Water Pollution
Water Pollution
Water Pollution
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INTRODUCTION
Water pollution (or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of water
bodies, usually as a result of human activities, in such a manner that
negatively affects its legitimate uses. Water pollution reduces the ability
of the body of water to provide the ecosystem services that it would
otherwise provide. Water bodies include for
example lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, reservoirs and groundwater.
Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced into these
water bodies. Water pollution can usually be attributed to one of four
sources: sewage, industry, agriculture, and urban runoff including
stormwater. For example, releasing inadequately treated wastewater into
natural waters can lead
to degradation of these aquatic ecosystems. Water pollution can also
lead to water-borne diseases for people using polluted water for
drinking, bathing, washing or irrigation. Supplying clean drinking
water is an important ecosystem service provided by some freshwater
systems, but approximately 785 million people in the world do not
have access to clean drinking water because of pollution.
Water pollution can be classified as surface water pollution (for
example lakes, streams, estuaries, and parts of the ocean in marine
pollution)or groundwater pollution. Sources of water pollution are
either point sources or non-point sources. Point sources have one
identifiable cause, such as a storm drain, a wastewater treatment
plant or an oil spill. Non- point sources are more diffuse, such as
agricultural runoff. Pollution is the result of the cumulative effect
over time.
Pollution may take the form of toxic substances (e.g., oil, metals,
plastics, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, industrial waste
products), stressful conditions (e.g., changes of pH, hypoxia or
anoxia, stressful temperatures, excessive turbidity, unpleasant taste or
odor, and changes of salinity), or pathogenic organisms.
Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. Heat
can also be a pollutant,
and this is called thermal pollution. A common cause of thermal
pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial
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manufacturers.
Control of water pollution requires appropriate infrastructure and
management plans as well as legislation. Technology solutions can
include improving sanitation, sewage treatment, industrial wastewater
treatment, agricultural wastewater treatment, erosion control, sediment
control and control of urban runoff.
Definition
Fig No. 01
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How It Occurs;
1. Plant nutrients, such as phosphates and nitrates, enter the water
through sewage, and livestock and fertilizer runoff. Phosphates and
nitrates are also found in industrial wastes. Though these chemicals
are natural, 80 percent of nitrates and 75 percent of phosphates in
water are human- added. When there is too much nitrogen or
phosphorus in a water supply (0.3 parts per million for nitrogen
and
0.01 parts per million for phosphorus), algae begin to develop. When
algae blooms, the water can turn green and cloudy, feel slimy, and
smell bad. Weeds start to grow and bacteria spread. Decomposing
plants use up the oxygen in the water, disrupting the aquatic life,
reducing biodiversity, and even killing aquatic life. This process,
called eutrophication, is a natural process, but generally occurs over
thousands of years. Eutrophication allows a lake to age and become
more nutrient-rich; without nutrient pollution, this may take 10,000
years, but pollution can make the process occur 100 to 1,000 times
faster.
2. Heat can be a source of pollution in water. As the water
temperature increases, the amount of dissolved oxygen decreases.
Thermal pollution can be natural, in the case of hot springs and
shallow ponds in the summertime, or human-made, through the
discharge of water that has been used to cool power plants or other
industrial equipment. Fish and plants require certain temperatures
and oxygen levels to survive, so thermal pollution often reduces the
aquatic life diversity in the water.
3. Sediment is one of the most common sources of water pollution.
Sediment consists of mineral or organic solid matter that is washed
or blown from land into water sources. Sediment pollution is difficult
to identify, because it comes from non-point sources, such as
construction, agricultural and livestock operations, logging, flooding,
and city runoff. Each year, water sources in the United States are
polluted by over one billion tonnes of sediment! Sediment can cause
large problems, as it can clog municipal water systems, smother
aquatic life, and cause water to become increasingly turbid. And,
turbid water can cause thermal pollution, because cloudy water
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absorbs more solar radiation.
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SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
2.1 Waste Water & Sewage: -
Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by
anthropogenic influence and comprises liquid waste discharged by
domestic residences, commercial properties, industry, and/or
agriculture and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminants
and concentrations .
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Fig No. 02
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Our seas are also sometimes spoiled by oil spills and leaks—big and
small—and are consistently soaking up carbon pollution from the air.
The ocean absorbs as much as a quarter of man-made carbon
emissions.
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3.5 Biomagnification: -
Biomagnification (or bioaccumulation) refers to the ability of living
organisms to accumulate certain chemicals to a concentration larger
than that occurring in their inorganic, non-living environment, or in the
case of animals, in the food that they eat. Organisms accumulate any
chemical needed for their nutrition. The major focus of
biomagnification, however, is the accumulation of certain non-essential
chemicals, especially certain chlorinated hydrocarbons that are
persistent in the environment. These compounds are insoluble in water,
but highly soluble in fats. Because almost all fats within ecosystems
occur in the living bodies of organisms,
chlorinated hydrocarbons such as 4,4’-(2, 2, 2-trichloroethane-1, 1-diyl)-
bis(chlorobenzene) (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) tend
to selectively accumulate in organisms. This can lead to
ecotoxicological problems, especially for top predators at the summit of
ecological food webs, who ingest the toxic prey.
Biological magnification often refers to the process whereby certain
substances such as pesticides or heavy metals work their way into lakes,
rivers and the ocean, and then move up the food chain in progressively
greater concentrations as they are incorporated into the diet of aquatic
organisms such as zooplankton, which in turn are eaten perhaps by fish,
which then may be eaten by bigger fish, large birds, animals, or humans.
Fig No.04
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DISEASES CAUSED BY WATER
POLLUTION
4.1 Cholera: -
Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease caused by eating or drinking
food or water contaminated with Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Cases in
Australia are typically seen only in travellers arriving from countries
where the disease is still common, such as Africa, Central Europe,
Latin America and Asia.
Treatment:
Dehydration due to cholera can be easily treated in most cases with oral
rehydration solution, a mixture of sugar and salts in water. Intravenous
fluids, and sometimes antibiotics, may be required for people with
severe disease.
4.2 Diorreah: -
Diarrhea — loose, watery and possibly more-frequent bowel movements
— is a common problem. It may be present alone or be associated with
other symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or weight
loss.
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4.3 Dysentry: -
Dysentery is our body’s response to unwanted foreign bodies in the
digestive system. The possible causes of dysentery include a parasitic
amoeba called Entamoeba histolytica or a number of bacteria, including
shigella and salmonella. Infection of E. histolytica is called amoebiasis
and any resultant bloody diarrhoea is called amoebic dysentery.
Infections of shigella bacteria can lead to bacillary dysentery and they
are called shigellosis which contributes a major part to the list of
dysentery cause
Cause
Normally, it is a condition that is more widespread in tropical areas
where the warm climate is favourable for the production of bacteria. This
does not mean that it will not occur elsewhere. However, the combination
of poor civic hygiene and tropical weather is a combination that will
support the circle of dysentery causes.
It is therefore of the utmost importance to consume food that is properly
cleaned before cooking and then thoroughly cooked. Water should also
be boiled thoroughly and/or passed through a water decontamination
system before being consumed as it ranks on top of the list of dysentery
causes.
4.4 Hepatitis A: -
In 1982, HAV was classified as an enterovirus belonging to
the Picornaviridae family. Subsequent determination of the
sequence of HAV nucleotides and amino acids led to the
creation of a new genus, Hepatovirus. HAV has anicosahedral
shape, measures 27 to 28 nmin diameter, is able to survive in
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4.5 Typhoid: -
Typhoid fever remains a major public health problem in India.
Recently, the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India program
completed a multisite surveillance study. However, data on
subnational variation in typhoid fever are needed to guide the
introduction of the new typhoid conjugate vaccine in India. We
estimated a national incidence of typhoid fever in India of 360 cases
(95% confidence interval [CI], 297–494) per 100 000 person-
years, with an annual estimate of 4.5 million cases (95% CI, 3.7–6.1
million) and 8930 deaths (95% CI, 7360–12 260), assuming a
0.2% case-fatality rate. We found substantial geographic variation
of typhoid incidence across the country, with higher incidence in
southwestern states and urban centers in the north.
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IMPACT OF WATER POLLUTION
ON HUMAN HEALTH
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• Arsenic
• Copper
• Lead
• Chromium
• Perchlorate
• Fossil fuels such as
gasoline
• Microplastics
Pharmaceutical
drugs
Biocontaminants
including
bacteria, viruses,
and parasites
Nitrates and nitrite
Pesticides
Disinfection by
products such as
chloroform
Radioactive
materials
Fig No. 05
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Fig No. 06
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MEASURES TO CHECK WATER
BORNE DISEASES
Prevention of Food and Water Borne Illness
Food and water borne illness, often referred to as food poisoning, is
generally caused by eating or drinking food or beverages contaminated
by bacteria, parasites or viruses. These organisms are passed in the
feces of animals and infected people. Symptoms of food or water borne
illness are gastrointestinal, for example diarrhea and stomach cramps.
You can also get sick from swimming in contaminated water or from
close contact with someone else who is ill.
Certain groups are at increased risk of developing serious complications.
These include: pregnant women, young children, seniors, anyone with an
underlying medical condition, and anyone with a weakened immune
system such as those on chemotherapy.
There are several ways to prevent these illnesses:
Use good environmental management. Flush or discard any
stool in the toilet and clean surrounding area using hot water and
detergent. A chlorine-based disinfectant is recommended.
Practice good personal hygiene. Frequent and careful hand
washing is important among all age groups. Hand washing of children
should be supervised. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water for
at least 20 seconds, rubbing hands together vigorously and scrubbing
all surfaces.
• Wash hands thoroughly after using the toilet, changing a diaper
or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet, and before and
after tending to someone who is ill with diarrhea.
• Wash hands after handling animals, contact with animal
quarters, cleaning up animal feces, or gardening.
• Wash hands before and after preparing food or eating.
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1. Water Disinfection
• Many natural and manmade water resources are polluted with
harmful waste. In 2014, Safe Water Network, an organisation that
strives to overcome the water challenges of the world, estimated
that more than half of the pipelines in Indian rural areas deliver
untreated water. Access to safe drinking water is the most
significant step to prevent the outbreak of water-borne diseases.
Water that is used for cooking or drinking needs to be disinfected
on a regular basis. Boiling the water with common iodine for
about 10 minutes can make it safe for consumption. This is
considered one of the most simple and effective measures to stay
protected from water-borne diseases.
• Water that is used for cooking or drinking needs to be
disinfected on a regular basis. Boiling the water with common
iodine for about 10 minutes can make it safe for consumption.
This is considered one of the most simple and effective measures
to stay protected from water-borne diseases.
2. Personal Hygiene
• The transmission of water-borne diseases mainly occurs through
various unsanitary sources. Negligence of personal and food
hygiene can easily make one susceptible to many endemic
illnesses.
• Following some basic hygiene practices such as washing your
hands and feet on returning home after a walk through the puddles
is a must. This can help reduce the likelihood of contracting water-
borne diseases like jaundice, cholera and typhoid fever.
3. Environment
• A well-sustained environment is the key to a healthier life. The
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDP)
states that 95% of the Indian population resides in malaria
endemic areas. Transmission of malaria is facilitated due to
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4. Vaccination
• As per the WHO, vaccines avert up to 3 million deaths
globally. Vaccination is an effective method to control the
outcome of water- borne diseases. They can be administered to
large populations in cases of emergencies. However, they
cannot replace conventional measures of prevention.
• WHO developed two oral cholera vaccines that were used in mass
vaccination campaigns. Today, they are considered an effective
tool against high-risk cholera and are being implemented
worldwide.
5. Spreading Awareness
• Lack of awareness amongst the population regarding the
symptoms of water-borne diseases is a major reason for them
remaining untreated or undetected. When all precautionary
measures fail, prompt medical treatment can still save you from
complications.
• Mass awareness campaigns, local initiatives and individual
ownership can result in timely intervention, diagnosis and cure
of water-borne diseases, and not make it the killer it seems to
be. Spread the word.
• A health emergency can occur to anyone, anytime. To
reduce unnecessary worries this monsoon, ensure you are
prepared with a comprehensive health insurance plan.
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CONCLUSION
Water pollution stems from many sources and causes, only a few of
which are discussed here. Rivers and streams demonstrate some
capacity to recover from the effects of certain pollutants, but lakes,
bays, ponds, sluggish rivers, and oceans have little resistance to the
effects of water pollution. We have a long history of introducing
pollutants into aquatic environments, and have had only partial success
at repairing the damage
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I want my thanks to the CALCUTTA UNIVERSITY for our
fulfilment B. Com 1st semester (Hon) Exam.2022 And Giving The
Project On ENVS.
Also, I am thankful to my College UMESCHANDRA COLLEGE for
being a student of the college, where I am doing my graduation.
I express my thanks to the respected Principal DR. MD. TOFAZZAL
HAQUE sir of our college for Providing excellent infrastructure require of
the completion of the project work .
A special word of thanks to Head of Department (HOD) ENVS Professor
P.R DAS Sir who has supervising us to make a best project in each and
every day step of knowledge.
A huge thanks to Prof. Mr. MD. FAHAD HAQUE And Prof. SWETA
CHATTERJEE (ENVS) who helped us a lot for making this wonderful
project in time.
I want to thanks NON-TEACHING STAFF for us for the service during
my college.
I want to thanks to college STUDENT'S UNION for the fulfilment of
student's demands.
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Wat. Res., 6, 1229-1238. Armitage, P.D. (1977). Invertebrate drift in the
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invertebrate species. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 38, 324-331.
Bacca, R.G., and Arnett, R.C (1976). A limnological model for
eutrophic lakes and impoundments. Battelle Norwest Laboratories.
Bacteriological Examination of Water Supplies (1977). Reports on
Public Health and Medical Subjects, No. 71, Department of Health and
Social Security, HMSO, London. Balmforth, D.J. (1982). Improving the
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Proceedings First International Seminar on Urban Drainage Systems,
University of Southampton. Balmforth, DJ. (1985). Storm sewage
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Banks, R.B. (1975). Some features of wind action on shallow lakes.
ASCE, 101 (EES), Proc. Paper 11640. Banks, R.B., and Herrera, F.F.
(1977
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