April 23, 2022 (Saturday)_BEED ASSESS 3

THE DIFFERENT MEDIEVAL MOVEMENTS IN Chivalry – education as a social discipline.

EDUCATION
 This kind of movement flourished in the Christian
countries in Europe as a response to the
 The medieval period is also known as the Middle increasing educational needs of the sons of the
Age or the Dark Age which refers to the span of time nobility.
from the downfall of the Roman Empire in the year  Under this system, a boy of noble birth has to
A.D. 476 to the beginning of the Renaissance period pass through the following stages before he is
about 1333. fully accepted as a member of his social class:

The different educational movements during this epoch Page – an attendant to the noble courts at the age of 7
in history are discussed hereunder: years
Squire – an attendant to a knight at the age of 14 years
Monasticism – education was a religious discipline. Knight – a full-pledged warrior who has vowed to:
Education was strict, rigid and punishment was severe. protect the women and the poor
defend the church and the state
 Education was based on Monastic vows of poverty, attack the wicked and
chastity and obedience. shed blood for the sake of his country and his
 During reign of Charlemagne (722-804), he compatriots
supported the Monastic schools and even
established court schools to educate his The Guild System- education for the middle class.
constituents.
 Towards the end of the medieval period, a new class
Scholasticism – education was an intellectual of people arose between the nobles and the
discipline. The purpose of this movement was to bring peasants- the bourgeoisie (burgher) or the middle
reason to faith and support theology by using logic. class.

 Saint Thomas of Aquinas (1225-1274) was one of The bourgeoisie (burgher) or the middle class.
foremost proponents of Scholastic movement. He These people were not really rich like the landed gentry,
wrote the Summa Theologize which became the nor poor like vassals, but rather, they acquired their
basis of the majority of the doctrines of the Catholic fortune from the profits in commercial and industrial
Church. endeavors brought about by the “Crusaders”. In order to
protect their interests, they set up organizations known
The Medieval University – the Medieval as guild.
Universities started as “universitas magistrorum et
scholarium” or corporation of teachers and students There were two types of guilds:
chartered by the pope or the kings.  Crafts guild- organization of skilled craftsmen
 University of Bologna - the first organized university  Merchant guild – organization of business
chartered by the Emperor Frederick I in 1158. Before a person is accepted as a member of any of the
Composition of the medieval university: guild, he must pass through the following stages: (AJM)

 Studium generale – the student body  Apprentice – a trainee assigned to a master

 Nation – a group of students who had the same  Journeyman – a trainee who travels from place to
place of origin place under different masters and is paid for his
 Councilors – leaders of a nation labor
 Facultas – teachers of the same subject Dead –  Master craftsman – a full pledged member of a
head of the facultas guild
 Rector – head of the medieval university
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As the number of the middle class increased the need for TYPES OF EDUCATION
more schools to meet the education needs of their
children also increased which paved the way for the
establishment of the new type of schools, viz: 1. Formal Education – refers to the hierarchically
structured chronological graded learning organized
 Chantry schools – schools established through the and provided by the formal school system and for
foundations under the clergy which certification is required in order for the learner
 Guild Schools – served as vocational schools who to progress through the grades or move to higher
catered to the children of the members of the craft levels.
guild
 Burgher schools – established to educate the This corresponds to the following levels:
children of the members of the merchant guild
A. Elementary Education
B. Secondary Education
ISLAMIC INFLUENCES ON EDUCATION
C. Tertiary Education

Islam which means submission to God, a religion that 2. Non-formal education – refers to any school based
was established by the prophet Muhammad (570-632) is educational activities undertaken by the DECS and other
a monotheistic religion whose followers worship only agencies aimed at attaining specific learning objectives
one God –Allah. for a particular clientele, especially the illiterates and the
The teachings of this religion is based on the Qur’an, out- of -school youths and adults, distinct from the
their sacred scripture. At the peak of the glory of the outside the regular offerings of the formal school system.
Islamic civilization they have contributed the following to (B. P 232 Art. III Chapter 1 and 2 Sections 19 and 24)
the world and to education:
3. Informal Education- a type of education which can be
1. Established the most complete curricula from acquired anytime and anywhere. It is otherwise known
elementary to university. as the education for all seasons.
2. Hindu-Arabic numerals
3. Advanced learning in Pharmacy, surgery and ORIGIN OF EDUCATION
medicine for the preservation of life
4. Taught geography using globes
5. Invented the pendulum clock, discovered the  There are two theories concerning the exact origin of
nitric acid and sulfuric acid Education:
6. Used compass, gunpowder
7. Cultivated rice, silkworm, sugar and cotton 1. The Theory of Divine Creation
8. Determined the height of the atmosphere, weight advocates that when God, in the beginning of time,
of the air and specific gravity of bodies created man according to His image and likeness and
commissioned him to multiply and replenish the
EDUCATIONAL CONTRIBUTION OF ANCIENT earth and subdue it and have dominion over all other
CIVILIZATIONS creations

 (Genesis Chapter 1). He equipped man with intellect

Education is derived from the Latin word “educare” and free will. But because man chose to ignore God
or “educere” which means to lead forth. It is defined as and disobey his will, the first couple was banished
the process of acquiring knowledge, habits, attitudes, from the “Garden of Eden” and severed the former
interest, skills and abilities and other intangible human relation between the Creator and man.
qualities through training instructions and self-activity,  Henceforth, the first couple multiplied, passing the
and transmitting these vital elements of human knowledge acquired from God to their offspring,
civilization to posterity. until the time when their children inhabited the

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 earth possessing the intelligence they inherited from C. EGYPTIAN – practical and empirical education
their parents.
1. Hieroglyphics – ancient picture-writing system
 These include the ability to communicate, read and
2. Papyrus – ancient paper
write, knowledge in science and arts, as well as other 3. Mathematics – value of pi = 3.16
skills like hunting, farming, fishing, etc. 4. Engineering/Architecture -Pyramids, dams,
 Finally, due to man’s superior intelligence and God dikes, palaces
given talents, scientific advancements became part 5. Geometry - land surveying and measuring
of man’s existence. 6. Astronomy – positions of stars and other
heavenly bodies to determine tides, seasons,
2. The Theory of Evolution, on the other hand, believes floods.
that education started when the very primitive man, 7. Calendars composed of 24 hours a day, 7 days a
basically savage, brutish and animalistic, for he had just week, months of 30 days with 365 days a year.
evolved from the lower primates, began his quest to find 8. Medicine – explored human anatomy
ways and means to feed, clothe, shelter and protect 9. Mummification of the dead
himself and compete with other animals for survival (i.e.
survival of the fittest). D. GREEKS – liberal and democratic education

 Education at this point, says this theory was on its 1. Olympic Games
simplest form characterized by the absence of 2. Mythology
reading, writing or comprehensive language. 3. Democracy
4. Philosophy
 The education was informal and learning was
through observation and imitation or apprenticeship
The Greek City States Sparta
for there were existing schools yet.
 Authoritarian government
 Military city-state
EDUCATIONAL CONTRIBUTION OF ANCIENT  Communal life
 Military academy
CIVILIZATIONS
 at birth, the child is taken care by the mother, but at
the age of seven he is turned over to the paidonomus
A. JEWISH – religious educations or a military drill master who will teach him the art
of warfare.
1. Synagogues – temple schools
2. Bible and the Talmud Athens
3. Rabbis – teacher/priests
 Liberal education
 Freedom of thought, expression and religion
B. CHINESE – career-oriented education  Education was a family responsibility
1. Analects of Confucius  Every male child is given a paedagogus or a tutor who
2. Civil Service Examination (Han Dynasty 206 B.C) will train
a. Flowering talent – whole day exam  Him to be a good and responsible citizen
b. Promoted man – 3 days exam
c. Entered scholar/fit for office – 13 days exam, Ancient Athenian Schools
and those who passed became the ministers of the 1. Palaestra – gymnastic school
emperor  Paedotribe – teacher of gymnastics
2. Music school
 Every examination that an individual passed had a  Kitharist – music teacher
corresponding decoration in his dress, in his 3. Grammar school
household and certain privileges.  Grammatist – teacher of letters

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The Sophist were the wandering scholars who went to The soul is composed of:
Athens, taught Athenian boys but collected fees from
1. Irrational element – appetites, desire, passions
them.
2. Rational element – intellect
Protagoras was the most famous sophist who said that
man is the measure if all things. THE GREEK UNIVERSITIES
The Greek Thinkers flourished in order to counteract the
influences of the Sophists who were not Athenians. University of Athens – world’s first comprehensive
university
Among them were:
University of Alexandria – founded by Alexander the
Socrates (469-399 B.C) Great in Egypt.
 He advanced the idea of Gnothi Seauton or know • It had the most advanced library facilities.
thyself
 He believed that knowledge is virtue and all virtuous The Septuagint which is the Greek translation of the
actions are based on knowledge Hebrew Bibles was translated by 70 scholars in this
 He introduced Socratic dialect method of teaching university.
which is composed of: • It had excellent products like:
1. Ironic (destructive) element 1. Euclid – in the field of Geometry
2. Maieutic (constructive) element 2. Archimedes – in the field of Physics
3. Eratosthenes – in the field of Geography and
Astronomy
Plato (427-347 B.C.)
 He proposed that the society should be divided into E. ROMANS – pragmatic and progressive education
classes of people based on their talents and
1. Latin Language
intelligence.
2. The Laws of the Twelve Tables
a. Philosophical class – guardians or rulers of the 3. The Roman Senate
society
b. Warrior Class – protectors of the society
THE ROMAN SCHOOLS
c. Artisan or industrial class- workers of the
society 1. Elementary – school of the literature or Ludi
Magister
2. Secondary – school of the Grammaticus or Literati’s
 He believed that education should be determined by
3. Higher education – rhetorical schools
the social class where the person belongs
 He established a school called Academy

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Imperial Contributions to Education

 He was the pedagogues of Alexander the Great
 He established a school called Lyceum
1. Vespasian (A.D. 69-79) – founded the Roman
 He believed that virtue is brought by doing not by
University and Roman Library
knowing
 He advanced the idea that man is a social animal and 2. Trajan (A.D.98-117) – gave scholarships to poor
must use his reason to attain his ultimate end which but deserving students
is the summum bonum or highest/supreme Good.
3. Hadrian (117-138) – gave pensions for retired
 He postulated that man is composed of two distinct
teachers and gave more attention to Law and Medicine
but united entities: Body and soul
than to Philosophy.

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4. Antonius Pius (138-161) – exempted all Roman Ex. John 3:1-11 between Jesus and Nicodemus Mat.
teachers from taxation and military service. 22:15-17 about paying taxes.

5. Constantine (306-337) – continued all the Proverbial or Gnomic Method – Jesus, in his teachings
privileges, mentioned above and legalized Christianity frequently used gnomes or proverbs, some were quoted
by virtue of the Edict of Milan an AD 313. from the Old Testament and others were His own.

6. Julian (361-363) – required that all teachers be Ex. “For many are called but a few are chosen” Mat 22:14
licensed and be given qualifying exams. He also
eliminated Christian teachers from Ronal Schools. EARLY CHRISTIAN EDUCATION

7. Gratian (367-383) - subsidized all Roman

schools, and created a salary scale for teachers. Upon the resurrection of Jesus Christ, He
commissioned His disciples to “go into the world and
8. Theodosius (383-395) – he nationalized all preach the Gospel (Mathew 28:19), but they received a
schools and considered the establishment of private lot of persecutions from the unbelieving world. However,
schools a grave punishable by law. when Emperor Constantine of the Roman Empire
proclaimed Christianity as the official religion of the
Roman world the Christians and their teachings became
part of the mainstream society, and the Emperor himself
supported the church and established schools.
EDUCATIONAL INFLUENCES OF JESUS CHRIST

Jesus was born ca. 4 B.C and was crucified 33 years By virtue of this support, the following Christians schools
after, approximately AD 30. were established:

In the short stay of Jesus Christ here on earth. He 1. Catechumenal – school for new converts
revolutionized man’s concept of religiosity and theology. 2. Catechetical – school for leadership training
3. Cathedral/Episcopalian- school for the clergy
His methods of teaching people were simple and
direct and were intended to touch man’s spirituality.
However, his association with the outcasts of the Jewish
society and with the gentiles as well as His frequent
attacks against the established norms religious legalism
of the Jews drew the ire of the religious leaders of His
time led to His crucifixion when He was 33 years of age.

But after three days, He rose from the dead to fulfill his
promise of redemption and everlasting life for all
mankind.

The Teaching Methods of Jesus Christ

Parable – a short story, a weighty similitude used to

convey instruction to ignorant prejudices and inattentive
hearers.

Ex. Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-33)

Conversational Method – an intimate, face to face direct

natural personal and informal method. It is a sort of
questions and answer method
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