Definitions and Concepts For CAIE Physics GCSE
Definitions and Concepts For CAIE Physics GCSE
Definitions and Concepts For CAIE Physics GCSE
Analogue device: A measuring device that requires the user to read from a scale
to obtain the measurement.
1.2 Motion
Distance–time graph: A plot of how an object’s distance changes over time. The
gradient of the graph at any point, equals the object’s speed at that point.
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Linear motion: Motion for which the acceleration is not constant.
Speed–time graph: A plot of how an object’s speed changes over time. The
gradient of the graph at any point, equals the object’s acceleration at that
point. The area under the graph represents the distance travelled.
Mass: Mass is a measurement of how much matter is in an object. It is also the
resistance that a body offers to a change in its speed or position upon the
application of a force.
Weight: The force acting on an object due to gravity. It is equal to the product of
the object’s mass and the gravitational field strength at its location.
1.4 Density
1.5 Forces
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Friction: A resistive contact force that acts to oppose the relative motion between
two surfaces. Some energy of the object in contact is lost as heat in the process.
Resultant force: The single force that can replace all the individual forces acting
on an object, and have the same effect.
Moment of a force: The turning effect of a force, equal to the product of the
magnitude of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of
action of the force.
Equilibrium: An object in equilibrium has a zero resultant force and a zero
resultant moment.
Resultant force: The single force that can replace all the individual forces acting
on an object, and have the same effect.
Centre of mass: The single point through which all the mass of an object can be
said to act.
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1.5.5 Scalars and Vectors
Resultant vector: It is the sum of two or more vectors which has its own
magnitude and direction
Vectors: Quantities that have both a magnitude and direction. They are
represented by an arrow, with the length representing the magnitude and the
arrowhead representing the direction.
1.6 Momentum
1.7.1 Energy
Chemical energy: A store of energy found in things such as batteries, fuels and
food.
Gravitational potential energy: The store of energy that all raised matter has. It
is directly proportional to the mass of the object, the distance that it is
raised, and the gravitational field strength at that point.
Internal energy: It is defined as the energy associated with the random,
disordered motion of molecules.
Kinetic energy: The store of energy that all moving matter has. It is directly
proportional to the object’s mass and to the square of its velocity.
Nuclear energy: Non-renewable energy that is generated from the energy stored
in the nuclei of radioactive isotopes. It is released in processes known as nuclear
fission and nuclear fusion.
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Principle of conservation of energy: The law that energy can be transferred,
stored or dissipated but never created or destroyed.
Chemical energy: A store of energy found in things such as batteries, fuels and
food.
Efficiency: The ratio of useful output energy transfer to total energy input. It can
never exceed 1 (or 100%), due to the conservation of energy.
Nuclear fission: It is a process where the nucleus of an atom is split into two or
more smaller nuclei.
Nuclear fusion: It is the process of making a single heavy nucleus (part of an
atom) from two lighter nuclei.
Renewable energy resource: An energy resource that can be replenished whilst
it is being used.
Solar energy: Renewable energy generated by converting the energy of the sun
into electrical energy, usually by using a solar panel.
Tidal energy: Renewable energy generated by trapping water when at high tide,
and then releasing it through a turbine. The turbine turns a generator which
converts the kinetic energy into electrical energy.
Wind energy: Refers to the process of creating electricity using the wind.
1.7.3 Work
Work done: Work is done on an object when a force causes it to move through a
distance. It is equal to the product of the distance travelled and the magnitude of
the force in the direction of motion.
1.7.4 Power
Power: The rate at which energy is transferred, or the rate at which work is done.
It is calculated by dividing the work done by the time taken.
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Work done: Work is done on an object when a force causes it to move through a
distance. It is equal to the product of the distance travelled and the magnitude of
the force in the direction of motion.
1.8 Pressure
Atmosphere: The thin layer of air surrounding the Earth, which gets less dense
with increasing altitude. The pressure also decreases with increasing altitude.
Atmospheric pressure: It is the force exerted on a surface by the air above it as
gravity pulls it to Earth
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Definitions and Concepts for CAIE Physics GCSE
Gases: A state of matter in which the particles are spread apart and have
high kinetic energies. Any intermolecular forces acting between the particles
are very weak.
Liquids: A state of matter in which the particles are in contact, but can flow
over each other. Intermolecular forces act between the particles.
Solids: A state of matter in which the particles are tightly packed together
and can only vibrate about their fixed positions. Strong intermolecular
forces act between the particles.
Brownian motion: It is the random motion of particles suspended in a medium
2.1.3 Evaporation
Evaporation: It is the process of changing from a liquid or solid state into vapor
due to the escape of more-energetic molecules from the surface of a liquid. It is
influenced by temperature, surface area and draught over a surface.
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more-energetic molecules from the surface of a liquid. As a result, a body in
contact with an evaporating liquid also experiences a loss in temperature.
Physical property: is any property that is measurable, whose value describes a
state of a physical system.
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Thermocouple: A device for measuring temperature in which a pair of wires
of dissimilar metals (such as copper and iron) are joined and the free ends
of the wires are connected to an instrument (such as a voltmeter) that
measures the difference in potential created at the junction of the two
metals.
Change in Thermal Energy: The product of the mass, specific heat capacity
and temperature change of a substance.
Internal energy: The energy stored by the atoms and molecules that make up a
system. It is equal to the sum of the total kinetic and potential energies of the
particles in the system.
Boiling: It is the physical process that results in the transition of a substance from
a liquid to a gas state without change in temperature.
Boiling point: It is the temperature at which a substance changes state from a
liquid to a gas.
Melting: It is the physical process that results in the transition of a substance from
a solid to a liquid state without change in temperature.
Melting point: It is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid
to liquid.
Solidification: It is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its
temperature is lowered to or below its freezing point. As the molecules lose heat,
they lose their kinetic energy and band together.
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Specific latent heat of vaporisation: The amount of energy needed to change
the state of one kilogram of a substance from liquid state to vapour state,
whilst held at constant temperature.
Specific latent heat of fusion: The amount of energy needed to change the
state of one kilogram of a substance from solid state to liquid state, whilst
held at constant temperature.
Specific latent heat: The amount of energy needed to change the state of
one kilogram of a substance, whilst held at constant temperature.
2.3.1 Conduction
Lattice Vibration: is the oscillations of atoms in a solid about the equilibrium
position
2.3.2 Convection
Density: It is a property of the substance, also known as mass per unit volume.
2.3.3 Radiation
Absorption: The transfer of the energy of a wave to matter as the wave passes
through it.
Infrared radiation: A type of radiation that all objects emit and absorb. The hotter
an object is, the greater the infrared radiation it emits in a given time.
Medium: Is defined as the substance that transfers energy from one substance to
another substance.
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Reflection: The bouncing back of a wave at a boundary.
Thermal energy: The store of energy that all objects with a temperature contain.
The higher the temperature, the greater its thermal energy store.
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Definitions and Concepts for CAIE Physics GCSE
Diffraction: It is the bending of waves around gaps or corners. It occurs when the size of
the aperture or obstacle is of the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of the
incident wave.
Frequency: The number of waves passing a given point in a second. It is the inverse of the
wave’s time period.
Longitudinal waves: Waves with oscillations that are parallel to the direction of
travel/energy transfer.
Refraction: The changing of speed, and consequently the direction, of a wave as it changes
medium. The wavelength of the wave will also change but the frequency remains constant.
Speed of a wave: The speed is the distance traveled by a given point on the wave in a given
interval of time.
Transverse waves: Waves with oscillations that are perpendicular to the direction of
travel/energy transfer.
Wave: A process of energy transfer through oscillations, without matter being transferred
with it.
Wavefront: An imaginary surface representing points of a wave that are at the same point in
their cycle.
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Wavelength: The distance from a point on one wave to the same point on the adjacent wave
(ie. peak to peak or trough to trough).
3.2 Light
Angle of incidence: The angle which an incident line or ray makes with a perpendicular to
the surface at the point of incidence.
Angle of reflection: The angle made by a reflected ray with a perpendicular to the reflecting
surface.
Optical image: It is the apparent reproduction of an object, formed by a lens or mirror
system from reflected, refracted, or diffracted light waves.
Plane mirror: It is a flat reflective surface. The image formed by a plane mirror is always
virtual, upright, and of the same shape and size as the object it is reflecting.
Critical angle: The angle of incidence beyond which all the wave is totally internally reflected
when it meets a boundary.
Optical fibres: A thin flexible fibre with a glass core through which light signals can be
transmitted along its axis, by the process of total internal reflection.
Parallel: Two lines that are always the same distance apart and never meet.
Refractive Index: The ratio of the speed of the wave in a vacuum to the speed of the
wave in a given medium.
Total internal reflection: The process of all a wave being reflected when it meets a
boundary. It occurs when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, and only
when going from a higher refractive index to a lower one.
Focal length: Is the distance between the centre of the lens and the principal focus.
Focus: Is the point where light rays originating from a point on the object converge.
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Magnifying glass: It is a convex lens that lets the observer see a larger image of the
object under observation.
Principal focus: Is the point where rays of light travelling parallel to the principal axis
intersect the principal axis and converge.
Real Image: An image produced by light-rays physically converging. Real images are ones
that can be projected onto a screen.
Thin converging lens: Lens that focuses the diverging, or blurred, light rays from a distant
object by refracting (bending) the rays.
Virtual image: An image produced by the apparent, but not actual, divergence of
light-rays. Virtual images cannot be projected onto a screen.
Dispersion: Is defined to be the spreading of white light into its full spectrum of wavelengths.
Glass prism: Is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract light.
Monochromatic light: Is light where the optical spectrum contains only a single optical
frequency.
Spectrum: Is the range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and their respective
wavelengths and photon energies.
Infrared: Used for cooking food, thermal imaging and short range communications. It can
cause skin burns.
Microwaves: Used for satellite communications and for cooking food. They can cause
internal heating of body cells.
Radio Waves: Used for television and radio signals. They can be produced by
oscillations in electrical circuits, or can induce these oscillations themselves.
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Wavelength: The distance from a point on one wave to the same point on the adjacent wave
(ie. peak to peak or trough to trough).
X-Rays: Used for medical imaging and security scanners. They can cause cell damage and
mutations.
3.4 Sound
Audible frequencies: It is a periodic vibration whose frequency is in the band audible to the
average human, the human hearing range, which is 20Hz to 20000Hz
Compressions: They are regions of high pressure due to particles being close together.
Loudness: A measure of the amplitude of the oscillations of a sound wave. The larger the
amplitude, the louder the sound will be.
Pitch: A measure of the frequency of the oscillations of a sound wave. The higher the
frequency, the higher the pitch of the sound.
Rarefactions: They are regions of low pressure due to particles being spread further apart.
Sound waves: The longitudinal waves responsible for sound. They are produced by
vibrating sources and they require a medium to travel through, transmitted by the vibrations
of the medium’s particles.
Speed of sound: The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit of time by a sound
wave as it propagates through a medium.
Ultrasound waves: Waves that have a frequency higher than the upper limit of human
hearing (20kHz).
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Definitions and Concepts for CAIE Physics GCSE
Magnetic field lines: Lines that show the strength and direction of a magnetic field.
The lines point from North to South and their concentration represents the magnitude
of the field
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4.2 Electrical Quantities
Conductor: A material that allows electrical charge to flow easily. Metals are
particularly good conductors due to the free electrons in their structures.
Electrostatic charge - The electric charge at rest on the surface of an insulated body.
Like charges: When two charges of the same polarity meet, they will repel.
Point charge: The electric field around a point charge becomes weaker the
further away you are. The field lines for a positive charge point radially
outwards, whereas the field lines for a negative charge point radially
inwards.
Unlike charges: When two charges of opposite polarities meet, they will attract.
4.2.2 Current
Ammeter: A device connected in series with a component to measure the current that
flows through it
Analogue device: A measuring device that requires the user to read from a scale
to obtain the measurement.
Digital device: A measuring device that displays the measurement on a display, rather
than requiring the user to read from a scale..
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Electric Current: The rate of flow of electrical charge. Its value is the same at any
position in a single closed loop. In metals, the charges that flow are electrons.
Volt: The unit of potential difference (voltage). One volt is equal to one joule per
coulomb.
Potential difference: The energy that is transferred per unit charge between
two points in a circuit. It is often also called a voltage and measured in volts.
4.2.5 Resistance
Ammeter: A device connected in series with a component to measure the current that
flows through it.
Resistance: A measure of the opposition to current flow. Calculated as ratio of the p.d.
applied to the electric current which flows through it:
Power: The rate at which an appliance transfers energy. For a circuit component, it
is equal to the product of the current passing through it and the potential
difference across it.
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4.3 Electric Circuits
Diode: A component that only allows current to flow through in the forward
direction. They have very large resistances in the reverse direction.
Electric heater: Is an electrical device that converts an electric current into heat.
Fixed resistors: Are the resistors whose resistance does not change with the
change in voltage or temperature.
Fuse: A safety device consisting of a thin metal filament that melts and cuts off the
power supply if there is a surge in current. Fuses are connected to the live wire.
Switch: Is a device used for making and breaking electric current through the
circuit.
Transformer: An iron core with a primary and secondary coil of wire wound around
opposite ends. Transformers can change the magnitude of an alternating voltage.
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Resistors in parallel: The total resistance is less than the lowest individual
resistance.
Resistors in series: The total resistance is equal to the sum of the resistances of
the individual resistors.
Series: Components connected in series have the same current passing through
each component but share the total potential difference (voltage) of the power
supply. The sum of the potential difference across the components in a
series circuit is equal to the total potential difference across the supply.
Input transducers: Is a device that takes a form of physical energy and converts
it into a signal which can be read.
Switch: Is a device used for making and breaking electric current through the circuit.
Digital: A waveform that switches representing the two states of low and
high.
NAND gate: Is a logical gate which is the opposite of an AND logic gate.
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OR gate: Is a logic gate that implements logical disjunction.
Truth table: Is a mathematical table used in logic which sets out the
functional values of logical expressions on each of their functional
arguments.
Circuit breaker: A safety device that cuts off the power supply if a surge of current
passes through it. Circuit breakers can be reset and are quicker acting than fuses.
Earthing: The removal of excess charge by providing a low resistance path for
electrons to flow through.
Fuse: A safety device consisting of a thin metal filament that melts and cuts off the
power supply if there is a surge in current. Fuses are connected to the live wire.
Conductor: A material that allows electrical charge to flow easily. Metals are
particularly good conductors due to the free electrons in their structures.
Magnetic field: The region around a magnet in which another magnet or magnetic
material will experience a non-contact force.
Direct current: Current flow consisting of charges flowing in a single direction only.
Batteries and cells provide direct current.
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complete circuit.
4.6.3 Transformer
Transformer: An iron core with a primary and secondary coil of wire wound around
opposite ends. Transformers can change the magnitude of an alternating voltage.
Turns ratio: The number of turns in the primary coil of a transformer over the number
of turns in the secondary coil. This is equal to the voltage ratio for a 100% efficient
transformer.
Voltage ratio: The voltage across the primary coil of a transformer over the voltage
across the secondary coil.
Magnetic field: The region around a magnet in which another magnet or magnetic
material will experience a non-contact force. The direction of a magnetic field line at
a point is the direction of the force on the N pole of a magnet at that point.
Solenoid: A wire wrapped into the shape of a coil, that has a strong and uniform
magnetic field inside of it. The solenoid’s magnetic field strength can be increased by
adding an iron core.
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Charged particle: Is a particle with an electric charge.
Conductor: A material that allows electrical charge to flow easily. Metals are
particularly good conductors due to the free electrons in their structures.
Electric motor: A current-carrying coil of wire in a magnetic field. The two sides of the
coil that are perpendicular to the magnetic field experience forces in opposite
directions, causing rotation.The effect is increased by increasing the number of turns
on the coil, increasing the current, or increasing the strength of the magnetic field
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Definitions and Concepts for CAIE Physics GCSE
Alpha particle: A positively charged particle consisting of two protons and two
neutrons. They are highly ionising, but can be stopped by a few centimetres of
air.
Electrons: A negatively charged constituent of the atom, that are found in different
energy levels, around the nucleus.
5.1.2 Nucleus
Isotopes: Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
The atomic number is the same, but the mass number is different.
Nuclear fission: The splitting of a large and unstable nucleus into two smaller
and more stable nuclei to produce energy. This is the method currently used in
nuclear power stations.
Nuclear fusion: The joining of two small, light nuclei to form a larger, heavier
one and release energy. It cannot happen at low pressures and temperatures
since in these conditions the electrostatic repulsion of protons in the
nucleus cannot be overcome.
Nucleus: Is a collection of particles called protons, which are positively charged,
and neutrons, which are electrically neutral.
Nuclide: Refers to an atom with a distinct number of protons and neutrons in its
nucleus.
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Proton number: The number of protons found in an atom of a specific element. Each
element has a different proton number.
5.2 Radioactivity
Background radiation: Radiation that is found in small quantities all around us and
originates from natural sources such as rocks and cosmic rays, as well as from
man-made sources such as nuclear weapons testing and accidents.
Beta particle: A high speed electron that a nucleus emits when a neutron converts
into a proton. They are ionising but can be stopped by a thin sheet of aluminium.
Gamma ray: Electromagnetic radiation emitted from a nucleus. They have a very high
penetrating power and require several centimetre of lead to absorb them.
Radioactive decay: The random process involving unstable nuclei emitting radiation
to become more stable. During α- or β-decay the nucleus changes to that of a different
element.
5.2.4 Half-Life
Half life: The time it takes for the number of unstable nuclei of an isotope in a
sample to halve, or the time it takes for the initial count rate of a sample of the
isotope to halve. It is different for different isotopes.
Ionising radiation: Radiation that can cause cell mutations, damage cells and tissues,
and lead to cancers.
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