Types of Research Designs: 2 Quarter
Types of Research Designs: 2 Quarter
Types of Research Designs: 2 Quarter
Objectives:
Chooses appropriate research design
Identify the different quantitative research
Differentiate descriptive from the experimental research design
Research design is defined as the logical and coherent overall strategy that the researcher uses to
integrate all the components of the research study (Barrot, 2017, p 102).
In order to find meaning in the overall process of doing your research study, a step-by-step process will
be helpful to you. Ideas
Quasi-experimental
Quasi-experimental research is where participants are Pre-assigned to groups based on some
characteristic or quality such as differences in sex. race. neighborhood. etc.
These group assignments have already taken place before the before Experiment begins, and
the researcher has no control as to What the people will belong to each group.
QUARTER 2 LESSON 2
DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE
a complete set of elements (persons or objects) that possess some common characteristic
defined by the sampling criteria established by the researcher.
a sample is a group of people, objects, or items that are taken from a larger population for
measurement.
The entire group of people or objects to which the researcher wishes to generalize the study
findings
Accessible population
the portion of the population to which the researcher has reasonable access; may be a subset of
the target population
When the whole population is too costly or time- consuming or impractical to consider, then, a sample
representative is identified. Sampling pertains to the systematic process of selecting the group to be
analyzed in the research study.
Sample vs Population
Population contains all the observations
Sample a selection of observations from the population
is used to make a general conclusion about the
The sample is used to make general conclusion about the population
The statistic is often different to the parameter
Sampling error
Selection bias
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Probabilistic Sampling
Simple Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Non-Probabilistic Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Voluntary Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Judgmental Sampling
Quota Sampling
Sampling:
Simple
Convenience
Systematic
Cluster
In non-probability sampling the sample is selected based on non-random criteria, and not every
member of the population has a chance of being included.
Slovin’s Formula
N = 240
e = 0.04
240
n= 2 > Margin of Error
1+240 (0.04)
RPS 220
STEM= (n)= (300)=38.2 ≈ 38
N 1900
Activity:
Search on internet for a sample research study. Identify the research design use and its sampling
procedure
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3
Research Interview, focused Survey method Case study
design group discussion and
documentary
were employed in data
collection.
Characterist This study used the 120 students filled up Most of the participants
ics of experience of 4 ward the questionnaire, out of (99%) began college in the
population education officers 4 which 3 were not fit for past 4 years. The sample
Heads of secondary use due to inadequate was 54 percent women,
schools, 6 teachers, 9 information. with a mean age of 19.32
parents, and 10 years (standard deviation
students that made a (SD) = 2.80). Less than 1
total of 33 respondents. percent of participants
were married, 29 percent
were in a serious
relationship, 12 percent
were dating, and 60 percent
were single. Over 99
percent had no children
Sampling simple random Survey method Participants provided
procedure sampling written informed consent
and completed all of the
measures online for course
credit.
Sample size The researcher used 117 respondents. Participants were 148
100 students (%) of the Approximately 52% young adults
students participated in (61) of respondents were
the study male while 48% (56)
were female students.
Source http:// https://files.eric.ed.gov/ https://
repository.out.ac.tz/ fulltext/EJ1268938.pdf www.uclastresslab.org/
1732/1/ pubs/
JAMILLAH__MAGA Toussaint_JHP_2016.pdf
NGA-Dissertation_14-
10-2016-Final.pdf
Example of questionnaire
1. Customer satisfaction questionnaire
2. Product use satisfaction questionnaire
3. Company communication evaluation questionnaire
o Internal questionnaire
o external questionnaire
Objectives
Constructs an instrument and establishes its validity and reliability
Construct a questionnaire using the suggested guidelines and! accepted standard
QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaires
What is Questionnaires?
A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the
purpose or gathering information from respondents. AIthough they are often designed for statistical
analysis of the responses, this is not always the case. 'me questionnaire was invented by
Types of Questionnaire
Structured
wording and order of questions are uniform for all respondents
Unstructured
wording and order of questions can vary for different subjects: usually used for qualitative studies like
FGDs, case studies, etc.
Dichotomous Questions
A question has two possible responses.
Surveys often use dichotomous questions that ask for Yes/No. True/False or Agree/Disagree response.
1. What is your gender? Female Male
2. Have you played video games on your smartphone? Yes No
3. Do you like playing video games smartphone? Yes No
4. Which platform do you prefer for playing video games? Online Computer
Pictorial Questions
SURVEY RESEARCH
• An efficient method of data collection for systematically collecting data from a broad spectrum of
individuals and educational settings
• Collection of information from a sample of individuals through their responses to questions
TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
• CLOSE ENDED QUESTIONS
• OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS
AVOID VAGUENESS
• Questions should not be abbreviated in a way that it results to confusion
LENGTH OF QUESTIONNAIRE
• There are no universal agreement in the optimal length of questionnaire
• But short simple questionnaire usually attracts higher responses rates than long complex ones
ORDER OF QUESTION
• Go from closed to open questions
• Use a variety of question format
• Leave demographic and personal questions until last
LAYOUT
• Allow enough room for respondents to answer questions
• Use clear headings and numbering if appropriate
Research Instrument
Objectives:
Constructs an instrument and establishes its validity and reliability
Explain the different types of research instruments
Research Instrument
A research instrument is a tool used to collect measure. and analyze data related to your research
interests,
Qualities of a Good research instrument
1. Validity
Types of Validity
Content validity
Concurrent validity
Predictive validity
Construct validity
2. Reliability
Methods in testing the Reliability of a Good Research Instrument
Test-retest Reliability
Parallel form Reliability
Internal Consistency Reliability
Spit Half Method
3. Usability
Factors to Determine Usability
1. Base of administration
2. Base of scoring
3. Ease of interpretation and application
4. Low cost
5. Proper mechanical make-up
Survey
1. Survey research
2. Free- answer
3. Guided response type
Instruments
Preparing Research Instruments
A research instrument is a tool used to gather data on a specific topic of interest.
When preparing an instrument, you must ensure that it is valid and reliable.
It is valid when it directly answers or addresses your research questions.
It is reliable when it provides you consistent and stable data over a period of time.
Guidelines in Preparing Research Instruments
1. Do a preliminary research by visiting your library or checking online sources.
2. Talk to a person who is knowledgeable in preparing research instruments.
3. Master the guidelines in preparing and administering each type of instrument.
4. Clarify your research questions. Be sure that your instruments will directly address your specific
research questions.
5. Based on the data you need, decide on the number of people whom you want as respondents or
participants.
6. Prepare the instrument using the appropriate format. Get model instruments, if necessary. You
may visit Google scholar to get samples of your intended instrument.
7. Edit your instrument.
8. Pilot your instrument to further improve its quality. After receiving the feedback from your pilot,
make the necessary revisions.
1. SURVEY
A survey contains planned questions which are used to measure attitudes, perceptions, and opinions. It
contains responses directly related to each specific research question. It can either be in the form of an
interview or a questionnaire.
Interview
Instrument that allows the researcher to qualitatively gather data.
Responses during an interview are usually open-ended.
Stages of Interview
Pre-interview stage- Preparation of an interview guide -respondents are being identified and contacted
Warm-up stage- the initial part of the interview when questions that will make respondents more at
ease are asked
Main interview stage- the main questions directly related to the research questions are asked
Closing stage- questions are asked to wind down the interview and respondents are acknowledged and
Thanked
b. Questionnaire
Compared with the interview, a questionnaire is more quantifiable.
It lists written questions to get specific information
In some cases, open-ended questions are incorporated in the questionnaire
Parts of a Questionnaire
1. Personal information section
- includes the name (optional), age date of birth, address, educational background and other personal
information about the respondents
-Note that personal information relevant to the research study should be asked.
2. OBSERVATION
Allows the description of behaviour in a naturalistic or laboratory setting.
This instrument is usually used to cross-validate the results of other instruments.
Types of Observation
1. Participant and Non-participant Observation
Non-participant- allows the researcher to observe the subjects without interacting with them. Hence,
the subjects do not know that they are being observed.
Participant observation- allows the researcher to interact actively with the subjects. In some cases,
researchers immerse themselves in a
group/community for a long period of time.
Data Collection
These are instrument that are used to collect data from participant of the study. They are important for
collecting data in all types of research method
Is the commonly used instrument for collecting research data from the participants of a study. It
basically seeks the opinions of individuals in a sample or a population on issues directly related to the
objectives of the research study (Aina.2004:348)
Interview
Is a measurement instrument otherwise known as oral questionnaire It involves a process where a
researcher solicits information from respondents through verbal interaction.
RESEARCH INTERVENTION
It pertains to what is going to happen to the subjects of the study. This decision covers who will receive
the intervention and to what extent it will be applied to them.
Survey
Data gathering is done through interview or questionnaire. By means of questionnaire you use series of
questions or statements that respondents will have to answer.
Experiment
When your study is an experimental design, it was already discussed in the previous lesson that it would
use treatment or intervention.
Quantitative Data:
Collection Methods
SURVEY
Closed ended questions
Cross-sectional study VS Longitudinal study
QUANTITATIVE
Data Collection Methods
Survey
A researcher uses a questionnaire that is distributed to the target respondents using different
approaches.
Survey is a practical way to gather a large amount of data from a large number of people in a
short period of time
Three (3) Approaches in doing a Survey
A. Face to Face
Data can be collected by speaking the respondents in person.
C. Online
A survey questionnaire is sent to the target respondents in online-based channel. This can via email,
social media embedded over website.
Experiments
Without Intervention With Intervention
A researcher manipulated and controlled certain variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
CONTROL GROUP
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
Without Intervention
CONTROL GROUP
With Intervention
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
Control Group
Experimental Group
Quantitative Data :
Analysis Methods
Cross tabulation data
trend Analysis
Bar graph
Conjoint Analysis
Gap analysis
Test analysis
SWOT Analysis
MEASURES OF CENTRE
MODE
MEDIAN
MEAN
MEASURES OF SPREAD
RANGE
STANDARD DEVIATION
MODE
REFERS TO THE DATA VALUE THAT IS MOST FREQUENTLY OBSERVED
MEDIAN
REFERS TO THE DATA VALUE THAT IS POSITIONED IN THE
MIDDLE OF AN ORDERED DATA SET
MEAN
ARITHMETIC AVERAGE
STANDARD DEVIATION
HOW CLOSE THE VALUES IN A DATA SET ARE TO THE MEAN
ACTIVITY
Explain the techniques in collecting quantitative data
Observation
o Allows behavior to be described in a realistic or laboratory environment. The results of
other instruments are generally cross-validated using this instrument.
Survey
o A survey is a set of questions designed to gauge people's attitudes, views, and opinions.
It includes replies that are directly relevant to each study topic. It might take the shape
of a questionnaire or an interview.
Experiment
o An experiment is a method that is carried out in a systematic and scientific manner in
order to produce a discovery and test a hypothesis. It was previously mentioned in the
last lesson that if your study has an experimental design, it will involve treatment or
intervention.
Cv/ resume
35 points
Hard copy
Additional points
Description of sample
Quantitative research design
Research questionnaire
Types of Validity
Method testing reliability
Data collection
Objectives:
Explain Data Analysis
Differentiate Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics
Planning Data Analysis
Data analysis in research is a process in which gathered information are summarized in such a manner
that it will yield answers to the research questions. During quantitative data analysis gathered
information were break down and ordered into categories in order to draw trends or patterns in a
certain condition.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics
Frequency Distribution
Frequency Distribution
• A table that shows classes or intervals of data with a count of the number of entries in each class.
• The frequency, f, of a class is the number of data entries in the class.
Mean =
∑ of all values
total number of values
Median = middle value (when the data are arranged in order)
Mode = most common value
Inferential Statistics is used when the research study focuses on finding predictions; testing hypothesis;
and finding interpretations, generalizations, and conclusions.
Types of Statistical Analysis
univariate analysis
bivariate analysis
multivariate analysis
Activity 1. Personal Work Evaluation
Directions: Rate your own paper using the rubric below. For the purpose of improvement, rate your
output as honestly as you can. Use the following scale in evaluating your own paper.
INDICATOR SELF-RATING
1. RESEARCH DESIGN 3
TYPE AND DEFINITION WERE PRESENTED,
AND RATIONAL IS DISCUSSED
2. SAMPLING PROCEDURE AND SAMPLE 5
POPULATION AND SAMPLES ARE
DESCRIBED, AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE
IS CLEAR AND RELEVANT.
3. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT, AND ITS 4
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
BASIS OF DECISION IS EXPLAINED,
INSTRUMENT IS WELL DESCRIBED, AND
ITS VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY WERE
CLEARLY PRESENTED.
4. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE 5
PROTOCOLS WERE CLEAR, AND STEPS IN
THE GATHERING ARE WELL STATED.
5. DATA ANALYSIS 5
BASIS AND EXPLANATIONS ARE CLEARLY
DISCUSSED.
TOTAL 22
Activity 2. Reflection
1. What is your highest and lowest rating? What are your reasons for giving yourself such ratings?
I gave the highest ratings to the Sampling Procedure and Sample, Data Gathering Procedure, and Data
Analysis since they are the parts where I spent the most of my time and am convinced that it is preferable
to other research papers I have read online. The lowest grade I gave is Research Design since I'm not sure
what it contains because the template was modified after I finished chapter 3 and now, I'm rewriting it and
I'm not sure if it's correct.
2. Overall, do you think you ready for presentation of your research paper?
Explain your answer.
Sequence
1. Group 2 first Monday magdangal hidalgo etc
2. group 3 second
3. group 5
4. group 4
5. group 1
• To choose the right research methodology for your dissertation or thesis, you need to consider
three important factors. Based on these three factors, you can decide on your overarching
approach - qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods. Once you've made that decision, you can
flesh out the finer details of your methodology, such as the sampling, data collection methods
and analysis techniques
The three factors you need to consider are:
The nature of your research aims, objectives and research questions
Research Design
Identify the research design used
Define the research design (cite sources properly)
Justify the use of the research design (refer to the definition of the design)
Example:
A descriptive research design will be used in this study. According to Almeida, Gaerlan, and Manly
(2016), descriptive research presents a picture of the specific details of a situation, social setting or
relationship. Moreover, descriptive research is all about describing people who take part in the study
and it can be done using observational, case study, or survey. (Kowaltzyk, 2015).
This design is appropriate for this study because its purpose is to describe the students' level of
engagement in online classes.
Primary Data
A primary data source is an original data source, that is, one in which the data are collected firsthand by
the researcher for a specific research purpose or project.
Survey
FGD FOCUS GROUP DISSCUSION
Interview
Questionnaire
Observation
Secondary Data
Secondary data is information that has been previously gathered for some purpose other than the
current research project
Chapter 3
Research Design and Methodology
Research Design
The research design of this study is Quantitative because the study needs the statistical analysis or the
quantitative approach for the following problem. The effectivity of the individual and group assignment
should be measured.
Sampling Procedure
The researcher used snowball sampling. Snowball sampling is the data collection from a person
whom the researcher is familiar with, once the researchers are at the end of collecting data, they will be
asking their respondents to present someone they think that might help and give relevant.
Information for the study. The researchers use it because in snowball sampling researchers can choose
their sample based on their availability. This sampling technique is convenient to use because we're in
pandemic and it's hard to gather data randomly. If fits to our study because we, the researchers can
easily access our sample participants through the use our friends and school mates in Young Achiever's
School of Caloocan. Also, it is convenient because there is ongoing pandemic and the researchers are
restricted to go outside, we can just simply send link with the use of this sampling, we can connect to
our participant by means of internet.
Research Instrument
This study aims to show the downsides of online class through Physics. The researchers will use
a scalar questionnaire as an instrument to gather the needed data. The researchers will use a scalar
questionnaire as an instrument to gather the needed data. The researchers will conduct a survey with
the use of questionnaires. The researchers will produce four tables with a total of 32 questions that is
understandable for the Grade 12 STEM students. The data and analysis coming from the Grade 12 STEM
students will be presented according to its average and percentage. The result will serve as data and
information to show what are the downside of online class through Physics.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The researchers chose descriptive statistics. It is describing or showing the data of the study.
We, researchers chose this because it is easily understood and summarize our data. And our data will be
computed by the following:
Percentage
Measure of Central Tendency
Table (Class Limit, Range, Class boundaries, Frequency, Class mark)
Objectives
Presents R Interprets Data in Tabular or Graphical Forms
Identify the different graphical method in presenting the data
Follow the rules in using tables, graphs and figures in presenting data
PRESENTING AND INTERPRETING DATA IN TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL FORM
Presentation of Data
Data are individual pieces of information recorded and used for the purpose of analysis. It is the raw
information from which statistics are created.
Using Tables
It is a table that helps to represent even a large amount of data in an engaging, easy to read, and
coordinated manner. The data arranged in rows and columns. This is one of the most popularly used
forms of presentation of data as data table are simple to read prepare and read.
Using Graphs
Graphical representation refers to the use of charts and graphs to visually display, analyze, clarify, and
interpret numerical data, functions, and other qualitative structures.
A line graph is a graphical display of information that changes continuously over time.
A pie chart is a circular statistical graphic, which is divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion
A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical data with rectangular bars with
heights or lengths proportional to the values that they represent.
Bar Graph
Bar graphs are used to represent frequencies of responses to a particular variable
Also used to represent ordinal (ranked) data between variables
Line Graph
Line graphs are somehow similar to a bar graph; however, a line graph is used to show
progression changes in the trend in a specific variable.
REFLECTION
In quantitative research, it is necessary to ensure that the audience/readers are able to
understand the data that we will be presenting
Since quantitative data may tend to be confusing since it contains numbers; one way to present
the analyzed and interpreted data is through tables and figures
Tables help in organizing quantitative data in accordance with their corresponding categories
Graphs and Charts help show to readers the analyzed data for a clearer interpretation and
explanation of the results.
ACTIVITY
Explain the following graphical method:
1. Line graph
2. Bar graph
3. Vertical bar graph
4. Pie charts or Circle graphs
GUIDELINES IN MAKING CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Objectives
Draws conclusions from research findings
Formulate recommendations
Follow the guidelines in making correct conclusions
See the relationship between conclusions and recommendations
Summary of Findings
Summarizes the interpretation of data given in Chapter 4. These should directly answer your statement
of the problem.
Summary of Findings
This part should be anchored on the SOP or statement of the problem of your research.
In writing this part, present the actual SOP and then immediately present the findings of your study
using the data and evidences from the previous chapter of your study.
Technically, this is usually written by presenting the SOP in BOLD letters and then present the findings
separated by a single space.
Example
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The findings of the study were summarized according to the statement of the problems stated in
Chapter I.
1. How comparable are the two groups in terms of their performance in the diagnostic tests in
Mathematics?
The Non- Math Talk group has a mean of 11.64 while the Math Talk group has a mean of 11.54 and were
both on the level of below average.
The data also reveals that the p- value of 0.892 is greater than the significance level of 0.05; hence, with
84 degrees of freedom, there is no significant difference between the scores of Non- Math talk and
Math Talk group in diagnostic test. Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted. This reveals that the two
groups exhibited almost the same proficiency in Mathematics before the researcher conducted the
experiment.
Conclusion
Conclusions are realizations anchored on your research findings.
These should be presented as the synthesis of your key points.
The hypothesis can be answered in this part of your research.
Example
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the indicated findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The respondents on the Non- Math Talk and Math talk group has almost the same level of base
knowledge on the topics about Number and Number Sense before the treatment was applied.
2. The findings revealed that the students who undergone the treatment has higher achievement
compared to those students who are taught in conventional way.
Recommendations
Recommendations should be based on the conclusion of the study.
Recommendatory and not a demanding tone should be utilized in the presentation.
There are 2 elements required in presenting the recommendation; 1. The action being recommended, 2.
the entity, institution, organization or individual tasked to implement the recommendation.
Example
RECOMMENDATIONS
This study revealed the effectiveness of Math Talk as an Inquiry Based Strategy in Teaching
Mathematics. Thus, the following recommendations are hereby presented:
1. Since, the effectiveness of Math talk has been proven, teachers should incorporate Math Talk
into their classrooms to maintain quality education for the students and help them build a
relational understanding of the mathematics.
2. Implementation of Math Talk as an inquiry based strategy in teaching mathematics should be
encouraged by administrators and embraced by educators in an effort to continually improve
public education.
RECOMMENDATIONS
They should be based on the findings and conclusion of the study.
Recommendations may be specific or general or both. They may include suggestions for further
studies.
They should be in non-technical language.
They should be feasible. workable, flexible, doable, adaptable.