine Language)

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21SOEIT13014 Enterprise Computing Through .NET Framework (CE525)

8. Explain .NET Framework in detail.

Ans. .NET is a software framework that is designed and developed by Microsoft. The first
version of the .Net framework was 1.0 which came in the year 2002. In easy words, it is a virtual
machine for compiling and executing programs written in different languages like C#, VB.Net,
etc. 

It is used to develop Form-based applications, Web-based applications, and Web services. There
is a variety of programming languages available on the .Net platform, VB.Net and C# being the
most common ones. It is used to build applications for Windows, phones, web, etc. It provides a
lot of functionalities and also supports industry standards. 

.NET Framework supports more than 60 programming languages in which 11 programming

languages are designed and developed by Microsoft. The remaining Non-Microsoft
Languages are supported by .NET Framework but not designed and developed by Microsoft. 

There are three significant phases of the development of .NET technology.

OLE Technology

COM Technology

.NET Technology

OLE Technology: OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) is one of the technologies of

Microsoft’s component document. Basically, its main purpose is to link elements from different
applications within each other.

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21SOEIT13014 Enterprise Computing Through .NET Framework (CE525)

COM Technology: The technology of the Microsoft Windows family of the operating system,
Microsoft COM (Common Object Model) enables various software components to
communicate. COM is mostly used by developers for various purposes like creating reusable
software components, linking components together to build applications, and also taking
advantage of Windows services. The objects of COM can be created with a wide range of
programming languages.

.NET Technology: .NET technology of collection or set of technologies to develop and

windows and web applications. The technology of .Net is developed by Microsoft and was
launched in Feb. 2002, by basic definition, Microsoft’s new Internet Strategy. It was originally
called NGWS (Next Generation Web Services). It is considered to be as one of the powerful,
popular and very much useful Internet Technology available today.

11 Programming Languages which are designed and developed by Microsoft are: 

C#.NET

VB.NET

C++.NET

J#.NET

F#.NET

JSCRIPT.NET

WINDOWS POWERSHELL

IRON RUBY

IRON PYTHON

C OMEGA

ASML (Abstract State Machine Language)

Main Components of .NET Framework

Common Language Runtime (CLR): CLR is the basic and Virtual Machine component of
the .NET Framework. It is the run-time environment in the .NET Framework that runs the codes
and helps in making the development process easier by providing various services such as
remoting, thread management, type-safety, memory management, robustness, etc... Basically, it

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21SOEIT13014 Enterprise Computing Through .NET Framework (CE525)

is responsible for managing the execution of .NET programs regardless of any .NET
programming language. It also helps in the management of code, as code that targets the runtime
is known as the Managed Code, and code that doesn’t target to runtime is known as Unmanaged
code. 

Framework Class Library (FCL): It is the collection of reusables, object-oriented class

libraries and methods, etc. that can be integrated with CLR. Also called the Assemblies. It is just
like the header files in C/C++ and packages in java. Installing the .NET framework basically is
the installation of CLR and FCL into the system. Below is the overview of the .NET Framework 

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